Muscle Mechanics.pptx

Content -
1.Types of Muscles
2. Types of muscle work/ contraction
3.Muscle Action - Agonist, antagonist, fixators, synergist
4. Active and passive insufficency
5. Range of muscle work, Angle of pull

1. Muscle Mechanics Dr. Aparna Shetty (P.T)

2. Contents Types of Muscles Types of muscle work/ contraction Muscle Action - Agonist, antagonist, fixators, synergist Active and passive insufficency Range of muscle work, Angle of pull

3. Types of muscles Muscles are classified by three different methods , based on different factors: I. Depending upon the presence or absence of striation II.Depending upon the control III.Depending upon the situation

4. D epending upon striations Depending upon the presence or absence of cross striations, the muscles are di vided into two groups: 1. Striated muscle 2. Non-striated muscle.

5. Depending upon the control 1.Voluntary muscle 2.Involuntary muscle

6. Depending upon the situation There are three types of muscles: 1- Cardiac (in the heart). 2- Skeletal (around the skeleton). 3- Smooth (in the viscera).

7. Classifications of Skeletal muscles A. Classification of the Muscle according to arrangement of muscle fibers and shape: 1- Fusiform type. 2- Parallel type. 3- Pennate type. 4- Triangular type / convergent 5- Circular 6- Spiral

8. Fusiform A muscle that has a shape of spindle, which is being wider in the middle and narrowing towards both ends. Example of fusiform muscle is the biceps brachii. Fusiform muscles are arranged in a strap-like fashion to provide the greatest degree of shortening, thus, enabling the muscle to produce quick and wide range of motion.

9. Parallel type Subdivisions: a- Rectangle Fibers are parallel to each other and have equal length Abdomen. b- Rhomboid Fibers are parallel in sides while the adjacent sides are not equal in length.

10. Penniform or pennate type • Subdivisions: 1- Unipennate: The muscle fibers are attached to one side of the tendon like = Half of a feather. 2- Bipennate: The muscle fibers are attached to both sides of the tendon like = A complete feather. 3- Multipennate: It consists of many bipennate structures set together on the muscle. 4- Circumpennate: The muscle fibers are attached to all sides of the tendon

11. Triangular type Subdivisions: 1- Fan-shaped: one side triangle: 2- Trapezoid: (Triangle on two sides)

12. B. Classification of muscle according to the number joints over which the muscle passes: 1- One joint muscle 2- Two joint muscle 3- Multi-joint muscle

13. C. Classification of muscles according to the type of muscle action or function (Group action of muscles) 1-AGONISTS: 2- ANTAGONISTS 3- SYNERGISTS: (Syn = together + ergon = work) 4- Fixators

14. D . Classification of muscles according to type muscle contraction: 1- Isometric contraction: (Iso = equal + metric = length) 2- Isotonic contraction: (Iso = equal + tonic = tone or tension) a- Concentric contraction. b- Eccentric contraction. 3 - Isokinetic contraction: (Iso = equal + kinetics = motion).

15. F. Classification according to Orientation of line of pull in relation to the joint Flexors: If the line of pull passes anterior to the joint axis; the muscle is called Flexor.  Extensors: If the line of pull passes posterior to the joint axis; the muscle is called Extensor.  Abductors: If the line or pull passes lateral to the joint axis, the muscle is called Abductor.  Adductors: If the line of pull passes medial to the joint axis; the muscle is called Adductor.

16. Types of muscle work/ contraction

17. Muscle action

18. Range of muscle work - extent ofuscle contraction

19. Active and passive insufficiency Insufficiency is the term used for describing the inability of a muscle to generate adequate force bring out a desired action / movement. • In absence of disease process, muscle insufficiency is seen when the length tension relation is altered. • Muscle lengthened = Passive insufficiency • Muscle shortened = Active insufficiency • Active and Passive insufficiency is seen only in two joint or multi-joint muscles.

20. • Active insufficiency occurs when a multi-joint muscle shortens over BOTH joints simultaneously, and hence, creates so much slack, that muscle tension is almost completely lost. It cannot maintain or generate active tension. • Passive insufficiency occurs when the multi-joint muscle is lengthened to its fullest extent at both joints, but also preventing the full ROM of each joint it crosses. The muscle cannot elongate further.

21. The above recommendations are not hard and fast rules, but understanding these two terms can help trainers better evaluate their clients’ hindrances and progress with regard to efficient movement. If a client seems to consistently struggle with particular movements you can determine if active or passive insufficiency is playing a role and adjust accordingly. Questioning and re-evaluating your approach to programming can only improve client goal achievement and outcomes.

22. Active insufficeincy Tricep Kickback: The long head of the tricep crosses the shoulder and elbow joints. The kickback exercise is intended to target the medial head and lateral head, but may be injurious to the long head. Better: Skullcrushers, or lying tricep extensions, which place the shoulder in 90 degrees flexion. Better yet: Parallel Bar Dips.

23. Passive insuffieceincy “Donkey” Calf Raises: This exercise involves hip flexion and knee extension while executing a heel raise. This movement is intended to increase calf size but actually places the gastroc under maximal tension, reducing force output. You will not be able to handle as much weight as a standing calf raise. One option is to bend the knees just a bit instead of locking them out. Better: Standing calf raises. Better yet: Romanian Deadlift

24. Angle of pull and efficiency of muscle

25. Angle is toward the joint or on the outer side. Line of pull describe the direction of muscular force and must always directed from the insertion point to the origin point

26. Efficiency The effect of the resistance is maximal when it is applied at right angle to the moving joint.