Motor system cortical control

1. Voluntary Motor Control

2. Organization of Motor Nervous System

3. Control of voluntary movement Idea Association cortex Premotor + Motor cortex Basal Ganglia Lateral cerebellum Movement Intermediate Cerebellum Execution Planning

4. Organization of Motor system

5. Search for seat of Mind Ancient

6. Vitalism

7. The Renaissance of Neuroscience

8. Birth of NeuroAnatomy 1664 - Thomas Willis Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 ) Leonardo Da Vinci 1452-1519

9. Birth of NeuroPhysiology 1791 - Luigi Galvani 1809 - Luigi Rolando

10. Localizing Brain function Recent

11. Phrenology Franz Joseph Gall 1806 The theory of Gall and Spurzheim is ... an instance of a theory which, while essentially wrong, was just enough right to further scientific thought…Edwin Boring

12. 1824 - Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens

13. Charles Darwin 1808-1882

14. 1825 - Jean- Baptiste Bouillaud Presents cases of loss of speech after frontal lesions from clinicopathological correlation. We cannot test speech in animal Frontal lobe has other higher function which differentiate from animal. By symptom we can localize the cerebral lesion. Cerebellum controlled equilibrium and station Frontal lobe and higher mental functions

15. Hughling Jackson 1858 Three level of organization Spinal/brain stem Frontal Prefrontal Sensory integration and role of Basal ganglia was missed

16. Pierre Gratiolet <>Ernest Auburtin brain acted as a whole and that localized functional centers did not exist Brain Size and Volume

17. Lobar Localization Paul Broca 1861

18. 1870, Hitzig and Fritsch Electrically stimulated various parts of a dog's motor cortex. They observed that depending on what part of the cortex they stimulated, a different part of the body contracted. Then they found that if they destroyed this same small area of the cortex, the corresponding part of the body became paralyzed. This is how it was discovered that every part of the body has a particular region of the primary motor cortex that controls its movement.

19. 1870 - David Ferrier

20. Discovery of Neuron Ramony Cajal and Camillo Golgi 1906 Noble

21. 1906 - Sir Charles Scott Sherrington 1906- The Integrative Action of the Nervous system that describes the synapse and motor cortex Spinal reflex 1932 Nobel Prize

22. Leyton SSF & Sherrington CS (1917). Observations on the excitable cortex of the chimpanzee, orang-utan and gorilla. Q J Exp Physiol 11, 135–222. Figure 1. Motor maps of the gorilla cortex A, scale drawing of the left hemisphere of one of Leyton & Sherrington’s experiments on a gorilla (gorilla 1). The numbers and letters encode a wide range of different primary movements evoked by faradic stimulation. Eye movements (372–388) were generally evoked from an area further rostral from the motor cortex. Owing to lack of space, many motor effects were not plotted. B, simplified ‘map’ showing ‘responses grouped diagrammatically’,

23. Brodmann’s area: 1909

24. Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex

25. More intricate Motor Maps Intracortical micro-stimulation of layer V confirms the spatial motor map of Penfield Stimulation of small regions of the map activated single muscles, suggesting that vertical columns of cells in the motor cortex were responsible for controlling the actions of particular muscles . Microstimulation with simultaneous EMG recording shows that organized movements represented in motor map Individual pyramidal cells terminates on group of muscles in anterior horn cells in mosaic fashion

26. Lateral and Medial System The initiation of skilled voluntary movement in primates Loss of precise movement, retained power movement by lateral corticospinal destruction Anterior corticospinal system destruction produce axial muscle deficits that cause difficulty with balance, walking, and climbing.

27. Cortical control of movement 1947 Chang, Ruth could stimulate individual muscle by monkey motor cortex stimulation 1954 Bernhard and Bohm : single shock stimulation produces monosynaptic response in forelimb Landgren , Phillips and Porter (1962). stimulated the surface of the motor cortex while recording intracellularly from motoneurons and demonstrated the existante of a cluster of neurons which projected monosynaptically to motor neurons 1953, Malis , Pribram and Kruger showed that the motor cortex received afferent inputs from the periphery in the absence of the sensory cortex

28. Cellular organization of M1

29. The Organization of Cortical Efferent System

30. Intracortical Microstimulation

31. Afferent Cortical zones

32.   Experimental apparatus developed to record the activity of single neurons in awake primates trained to perform specific movements : Ed Evarts 1960

33. Direct corticospinal control of motor neurons is necessary for fine control of the digits

34. Motor Cortical Cell Firing with Force Generated

35. Corticomotoneuronal (CM) cell is active depends on the motor task

36. Activity in Individual Neurons of the Primary Motor Cortex Is Related to Muscle Force and Direction of Movement

37. Spike Triggered Averaging 1970

38. Different areas of cortex are activated during simple, complex, and imagined sequences of finger movements (Xenon PET)

39. Cell activity in the motor cortex depends on whether a sequence of movements is guided by visual cues or by prior training

40. A set-related neuron in the dorsal premotor area becomes active while the monkey prepares to make a movement to the left

41. The visuomotor transformations required for reaching and grasping involve two different pathways

42. Individual neurons in the ventral premotor area fire during specific hand actions only

43. A. Activity in the neuron as the monkey observes another monkey make a precision group. B. Activity in the same neuron as the monkey observes the human experimenter make the precision grip. C. Activity in the same neuron as the monkey itself performs a precision grip. (From Rizzolotti et al 1996.) Mirror Neurons

44. Cortical Motor Areas

45. Motor cortical center

46. The Somatotopic Organization of the Motor Cortex Is Plastic

47. As a movement becomes more practiced, it is represented more extensively in primary motor cortex

48. Summary Primary Motor Cortex: Codes force and direction of movement Spinal motor neuron are directly under control for precise movement. Dorsal Premotor Cortex Movement related neuron encodes sensorimotor transformation for visual and sensory cue Fire before movement Ventral Premotor Cortex Encodes learned motor act fire before movement All cortical neurons are adaptable and plastic

49. Motor Cortex Afferent Adjacent cortex the somatosensory areas of the parietal cortex, theadjacent areas of the frontal cortex anterior to the motor cortex, and the visual and auditory cortices. Opposite cerebral hemisphere. Somatosensory fibers directly from the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. Tracts from the ventrolateral and ventroanterior nuclei of the thalamus, which in turn receive signals from the cerebellum and basal ganglia Fibers from the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (RAS).

50. Convergence of Motor Control on the Anterior Motor Neuron

51. Extrapyramidal system