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1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Organs Functions Pathway of Sperm Cells PRESENTED TO: MAM SAYEDA KAUSAR

2. Group members Muhammad Haris Muhammad Owais Qarni Asawar Nisar Muhammad Ali Younis Bilal Muhammad Zargham Muhammad Omais Khan

3. OBJECTIVES Identify the structures and major organs of the male reproductive system and describe their functions. Trace the pathway of the sperm cells in the organ system. Disorders, causes & treatment of male genitalia. Assessment of disorders of male genitalia.

4. Male Reproductive System Consists of a number of sex organs that are a part of the human reproductive process. Produces, stores and releases the male gametes, or sperm . * gametes - a sex cell

5. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS External Genital Organs Penis Scrotum Internal Genital Organs Testis Epididymis Vas Deferens Accessory Glands Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Glands

6. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Side view Front view

7. External Genital Organs Penis Scrotum

8. Penis The penis is the organ by which the sperm is introduced into the female. It contains spongy tissue that becomes turgid and erect when filled with blood.

9. What happens to the penis, after taking medications for longer sex duration? These medications work by: Increasing blood flow to the penis. Relaxing the muscles in the penis. The most common medications are: Sildenafil Vardenafil Avanafil These medications can help men with ED to: Achieve an erection more easily. Maintain an erection for a longer period. Improve sexual satisfaction.

10. Scrotum A pouch of skin that contains and protect the testicles in males. The scrotum keeps the testes at a temperature slightly cooler than body temperature.

11. Internal Genital Organs Testis Epididymis Vas Deferens Accessory glands Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Glands

12. Testis (plural testes ) The testes are the two-oval shaped male organs that produce sperm and hormone testosterone. * Testosterone - the primary male sex hormone

13. Epididymis The epididymis is a tightly coiled tubes against the testicles. It acts as maturation and storage place for sperm. Adult human testicle with epididymis: A. Head of epididymis, B. Body of epididymis, C. Tail of epididymis, and D. Vas deferens

14. Vas Deferens ( Ductus Deferens ) The vas deferens is a thin tube that starts from the epididymis to the urethra in the penis. They transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation.

15. Accessory glands Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Glands These glands produce nourishing fluids for the sperms that enter the urethra.

16. Seminal Vesicles The Seminal Vesicles are sac-like structures attached to the vas deferens at one side of the bladder. They produce a sticky yellowish fluid that contains fructose.

17. Prostate Gland The Prostate Gland surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra, just below the bladder . The Prostate Gland is responsible for making the production of semen, a liquid mixture of sperm cells, prostate fluid and seminal fluid.

18. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s gland) The Bulbourethral Glands are two small glands located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra.

19. REVIEW: The main function of the Male Reproductive System is to produce sperm cells and deliver them to the female reproductive system. It consists of external and internal genital organs which are essential for the continuous reproduction of life.

20. SPERM Function : To move and carry genetic information to the egg. Structure: Head : The large head region of the sperm that contains DNA. Midpiece : The narrow middle part of the cell that contains mitochondria. Tail : The wavelike motion of the flagellum propels the sperm forward.

21. SPERMATOGENESIS Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm cells. It takes place in the seminiferous tubules.

22. EJACULATION Ejaculation is the discharge of semen from the penis. During orgasm, the semen is forcefully expelled from the body by strong muscular contractions of sperm ducts.

23. EJACULATION

24. Process: At the peak of sexual arousal, muscles in the epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and vas deferens contract. At the same time, a sphincter muscle at the base of the bladder contracts, preventing urine from leaking into the urethra from the bladder. Another sphincter also contracts, closing off the entrance of the urethra into the penis.

25. Process: In the second stage of ejaculation, the expulsion stage , the sphincter at the base of the penis relaxes, admitting semen into the penis. Simultaneously, a series of strong muscle contractions around the base of the penis and along the urethra expels the semen from the body.

26. REVIEW: The pathway of the sperm in the male reproductive system are the following: (arrange in chronological order)

27. Male genital disorders: Erectile dysfunction Orchitis Penile cancer

28. Erectile dysfunction: Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection for sexual arousal. It is the most common condition that affect millions of men worldwide. Symptoms: Reduce sexual desire Difficulty achieving or maintaining erection.

29. Cont …. Causes: Physical factors(diabetes, heart disease, prostate surgery). Psychological factors(stress, anxiety, depression). Life-style factors(smoking, excessive alcohol consumption). Treatment: Oral medications( viagra , cialis ). Injections. Penile implants. Counseling.

30. Orchitis : Orchitis is inflammation of the testicles, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. It can be a complication of mumps, influenza, or other infections . Symptoms: Pain and swelling in the testicles Fever Chills Redness and warmth in the scrotum Difficulty walking or standing due to testicular pain Nausea and vomiting

31. Cont ….. Causes: long-term infection. Inflammation. B lockage of the reproductive tract . Treatment: Antibiotics for bacterial infections. Pain management with medication. Rest and ice packs to reduce swelling. Supportive care to manage symptoms.

32. Penile cancer: Penile cancer happens when malignant cells in your penis grow out of control . Symptoms: Changes in skin thickness or color. Rashes on the penis. Growths that look bluish-brown. A lump on the penis. A sore on the penis, which may bleed. Swelling at the end of the penis.

33. Cont …. Causes: Age Human papillomavirus ( HPV). Being uncircumcised. Phimosis (foreskin that is tight and tough to clean). Smoking. Treatment: Penile cancer can be treated with surgery R adiation therapy C hemotherapy

34. Assessment for genital disorders: 1. Erectile dysfunction : Are you having difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection? Are you experiencing reduced sexual desire or libido? Have you noticed any changes in your ability to urinate or experience pain during sex?

35. Cont …. 2. Orchitis : Are you experiencing testicular pain or swelling? Have you had a recent injury or infection in the genital area? Are you experiencing fever, chills, or nausea ? 3. Penile cancer: Have you noticed any unusual growths, lesions, or ulcers on your penis? Have you experienced any abnormal bleeding or discharge from your penis? Do you have pain or difficulty urinating? Have you had a history of smoking?

36. References: https:// www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/male-genitalia#1 Ross & willson book. https ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK299 / https :// my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/9117-male-reproductive-system