MTSE 5101 Sustainable Energy Systems.ppt

notes

1. Masters of Technology in
Sustainable Energy
Engineering
MTSE 5101 Sustainable
Energy Systems
Lecturer: pr0f. Michae
l J. Saulo

2. UNIT LAYOUT
1)Global Energy Scenarios
2)Renewable Energy System Design and Building
Technology
3)Sustainable Energy Business Modelling
4)Impact Assessment Framework
5)Organization and Management for Sustainability
6)Forecasting and planning for future energy needs and
challenges.

3. Expected Learning outcome
Analyse energy needs and trends for developing countries
and corresponding communities, and the relationships
between energy and development issues.
Integrate multidisciplinary considerations, including
sustainability and development goals into the design
process.
Apply environmental, economic and socio-cultural
techniques to ensure efficient sustainable use of energy
technologies and resources.
Design and implement sustainable energy projects through
a range of methodologies, frameworks and best practices.
Explain the practice and professional standards for energy
auditors and energy

4. Evaluation
Exams - 60%
Mini project - 15%
Assignments - 15%
Tests - 10%
Total - 100%

5. Introduction

6. Definition of Sustainable Energy
Sustainable energy is an energy system
that serves the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs
Dynamic harmony between equitable
availability of energy-intensive goods and
services to all people and the preservation
of the earth for future generations

7. Cont’d
Energy which is replenishable within a
human lifetime and causes no long-term
damage to the environment
Any energy generation, efficiency and
conservation source where: Resources are
available to enable massive scaling to
become a significant portion of energy
generation, long term, preferably 100
years.

8. From the Millennium development
Goals to incoming Sustainable
development Goals
Millennium development
Goals
Sustainable development
Goals
Poverty eradication
Universal primary education
Promote gender equality and
empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/Aids malaria
and other diseases
Ensure environmental
sustainability
Develop global partnership
for development
Interdependency of
economic, social,
environmental dimensions
Internal equity within
single country
Distribution of resources
Decoupling “happiness”
from income
Financial, economic and
structural crises

9. Features of Sustainable Energy
This sets sustainable energy apart from other
renewable energy terminology such as
alternative energy by focusing on the ability of an
energy source to continue providing energy.
Sustainable energy can produce some pollution of
the environment, as long as it is not sufficient to
prohibit heavy use of the source for an indefinite
amount of time.
Sustainable energy is also distinct from
low-carbon energy, which is sustainable only in the
sense that it does not add to the CO
2 in the
atmosphere.

10. Green Energy
Green Energy is energy that can be
extracted, generated, and/or consumed
without any significant negative impact to
the environment.
The planet has a natural capability to
recover which means pollution that does
not go beyond that capability can still be
termed green

11. Cont’d
Green power is a subset of renewable energy and
represents those renewable energy resources and
technologies that provide the highest
environmental benefit.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines
green power as electricity produced from solar,
wind, geothermal, biogas, biomass and low-impact
small hydroelectric sources.
Customers often buy green power for avoided
environmental impacts and its greenhouse gas
reduction benefits.

12. 1960’s, 1970’s and 2000

13. First-Generation Technologies
First-generation technologies emerged from the
industrial revolution at the end of the 19th century
and include hydropower, biomass combustion and
geothermal power and heat. Some of these
technologies are still in widespread use.
First-generation technologies are mostly
competitive in locations with abundant resources.
Their future use depends on the exploration of the
available resource potential, particularly in
developing countries, and on overcoming
challenges related to the environment and social
acceptance.

14. Hydro Power Plant

15. Geothermal Plant

16. Second-Generation Technologies
Second-generation technologies include solar heating and
cooling, wind power, modern forms of bioenergy and solar
photovoltaics.
These are now entering markets as a result of research,
development and demonstration (RD&D) investments since
the 1980s.
The initial investment was prompted by energy security
concerns linked to the oil crises (1973 and 1979) of the 1970s
but the continuing appeal of these renewables is due, at
least in part, to environmental benefits.
Many of the technologies reflect significant advancements
in materials.

17. Solar/Wind Power

18. Third-Generation Technologies
Third-generation technologies are still under
development and include advanced biomass
gasification, biorefinery technologies,
concentrating solar thermal power, hot dry
rock geothermal energy and ocean energy.
Advances in nanotechnology may also play a
major role.

19. Tidal/CHP Systems

20. Cont’d
Third-generation technologies are not yet
widely demonstrated or commercialized.
They are on the horizon and may have
potential comparable to other renewable
energy technologies, but still depend on
attracting sufficient attention and RD&D
funding. These newest technologies include
advanced biomass gasification, biorefinery
technologies, solar thermal power stations,
hot dry rock geothermal energy and ocean
energy.

21. Dimension and Pillars of Sustainability

22. Global Energy
Scenarios

23. Global Energy Outlook
The development of human society has been
marked all throughout history by the role of
energy resources.
The importance of energy in the global scenario
has constantly risen and the interconnections with
the environment and society have become more
evident.
The need to fight both poverty through eradication
of energy insufficiency and to increase access to
modern energy service is recognized worldwide.

25. The Correlation Between Energy
and Development
Access to modern energy is today considered
essential to encourage development and to fight
poverty, which is seen mainly as a lack of
opportunities.
Sustainable energy as a basic condition to
enable access to services, resources and public
goods therefore constitutes an essential
prerequisite for human empowerment and social
progress, along with respect for the
environment.

26. Cont’d
Access to energy is essential for clean water
supply and sanitation, for the development of
agriculture (irrigation, mechanization, food
processing and transportation), for the
support of information and communication
technologies and for enabling access to
healthcare, education and other basic social
needs.

27. ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

28. -CONT ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

29. -CONT ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

31. A “right” to Energy, which right?
Some Philosophical achievements
Energy does not determine human dignity
With zero/poor access, fundamental rights may
not be guarantee

32. To whom the “duty” ?
Targets Vision 2030;
Ensure universal access to modern energy services
Double the rate of improvements in energy efficiency
Double the share of renewable energy in the global mix
But also attention will be given;
Reducing by half the number of premature deaths from air
pollution
Providing modern energy services to 400,000 primary
healthcare service in Counties
Facing the Energy Water and Food Nexus as well Energy
& Women

35. ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY

36. ACCESS TO MODERN FUELS

38. ENERGY NEEDS AND SERVICES
Direct use: land
preparation, cultivation,
irrigation, harvest, post-
harvest, , storage,
transportation
Indirect use: fertilizers
and other products,
sometimes necessary, such
as weedicides, pesticides,
and insecticides
Household needs
Lighting and electronic
device
Cooking
Heating /cooling
Community service
Education, direct and indirect
Health, prevention and care
Gender equality /women
empowerment
Digital divide
Climate change /environment

39. ENERGY NEEDS AND SERVICES
Non-food goods and services (clothes, biofuels)
Small farmers (MSEs): modern energies based on
renewable sources can contribute to cost effectiveness:
Reduce dependency on centralized electricity/fuels;
Increase productivity by efficient land preparation;
Improve quality/quantity of products;
Increase earnings through new market opportunities.

40. PRODUCTIVE USAGE
Rural industries Livelihood Activities
Connection between
energy access and
income generating
activities: -
Creating new earning
opportunities not be
possible without energy; -
Improving existing
earning activities by
increasing productivity,
lowering costs and
improving the quality of
goods and services;
Livelihood strategies for
the poor aim to improve
tangible (physical and
financial capital) and non-
tangible (human and
social capital) “capitals”.
Poverty reduction implies
accumulation &
maintenance of new
assets

41. Reducing drudgery to
enable earning activities
Entrepreneurial
activity has a double
benefit
(economic/social) on
community –
Energy services for
rural industries include
process heating and
cooking, mechanical
processing, cooling,
manufacturing, repair
and powering ICTs
services
Livelihood strategies
balances “productive”
and “social” uses
This approach is
necessary to determine
whether the lack of
energy may be limiting
the range of livelihood
strategies,
Energy needs and
services
-CONT

42. APPROPRIATE ELECTRIFICATION SYSTEMS

44. ACCESS ENERGY, FOR WHAT?

45. ACCESS ENERGY, FOR WHAT?

46. IMPROVING THE FIVE CAPITALS: HOW?

47. - CONT IMPROVING THE FIVE CAPITALS: HOW?

48. INTERCONNECTED COMPLEX CHALLENGES
Sustainable development
Environmental challenges
Fight against poverty and social exclusion
Non uniform distribution of resources (water,
energy, food, raw materials)
Financial, economic and structural crises

49. Assignment One (Review paper)
Energy Situation in sub-Saharan Africa: A
review
Energy Situation in Asia: A review
Energy Situation in Middle East: A review
Energy Situation in : Latin America: review
Energy Situation in Europe: A review

50. Review Paper Procedure
Identification of the main key words (Scopus)
– downloaded approx. 100 publication and
filtered them to about 30.

The review should be based on a selection of
papers from several journals of different
editorial groups, i.e. Elsevier, IEEE, Springer,
and Tylor and Francis etc.
Developed a paper screening matrix of all the
papers based on the; fossil fuels, renewables
etc.

51. Filter Parameters
•The paper must deal with energy situations and
scenarios in that particular country.
•Publication date to be in the range from 2000 to
2016
In the review’s contest, should include sub
Saharan Africa, Asia, Latin America and Middle
East
NB: Use MENDELEY - Mendeley is a desktop and
web program produced by Elsevier for managing
and sharing research papers, discovering
research data and collaborating online.

52. Renewable Energy System Design
and Building Technology

53. Integrating Renewable Energy
Systems in Buildings

54. Why Integrate RE Systems in Buildings?

55. Energy Efficiency First
Define your goals and objectives for energy
efficiency and renewable energy use Reduce
peak demand, save money, make money,
provide a good example, etc.
Do an energy audit Understand how the building
uses energy and how to reduce total energy
consumption
Enlist help Within your organization, private
firms, utility,etc.
Start to assess potential for renewable
technologies

56. Project Energy Targets are Essential

57. Assess Potential for RE Technologies

58. Energy Efficiency First

59. Combining CE and RE

60. Key Project Success Factors

61. Renewable Energy
Project Steps

62. Renewable Energy Project Steps

63. PLANNING

64. Planning

65. Planning for Renewable Energy

66. Factors to consider

67. Solar
Map useful for most technologies
Photovoltaic, Solar Water Heating, Solar Ventilation
Preheating, Passive Solar Heating, Day lighting,
Local energy costs, incentives, and utility policies affect
the economics of these technologies as much as the
resource
Consider these technologies at least through screening
Concentrating Solar
Concentrators can only use direct radiation from the
sun
Drop CSP from consideration if the site is not in the
southwest

68. Wind
Must assess local wind resource, as the local
resource varies greatly from the averages shown
in wind resource maps (SWERA)
Consider small wind (100kW or less), or large
low-wind speed turbines
Consider larger, utility-scale turbines (100kW to
MW)

69. Geothermal
Geothermal (ground source) heat pumps can
be implemented anywhere
–Geothermal direct heat requires high
temperature
Presence of nearby hot springs an indicator
–Geothermal electric: only if large power
needs and very high temperature

70. Biomass
If there is a permanent, steady stream of biomass
resource within a 50-mile radius, consider this
resource further
Consult a local expert if the map reveals limited
or no biomass resources for the site
Especially good for Combined Heat and Power
needs

71. Ocean and Hydropower
Ocean
Remove ocean power technologies from
consideration if the site is not adjacent to the
ocean.
ocean thermal energy conversion is a
potential energy technology
tidal energy is a potential technology
Hydropower
simplified rules available for systems under
5MW located at an existing non-power dam.
If the site is close to one of these facilities,
hydropower could be a viable technology.

72. Programs

73. Programming

74. Process

75. Common Technologies

76. Cont’d

77. Other Opportunities

78. Technology Resources

79. RE Electrical System Considerations

80. Evaluate

81. Evaluate viable RE Options

82. Process

83. System Design

84. System Design

85. Budgeting: Estimating RE Costs

86. Budgeting: Estimating RE Costs

87. Budgeting: Life-Cycle Cost Analysis

88. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for RE

89. Renewable Energy Budget
Strategies

90. RE Project Funding Options

91. Phasing RE Implementation

92. Phasing RE Implementation: Solar
Ready

93. Mini-Project
 Sustainable Energy /Business Modelling
Impact assessment Frame work

94. Project work assignment: electrification
of a rural off-grid village

95. 1) General Context Assessment

96. Cont’d

97. 2) Analysis at village level

98. Village characteristics

99. Village Evaluation

100. Step by step Procedure

101. 3) Step by step sizing of the system

102. Cont’d

103. Cont’d

104. Solar resource characteristics

105. Estimating Power Output

106. Selection of the modules
Selection of the modules and evaluation of the
number of modules to be installed (two
examples of modules follow).
Number of modules should be rounded off to the
next integer)

107. Cont’d

108. Rough designing of the inverter

109. Selection of uninterruptible loads

110. 4) Further analysis

111. Cont’d

112. Estimation of Emission

113. 5) Sustainability Plan

115. Organization and
Management for
Sustainability

116. Forecasting and planning for
future energy needs and
challenges.