MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM power point presentation

Anatomy notes

1. MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYLLIS KAINGU RN, BScN( UoN )

2. Introduction T he structures involved in enabling support and locomotion of the body include: the muscles Bones Ligaments joints

3. Various bones

4. 1)Bones The bone is the hardest tissue in the body and when fully developed comprises of: Water 20 % Organic material 30% to 40% made of bone cells Inorganic materials 40% to 50% constituting of calcium & phosphates Covered by periosteum, contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and food. Inside the hollow bones there’s substance known as bone marrow.site for blood cell formation. T he total number of bones in the human body is at least 206.

5. Functions of Bones The bones perform several functions. They: Provide the basic framework of the body Provide points of attachments to muscles and tendons Form a reservoir for calcium , mineralss Permit movement of the body as a whole by forming joints Form boundaries of many cavities, which provides protection to organs within Contain red bone marrow, which is involved in the production of blood cells

6. TYPES OF BONES LONG BONES- bear the weight of the body eg leg bones Short bones- allow skill and ease in movements eg bones in the wrist, fingers ,ankles Flat bones- they protect body organs include ribs, skull’pelvic bones Irregular bones- are the vertebrae in the spinal column. Allow degrees of movement and flexibility.

7. 2)JOINTS These are points in the body at which bones attach to each other. They form the points at which many movements can be made and positions changed. Generally, there are three main types of joints: Fibrous joints, which are fixed and immovable joints. Examples include the joints between various skull bones (or sutures). Cartilaginous joints, which are slightly movable and enable you to bend. They have cartilage between two bones. Good examples are joints between the vertebral bones. Synovial ( diarthrosisl ) joints, which are freely movable. They are further subdivided into: ball and socket joints , hinge joints , gliding joints , pivot and saddle

8. Synovial joints Ball and Socket Joint Pivot Joint Hinge Joint

9. Range of motion The various movements made at the joints include: Flexion : bending forward and backward. Reduction in size of a joint. The knee joint is a good example of this. Extension : straightening or bending backwards. Increase in the size of a joint. Abduction : movement away from the midline. The best example of this is moving your arm or leg away from your body laterally. Adduction -movement towards the midline. Eversion : turning the sole of the foot outwards. Inversion : turning the sole of foot inwards. Supination : turning the palm up.

10. Range of motion cont ….. Pronation : turning the palm downwards. Dorsiflexion -the backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot.(when you lift the forward portion of the foot up) P lantarflexion -when you push the forward portion of foot down Rotation : movement around the long axis. You may use either the lower limb or the upper limb. Circumduction : a combination of adduction, flexion and extension.

11. Muscles and Ligaments M uscle tissues belong to either of three groups. These are: visceral, cardiac skeletal . Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart. Skeletal muscle is what makes up most of the structures in your body. Visceral muscle makes up the intestines and the hollow organs. It is not striated and is involuntary. Muscles can contract and are extensible and elastic. They are also irritable, which explains why nerve impulses can excite them.

12. Functions of Muscles Muscles are influenced by nerve impulse, hormones and, for cardiac muscle, impulses generated in the heart muscle The functions of the muscles can , therefore, be listed as: Maintenance of body posture or muscle tone Protecting internal structures Producing movement in conjunction with muscles, bones and joints Production of body heat; contraction.

13. Sphincters Are circular bands of muscle fibres . They constrict narrow a passage or close a passage. Examples The pyloric sphincter-an opening from the stomach into the small intestine.Opens to allow food move, closes to hold food in the stomach for digestion. The anal sphincter-keeps anus closed.Open to allow bowel movement. Urethral sphincters-seal off the bladder. Allow urine to collect in the bladder.

14. Disorders of Bones Disorders of the bones range from those that occur as a result of altered growth and development , to those due to disordered metabolism , neoplasm, injuries and their complications. Scoliosis -   which is lateral deviation of the spinal column Kyphosis - exaggeration in the curvature of the thoracic spine Lumbar Lordosis - exaggeration in the curvature of Osteomalacia and Rickets Bone Tumours Fractures Arthritis Gout Low back pain

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