Mouthwash

composition, classification and specific uses of mouthwashes

1. MOUTHWASHES-Prof(Dr) Vivek kr Sharma , DDH-1
st
yr Lecture 2019-2020
Mouthwash (Mouthrinse)
INTRODUCTION Dental plaque is the main etiologic agent in the development and progression of gingival and
periodontal diseases. Principal means of preventing the development and progression of various periodontal
diseases is mainly through mechanical removal of plaque through regular tooth brushing. But for mentally or
physically-handicapped patients who are unable to brush their teeth themselves or other individuals who lack the
dexterity, skill or motivation for mechanical plaque removal, mouthwashes may aid in controlling dental plaque and
periodontal disease.
Key Points
 There are two main types of mouthwash: cosmetic and therapeutic.
 Therapeutic mouthwashes are available both over-the-counter and by prescription, depending on the
formulation.
 There are therapeutic mouthwashes that help reduce or control plaque, gingivitis, bad breath, and tooth
decay.
 Children younger than the age of 6 should not use mouthwash, unless directed by a dentist, because they
may swallow large amounts of the liquid inadvertently.
While not a replacement for daily brushing and flossing, use of mouthwash (also called mouthrinse) may be a helpful
addition to the daily oral hygiene routine for some people. Like interdental cleaners, mouthwash offers the benefit of
reaching areas not easily accessed by a toothbrush.
Mouthwash is not recommended for children younger than 6 years of age. Swallowing reflexes may not be
well developed in children this young, and they may swallow large amounts of the mouthwash, which can trigger
adverse events—like nausea, vomiting, and intoxication (due to the alcohol content in some rinses)
Types of Mouthwashes
Broadly speaking, there are two types of mouthwash:
cosmetic and therapeutic.
Cosmetic mouthwash may temporarily control bad breath and leave behind a pleasant taste, but have no chemical or
biological application beyond their temporary benefit. For example, if a product doesn’t kill bacteria associated with
bad breath, then its benefit is considered to be solely cosmetic.
Therapeutic mouthwash, by contrast, has active ingredients intended to help control or reduce conditions like bad
breath, gingivitis, plaque, and tooth decay.

Active ingredients that may be used in therapeutic mouthwash include:
 cetylpyridinium chloride;
 chlorhexidine;
 essential oils;
 fluoride;
 peroxide.
Therapeutic mouthwash is available both over-the-counter and by prescription, depending on the formulation. For
example, mouthwashes containing essential oils are available in stores, while those containing chlorhexidine are
available only by prescription.
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS/CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Mouthwashes can be used in various clinical conditions. They can be used as an adjunct to mechanical
oral hygiene procedure in conditions like:  After subgingival scaling or root planing  In patients having inadequate

2. MOUTHWASHES-Prof(Dr) Vivek kr Sharma , DDH-1
st
yr Lecture 2019-2020
oral hygiene  Post-scaling cervical hypersensitivity They can be used to replace normal toothbrushing which is not
possible in various conditions like:  After periodontal surgical procedures  After intermaxillary fixation  During
acute oral or gingival infection  For mentally or physically handicapped patients

Oral Malodor (Bad Breath)
Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are the major contributing factor to oral malodor or bad breath. They arise from a
variety of sources (e.g., breakdown of food, dental plaque and bacteria associated with oral disease). Cosmetic
mouthwashes can temporarily mask bad breath and provide a pleasing flavor, but do not have an effect on bacteria
or VSCs. Mouthwashes with therapeutic agents like antimicrobials, however, may be effective for more long-term
control of bad breath. Antimicrobials in mouthwash formulations include chlorhexidine, chlorine dioxide,
cetylpyridinium chloride, and essential oils (e.g., eucalyptol, menthol, thymol, and methyl salicylate). Other agents
used in mouthwashes to inhibit odor-causing compounds include zinc salts, ketone, terpene, and ionone. Although
the combination of chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride plus zinc lactate has been shown to significantly reduce
bad breath, it also may significantly contribute to tooth staining.
Plaque and Gingivitis
When used in mouthwashes, antimicrobial ingredients like cetylpyridinium, chlorhexidine, and essential oils have
been shown to reduce plaque and gingivitis when combined with daily brushing and flossing.While some studies
have found that chlorhexidine achieved better plaque control than essential oils, no difference was observed with
respect to gingivitis control. Cetylpyridinium and chlorhexidine may cause brown staining of teeth, tongue, and/or
restorations.
Tooth Decay
Fluoride ions, which promote remineralization, may be provided by certain mouthwashes. A Cochrane systematic
review found that regular use of fluoride mouthwash reduced tooth decay in children, regardless of exposure to other
sources of fluoride (i.e., fluoridated water or toothpaste containing fluoride).

Topical Pain Relief
Mouthwashes that offer pain relief most commonly contain topical local anesthetics such as lidocaine,
benzocaine/butamin/tetracaine hydrochloride, dyclonine hydrochloride, or phenol. In addition, sodium hyaluronate,
polyvinylpyrrolidine and glycyrrhetinic acid may act as a barrier to relieve pain secondary to oral lesions, like
aphthous ulcers.

3. MOUTHWASHES-Prof(Dr) Vivek kr Sharma , DDH-1
st
yr Lecture 2019-2020
Whitening
Mouthwash may contribute to extrinsic stain reduction when either carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide are
among the active ingredients. Products that rely on carbamide peroxide typically contain 10 percent carbamide
peroxide and may be dispensed by dentists to their patients for use at home. Mouthwashes that claim to whiten
teeth also may contain 1.5 to 2 percent hydrogen peroxide.

One study found that 12 weeks' use of mouthwash
containing hydrogen peroxide in this concentration range achieved similar color alteration as that achieved by 2
weeks' use of 10 percent carbamide peroxide whitening gel.

Xerostomia
Xerostomia is a reduction in the amount of saliva bathing the oral mucous membranes. Since the lack of saliva
increases the risk of caries, a fluoride-containing mouthwash may be helpful to those managing this
problem. However, since alcohol can be drying, it may be prudent to recommend an alcohol-free
mouthwash. Mouthwashes containing enzymes, cellulose derivatives and/or animal mucins can mimic the
composition and feel of saliva and may provide additional relief from symptoms associated with xerostomia.

Oral Cancer Concern
Alcohol consumption as well as alcohol and tobacco use are known risk factors for head and neck cancers. Resulting
from this has been the question of whether use of alcohol-containing mouthwash increases risk of these cancers. A
recent systematic review and meta-analysis failed to find an association between mouthwash use and oral cancer,
use of alcohol-containing mouthwash and oral cancer, or mouthwash dose response and oral cancer.



Chemicals used as/in Mouthwashes
CHLORHEXIDINE
Chlorhexidine is a symmetrical bisbiguanide synthetic antiseptic consisting of four chlorophenyl
rings and two biguanide groups connected by a hexamethylene bridge. The dicationic nature of Chlorhexidine makes
it extremely interactive with anions, which is relevant to its efficacy, safety and side effects. It is available in three
forms, digluconate, acetate and hydrochloride salts. Chlorhexidine has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. It is
effective against both Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria including aerobes and anaerobes, yeasts, fungi and
lipid enveloped viruses.
Clinical usage Various preparations of Chlorhexidine mouthwashes are available across the globe. The
Chlorhexidine mouthwash containing 0.2% Chlorhexidine should be used 10ml volume per rinse delivers 20mg of
total dose of Chlorhexidine and those preparations containing 0.12% Chlorhexidine to be used 15ml volume per rinse
delivers 18mg Chlorhexidine. Segreto et al stated that the effect of Chlorhexidine is dose dependent not just
depending on its concentration. So, both of these formulations are effective. But the lower concentration of
Chlorhexidine minimizes its side effects while maintaining its benefits. To ensure good compliance and efficacy, the
accepted length of time for rinsing is 30 seconds.
Patients should be advised to rinse just before going to bed and after breakfast, with at least 30 minutes interval after
tooth brushing.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
1. MECHANISM OF ACTION ON THE TOOTH SURFACE:
a).CHX gets attached to the salivary-proteins and desquamated epithelial cells Blocks
acidic groups on salivary glycoproteins Reduces glycoprotein adsorption on tooth surface
Prevents pellicle formation
b).Prolonged antiseptic release Bacteriostatic action that lasts for more than 12 hours
Prevents the adsorption of bacterial cell wall on to the tooth surface Prevents
plaque formation

4. MOUTHWASHES-Prof(Dr) Vivek kr Sharma , DDH-1
st
yr Lecture 2019-2020
c). Competes with calcium ions Blocks agglutination of plaque Prevents binding of
mature plaque
2. ON THE BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE:
AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS: CHX adheres to bacterial cell membrane Binds to
phospholipids in the inner cell membrane Leakage of lesser molecular weight components
Sub lethal stage– reversible bacteriostatic action
AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS: The action continues Intracellular coagulation
Leakage of intra-cellular components slow down Cytoplasmic coagulation Cell death
(Bactericidal action)





Figure showing role of chlorhexidine mouthwash in prevention of Alveolar Osteitis (AO)
Side effects:

5. MOUTHWASHES-Prof(Dr) Vivek kr Sharma , DDH-1
st
yr Lecture 2019-2020
These local side effects are: 1. Brown discoloration of the teeth, restorative materials and the tongue.
2. Alter taste sensation especially for salt taste. 3. Mucosal erosion with use of high concentration of Chlorhexidine
rinse. 4. Parotid swelling in rare cases. 5. Increased rate of supragingival calculus formation.
Staining: Various mechanisms for Chlorhexidine staining were proposed. They are: 1. Degradation
of the Chlorhexidine to release parachloraniline. 2. Non-enzymatic browning reactions (Maillard reactions). 3. Protein
denaturation by Chlorhexidine with metal sulphide formation. 4. Precipitation of anionic dietary chromogens by
cationic antiseptics.
BENZYDAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Benzydamine hydrochloride is known for its analgesic, anaesthetic, anti-inflammatory and
antimicrobial properties. The exact mechanism of action is not fully understood but it probably affects the
prostaglandin and thromboxane production and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine production Epstein et al.
demonstrated that Benzydamine significantly reduces the duration, incidence and severity of radiation-induced
mucositis. Therefore, it is recommended for radiation-induced mucositis and ulcerative lesions like recurrent apthous
stomatitis.
ESSENTIAL OILS
Mouthwashes based on essential oils contain thymol, eucalyptol and menthol in an alcohol solvent. They
are broad spectrum antimicrobial agents which decrease bacterial multiplication, aggregation and pathogenicity.
They act by destruction of bacterial cell and inhibition of bacterial enzymes. They also have anti-inflammatory activity,
prostaglandin inhibitory activity and antioxidants activity. They can be recommended as an adjunct to mechanical
plaque control measures especially in patients with gingival inflammation even with regular tooth brushing and
flossing. They are contraindicated in children because of risk of ingestion and in patients suffering from dry mouth
and oral mucosal disease because of ethanol based irritation and dryness.
CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE AND SODIUM BENZOATE
Cetylpyridinium chloride is a quaternary ammonium compound with moderate plaque inhibitory activity. It
acts by binding to bacterial cell membrane because of its cationic nature thus causing disruption of cell membrane
and leakage of intracellular components. The reason behind their moderate plaque inhibitory activity as compare to
Chlorhexidine may be their rapid desorption from the oral mucosa and may also be related to their mono-cationic
nature. The single cationic group binds to mucosa providing mucosal retention but leaving few unattached sites for its
antibacterial action. Sodium benzoate disperses carbohydrate, fat, protein thereby weakens plaque attachment which
can then be easily removed by toothbrushing.
TRICLOSAN
Triclosan (2, 4, 4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a non-ionic antiseptic compound shows
antiinflammatory property and has been used in many toothpastes and mouthwashes. Various studies have shown
that Triclosan reduces the inflammatory reaction on the gingiva by sodium lauryl sulphate and reduce the severity
and healing period of recurrent apthous ulcers. Triclosan reduces the levels of inflammatory mediators and also
increases the binding ability of mouthwashes to the oral mucosa and thus being available for a longer period of time.
OXYGENATING AGENTS
Oxygenating agents such as Hydrogen peroxide, Sodium peroxyborate and peroxycarbonate act by liberating
nascent oxygen to loosen debris, remove stains and kill anaerobic micro-organisms. They are bleaching agent
having strong oxidising properties. They are also broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. Oxygenating agents
containing mouthwashes are recommended for acute ulcerative conditions, to relieve soreness caused by dentures,
orthodontic appliances and for stain removal.
POVIDONE-IODINE CONTAINING MOUTHWASHES

6. MOUTHWASHES-Prof(Dr) Vivek kr Sharma , DDH-1
st
yr Lecture 2019-2020
Povidone-iodine is a broad spectrum antimicrobial having its affinity against bacteria, virus,
fungi and protozoa. It is an iodophore in which iodine is loosely bound to Povidone thereby delivering free iodine to
bacterial cell membrane. It reduces plaque formation and decreases the severity of gingivitis and radiation mucositis.
It is contraindicated in individuals having sensitivity to iodine and pre-existing thyroid disorders.
ANTIBACTERIAL PEROXIDASE MOUTHWASHES
They contain enzymes like lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and glucose oxidase which
act against bacterial peroxidise. They restore antimicrobial activity of saliva hence, useful in cases of dry mouth,
gingival inflammation and oral malodour. Its long term use might pose a risk of dental erosion because of its low pH.
FLUORIDE CONTAINING MOUTHWASHES
These mouthwashes contain fluoride in various forms as either sodium fluoride (NaF) or
acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF). They promote remineralisation of enamel with fluorapatitie and fluor-
hydroxyapatite, making enamel resistant to acid attack. Hence, they are useful in patients with high risk of dental
caries, patients having xerostomia after undergoing radiation therapy and those undergoing orthodontic therapy[39].
They are contra-indicated in children less than six years of age because of risk of fluoride ingestion. SODIUM
BICARBONATE It increases the salivary pH and suppresses the growth of aciduric bacteria. Therefore, it is
recommended in patients with xerostomia and erosion.
ALCOHOL CONTENT OF MOUTHWASHES
Ethanol is used as a preservative and solvent in a concentration range of 5 – 27 % in various
commercially available mouthwashes. It has antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, fungi and viruses by
causing protein denaturation and dissolution of lipids. Mouthwashes containing significant amount of alcohol have
number of disadvantages also. Firstly, they are not accidently swallowed by young children. Secondly, the use of
alcohol containing mouthwashes may increase the alcohol content of exhaled air and could change the readings of
the police breath test. Thirdly, alcohol containing mouthwashes have also shown to reduce the hardness of
composite and hybrid resin restorations and may also alter the colour of composite restorations. The use of alcohol
containing mouthwashes should be restricted to short term under supervision until long term studies are available.
The use of alcohol containing mouthwashes should be discouraged for long term use.