Musculoskeletal system

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
1
MusculoSkeletalsystem
HSC1531Medical Terminology
for Healthcare Professionals
Florida State College of Jacksonville
Instructor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
2
Multimedia Directory
Slide 30 Bone Structure Exercise
Slide 61Skeletal Bones Exercise
Slide 78 Chiropractic Medicine Video
Slide 91 Osteoporosis Video
Slide 98 Arthritis Video
Slide 103Arthroscopy Video
Slide 124Muscles Animation
Slide 138Joint Movement Animation
Slide 141Humerus Adduction/Abduction Animation
Slide 143Elbow Flexion/Extension Animation
Slide 145Ankle Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Animation
Slide 148Ankle Inversion and Eversion Animation
Slide 150Elbow Pronation and Supination Animation

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
3
Multimedia Directory Continued
Slide 152Humerus Circumduction Animation
Slide 153Hand Opposition Animation
Slide 154Humerus Rotation Animation
Slide 162Muscle Atrophy Video
Slide 165Muscular Dystrophy Video
Slide 167Carpal Tunnel Video

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
4
Skeletal System at a Glance
Functions of Skeletal System
Internal framework of body
Supports body
Protects internal organs
Point of attachment for muscles
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
5
Skeletal System at a Glance
Organs of Skeletal System
Bones of the skeleton
Joints

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
15
Anatomy and Physiology
Bonesare body organs with blood supply,
nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Bones are connected to each other to form
Skeleton
Framework for the body
206 bones

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
16
Anatomy and Physiology
Red bone marrowwithin bonesproduces
blood cells
Bones also:
Protect vital organs
Store minerals

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
17
Anatomy and Physiology
Joint
Place where two bones meet
Held together by ligaments
Gives flexibility to skeleton

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
18
Bones
Also called osseous tissue
One of hardest materials in body
Formed from gradual process before birth called
ossification
Fetal skeleton is formed from a cartilagemodel

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
19
Bones
Flexible tissue is gradually replaced by
osteoblasts(immature bone cells)
In adult bones osteoblastsmature into
osteocytes
Formation of strong bones dependant on
adequate supply of minerals

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
20
Four Shapes of Bones
Long bones
Short
bones
Flat bones
Irregular
bones
Longer than wide
Example:
•femur
•humerus
Roughly as long as
wide
Example:
•carpals
•tarsals
Plate-shaped
Example:
•sternum
•scapula
•pelvis
Shape very
irregular
Example:
•vertebrae

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
21
Figure 4.1 –Classification of bones by shape.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
22
More about Long Bones
Majority of bones in body
Divided into:
Diaphysis
Epiphysis

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23
Diaphysis
Central shaft
Medullary cavity
Open canal within diaphysis
Contains
yellow bone marrow
Mostly fat
And ………

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
24
Epiphysis
Wide ends of long bone
Distal epiphysis
Proximal epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Covers epiphysis
Prevents bone rubbing on bone

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25
Periosteum
Covers surface of bone
not covered by articular
cartilage
Thin connective tissue
membrane
Contains numerous
nerve and lymphatic
vessels

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Compact Bone
Also called cortical bone
Very dense and hard
Outer layer of bone
Found in both epiphysisand
diaphysis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Cancellous Bone
Also called
spongybone
Found inside bone
Has spaces containing
redbonemarrow
Manufactures blood cells

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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28
Figure 4.2 –Components of a long bone.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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30
Click hereto review long bone structure with a labeling activity.
Bone Structure Exercise
Back to Directory

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
31
Bony Processes
Projection from the surface of a bone
Rough processes provide place for muscle
attachment
Smooth rounded processes articulate with
another bone in a joint
Named for shape and location

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
32
Common Bony Processes
Head Large smooth ball-shaped end of a long bone
Condyle Smooth rounded portion at end of bone
EpicondyleProjection above or on a condyle
TrochanterLarge rough process (upper part of the femur)
Tubercle Small rough process
TuberosityLarge rough process

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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33
Figure 4.3 –Bony processes found on the femur.
Head
Condyle
Epicondyle
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Bony Depressions
Sinus
Hollow cavity within bone
Foramen
Smooth opening for nerves and blood vessels
Fossa
Shallow cavity or depression within a bone
Fissure
Deep groove or slit-like opening

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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The Skeleton
Skeleton has two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

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AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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Skull
Cranium
Facial
Sternum
Rib cage
Spine
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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40
The Skull
Is divided into two parts
Cranium
Facial bones
Protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and
oral cavity
Attachment for muscles of chewing and
turning the head

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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FACIAL BONES CRANIAL BONES

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Cranium
Frontal–1
Forehead
Parietal–2
Upper sides and roof
of skull
Temporal–2
Sides & base of skull

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Cranium
Ethmoid–1
Part of eye orbit, nose,
& floor of skull
Sphenoid–1
Part of floor of skull
Occipital–1
Back & base of skull

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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44
Figure 4.5 –Bones of the skull.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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45
Facial Bones
Mandible–1
Lower jawbone
Maxilla–1
Upper jawbone
Zygomatic–2
Cheek bones
Vomer–1
Part of nasal septum

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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46
Facial Bones
Palatine–1
Hard palate and floor
of nose
Nasal–2
Part of nasal septum
and bridge of nose
Lacrimal–2
Inner corner of eye

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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47
Figure 4.5 –Bones of the skull.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Hyoid Bone
Single U-shaped bone
In neck between mandible and larynx
Attachment point for swallowing and
speech muscles

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The Trunk
Vertebralcolumn
Sternum
Ribcage

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The Vertebral Column
Divided into five
sections
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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The Vertebral Column
Cervical
7 vertebrae of neck
Thoracic
12 vertebrae of chest
Lumbar
5 vertebrae of low
back
Sacrum
5 fused vertebrae at
base of spine
Coccyx
3–5 small vertebrae
attached to sacrum

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52
vertebrae

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53
http://www.spinaldoc.com/Anatomy_of_the_Back.php

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54
RIB CAGE STERNUM

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The Rib Cage
12 pairs of ribs
Attached to
vertebral column at
back
Provides support
for organs, such as
heart and lungs

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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56
The Rib Cage
Trueribs
10 pairs attached to
sternumin front
Floatingribs
Inferior 2 pairs
No attachment in front

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Appendicular Skeleton
Includes bones of:
Pectoralgirdle
Upperextremity
Pelvicgirdle
Lowerextremity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Figure 4.8 –Bones of the appendicular skeleton.

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Pectoral Girdle
Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton
Articulates with:
Sternum anteriorly
Vertebral column posteriorly
Consists of:
Clavicle–collar bone
Scapula–shoulder blade

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Upper Extremity
Arm
Consists of:
Humerus–upper arm
Ulna–part of forearm
Radius–part of forearm
Carpals–wrist bones
Metacarpals–hand bones
Phalanges–finger bones

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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63
Figure 4.9 –Anatomical and common names for the
pectoral girdle and upper extremity.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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64
Pelvic Girdle
Also called oscoxae, innominatebone, or
hipbone
Attaches lower extremity to axial skeleton
Articulates with sacrum posteriorly
Consists of:
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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Lower Extremity
Leg
Consists of:
Femur–thigh bone
Patella–knee cap
Tibia–shin bone
Fibula–lower leg bone
Tarsals–ankle bones
Metatarsals–foot bones
Phalanges–toe bones

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68
Lower Extremity
Leg
Consists of:
Femur–thigh bone
Patella–knee cap
Tibia–shin bone
Fibula–lower leg bone
Tarsals–ankle bones
Metatarsals–foot bones
Phalanges–toe bones

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Figure 4.10 –Anatomical and common names for the pelvic
girdle and lower extremity.

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71
Click hereto review the bones of the skeleton with a labeling activity.
Skeletal Bones Exercise
Back to Directory

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
72
Joints
Formed where two bones meet
Also called an articulation
Three types based on movement allowed
between the 2 bones:
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

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Synovial Joints
Freely moving joints
Most common type of joint
Example is ball-and-socketjoint
Bones held together by ligaments
Strong bands of connective tissue
Some contain a bursa
Sac-like structure lined with synovial
membrane

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75
Synovial Joints
Enclosed in an elastic joint
capsule
Contains synovialfluid
Lubricant secreted by synovial
membrane
Ends of bones are covered
with articular cartilage

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
76
Figure 4.12 –Structure of a synovialjoint.

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Cartilaginous Joints
Allow slight movement
Hold bones firmly in place
by solid piece of cartilage
Example
Pubic symphysis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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78
Fibrous Joints
Allow almost no movement
Joined by thick fibrous tissue
Example
Sutures of the skull

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
79

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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80
Figure 4.11 –Examples of three types of joints found in the body.

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Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Word Building with arthr/o
–algia arthralgia joint pain
–centesis arthrocentesis puncture to withdraw fluid from joint
–clasia arthroclasia surgically break a joint
–desis arthrodesis fusion of a joint
–gram arthrogram record of a joint
–itis arthritis joint inflammation
–otomy arthrotomy incision into a joint
–scope arthroscope instrument to view joint

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
82
Word Building with burs/o& chondr/o
–ectomy chondrectomy surgical removal of cartilage
–malacia chondromalacia softening of cartilage
–oma chondroma cartilage tumor
–plasty chondroplasty surgical repair of cartilage
–ectomy bursectomy surgical removal of bursa
–itis bursitis inflammation of bursa

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
83
Word Building with
cortic/oand crani/o
intra––al intracranial pertaining to inside the skull
–otomy craniotomy incision into the skull
–al cortical pertaining to the outer portion

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
84
Word Building with
medull/o& myel/o
–oma myeloma red bone marrow tumor
–ary medullary pertaining to the inner portion

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
85
Word Building with oste/o
–algia ostealgia bone pain
chondr/o –omaosteochondroma bone and cartilage tumor
–clasia osteoclasia surgically break a bone
myel/o –itis osteomyelitis
bone and bone marrow
inflammation
–otomy osteotomy incision into bone
–pathy osteopathy bone disease
–tome osteotome instrument to cut bone

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
86
Word Building with
synov/o &vertebr/o
–itis synovitis inflammation of synovial membrane
–ectomy synovectomy
surgical removal of synovial
membrane
inter––al intervertebral pertaining to between vertebrae

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
87
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
iliac ilium
carpal carpus
cervical neck
costal rib
cranial cranium
femoral femur
humeral humerus
ischial ischium
metacarpal metacarpus
metatarsal metatarsus
radial radius
sacral sacrum
sternal sternum
tarsal tarsus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
88
Adjective Forms of Bone Names
tibial tibia
clavicular clavicle
fibular fibula
lumbar low back
mandibular mandible
patellar patella
scapular scapula
ulnar ulna
maxillary maxilla
coccygeal coccyx
phalangeal phalanges
pelvic pelvis
pubic pubis
thoracic thorax

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
89
Skeletal System Vocabulary
callus
mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during
healing
cast
solid material to immobilize a fracture; may be made of
plaster of Paris or fiberglass
chiropractic
practice of treating patients using manipulations of
vertebral column; practitioner is a chiropractor
crepitation
noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together
exostosis bone spur

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
90
Click hereto view a video on chiropractic medicine.
Chiropractic Medicine Video
Back to Directory

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Skeletal System Vocabulary
kyphosis abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback
lordosis
abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine;
swayback
orthopedics
branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment
of musculoskeletal system; physician is an orthopedist
orthotic
brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities;
specialist in making is an orthotist

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
92
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Figure 4.13 –Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis,
lordosis, and scoliosis.
http://www.spinaldoc.com/Anatomy_of_the_Back.php

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Skeletal System Vocabulary
podiatry
profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of
disorders of feet and lower leg; practitioner is a podiatrist
prosthesis
artificial device to substitute for a missing or damaged
body part
prosthetics
profession specializing in making prostheses; specialist in
making is a prosthetist

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Fractures
closed fracture
fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple
fracture
Colles’ fracture common wrist fracture
comminuted fracture
fracture where bone is shattered, splintered, or
crushed
compound fracture
fracture with an open skin wound; also called open
fracture
compression fracture
fracture with loss of height in vertebral body; often
from osteoporosis

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Figure 4.14 –A) Open (or compound) and B) closed (or simple)
fractures.

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Figure 4.15 –Colles’ fracture.
(Charles Stewart and Associates)

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Fractures
fracture (FX, Fx) broken bone
greenstick fracture
incomplete break; one side of bone is broken, the
other is bent; common in children
impacted fracture bone fragments are pushed into each other
oblique fracture fracture at an angle to bone

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Figure 4.16 –X-ray showing oblique fracture of the humerus.
(Charles Stewart and Associates)

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Fractures
pathologic fracture fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
spiral fracture
fracture line spiral around shaft of bone; often
slower to heal
stress fracture
slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact
forces like running
transverse fracture fracture is straight across bone

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Figure 4.17 –X-ray showing transverse fracture of radius.
(James Stevenson/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

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Bone Pathologies
Ewing’s sarcoma
cancerous tumor of shaft of long bones; spreads through
periosteum; amputation is necessary to prevent
metastasis
osteogenic
sarcoma
most common type of bone cancer; begins in osteocytes
osteomalacia
softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency; caused
in children with insufficient sunlight and vitamin D

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Bone Pathologies
osteoporosis
decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and
weakening of bones; porous bone easily fractures
Paget’s disease
metabolic disease of bone; unknown cause; results in
bone destruction and deformity
rickets
caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency; results in
bone deformities like bowed legs

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Osteoporosis Video
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Spinal Column Pathologies
ankylosingspondylitis
inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid
arthritis; gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
herniated nucleus
pulposus(HNP)
protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called
ruptured disk
scoliosis lateral curve of spine
spinabifida
congenital anomaly; vertebra fails to fully form
around spinal cord
http://www.spinaldoc.com/Anatomy_of_the_Back.php

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Figure 4.18 –Color enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
image demonstrating a herniated nucleus pulposus putting pressure
on the spinal cord (see arrows).

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Figure 4.13 –Abnormal spinal curvatures:
kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.

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Spinal Column Pathology
spinal stenosis
narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on
spinal cord and nerves
spondylolisthesis
forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra
below it

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Joint Pathology
bunion inflammation of bursa at base of great toe
dislocation bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment
osteoarthritis (OA)
results in degeneration of bone and joints; bone rubs
against bone
rheumatoid
arthritis (RA)
autoimmune inflammation of joints with swelling, stiffness,
pain; results in joint deformities

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Figure 4.19 –Patient with typical rheumatoid arthritis
contractures.
(Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

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Arthritis Video
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Skeletal System Pathology
sprain
damage to ligaments around joint due to overstretching;
no dislocation or fracture
subluxation
incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted, but
ends of bones remain in contact
systemic lupus
erythematosus
(SLE)
autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting
many systems including joints; looks like rheumatoid
arthritis
talipes congenital deformity of ankle misalignment; clubfoot

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Diagnostic Imaging
arthrography
visualizing joint by X-ray after injecting contrast
medium into joint
bone scan
nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to
visualize bones; useful for identifying stress fractures
and metastases
dual-energy
absorptiometry
(DXA)
measures bone density using low dose X-ray; detects
osteoporosis

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Diagnostic Imaging
myelography
Study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast
medium; useful for identifying herniated nucleus
pulposus
radiography
uses X-rays to study internal structure of body; especially
useful for visualizing bones and joints

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Endoscopic Procedures
arthroscopy
Examining interior of joint with an arthroscope, a fiberoptic
camera; view of joint interior appears on monitor during
procedure

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Arthroscopy Video
Click here to view a video on arthroscopy.
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Surgical Procedures
amputation
removal of a limb for reasons like tumors, gangrene, or
crushing injury
arthroscopic
surgery
performing surgery while using an arthroscope to view
inside joint
bone graft
bone from another source used to replace boney defect
in another location

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Surgical Procedures
bunionectomy removal of bursa at base of great toe
laminectomy
removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove
compression of a spinal nerve
percutaneous
diskectomy
tube is inserted into intervertebral disk to suck out
ruptured disk; may also be done with a laser

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Surgical Procedures
spinal fusion surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae
total hip arthroplasty
(THA)
implanting a prosthetic hip joint
total knee arthroplasty
(TKA)
implanting a prosthetic knee joint

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Fracture Care
fixation
stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation includes
casts and splints; internal fixation includes pins, plates, and
screws
reduction
realigning bone fragments of fracture; closed reduction is
manipulation without surgery; open reduction requires surgery
traction
applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore
alignment

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Figure 4.20 –Prosthetic hip joint.
(Lawrence Livermore National Library/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

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Skeletal System Pharmacology
bone reabsorption
inhibitors
reduce the reabsorption of
bone; treats osteoporosis and
Paget’s disease
Fosamax, Boniva
calcium
supplements &
Vitamin D
supplements
supplements that maintain
bone density; treats
osteomalacia, osteoporosis, &
rickets
Oystercal, Cal-Citrate

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Skeletal System Pharmacology
corticosteroids
have strong anti-inflammatory
properties; treat rheumatoid
arthritis
prednisone, Medrol,
Decadron
nonsteroidalanti-
inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
provide mild pain relief and anti-
inflammatory benefits; treat
arthritis
Advil, Motrin, Aleve,
Aspirin

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Skeletal System Abbreviations
AE above elbow
AK above knee
BDT bone density testing
BE below elbow
BK below knee
BMD bone mineral density
C1, C2, etc. first cervical vertebra, etc.

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Skeletal System Abbreviations
Ca calcium
DJD degenerative joint disease
DXA dual-energy absorptiometry
FX, Fx fracture
HNP herniated nucleus pulposus
JRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

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Skeletal System Abbreviations
L1, L2, etc. first lumbar vertebra, etc.
LE lower extremity
LLE left lower extremity
LUE left upper extremity
NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OA osteoarthritis
ORIF open reduction –internal fixation

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Skeletal System Abbreviations
Orth, ortho orthopedics
RA rheumatoid arthritis
RLE right lower extremity
RUE right upper extremity
SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
T1, T2, etc. first thoracic vertebra, etc.
THA total hip arthroplasty

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Skeletal System Abbreviations
THR total hip replacement
TKA total knee arthroplasty
TKR total knee replacement
UE upper extremity

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Muscular System at a Glance
Function of Muscular
System
Individual cells are able to
contract or shorten in length
Shortening produces
movement

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Muscular System at a Glance
Organs of Muscular System
Muscles

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Muscular System Combining Forms
fasci/ofibrous band
fibr/ofibers
kinesi/omovement
muscul/omuscle
my/o muscle

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Muscular System Combining Forms
myocardi/oheart muscle
myos/o muscle
plant/o sole of foot
ten/o tendon
tend/o tendon
tendin/o tendon

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Muscular System Suffixes
–astheniaweakness
–kinesia movement
–tonia tone

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Muscular System Prefixes
ab– away from
ad– towards
circum– around

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Anatomy and Physiology
Bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers
Fibers contract
Shorten in length
Produce movement
Move bones closer together
Push food through digestive system
Pump blood through blood vessels

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Muscles Animation
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Types of Muscles
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Voluntary muscles
Consciously choose to contract the muscle
Skeletal muscles
Involuntary muscles
Under control of subconscious brain
Smooth muscles and cardiac muscle

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Figure 4.21 –The three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac.

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Skeletal Muscles
Attached to bones
Produce voluntary movement of skeleton
Also referred to as striated muscle
Looks striped under microscope

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Skeletal Muscles
Muscle is wrapped in layers of connective
tissue
Called fascia
Tapers at the end to form tendon
Inserts into periosteum to attach muscle to bone
Are stimulated by motor neurons
Point of contact with muscle fiber is called
myoneural junction

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Myoneural Junction
http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%203%20Review/CH%2009%20Motor%20Un it%20and%20Neuromuscular%20Junction.htm

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Figure 4.22 –Characteristics of the three types of muscles.

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Smooth Muscles
Associated with internal organs
Also called visceral muscle
Stomach
Respiratory airways
Blood vessels
Called smooth because has no microscopic
stripes
Produces involuntary movement of these organs

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Figure 4.22 –Characteristics of the three types of muscles.

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Cardiac Muscle
Also called myocardium
Makes up walls of heart
Involuntary contraction of heart to pump
blood

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Figure 4.22 –Characteristics of the three types of muscles.

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Muscle Names
Location rectus abdominis straight abdominal muscle
Origin and
insertion
sternocleidomastoid
named for its two origins:
sternum and clavicle
Size gluteus maximus large buttock muscle

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Muscle Names
Action flexor carpi muscle that bends the wrist
Fiber directionexternal oblique
abdominal with fibers running
on an angle
Number of
attachment
points
biceps muscle with two heads

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Skeletal Muscle Actions
Skeletal muscles attach to two different
bones and overlap a joint
When muscle contracts both bones move,
but not equally
Origin: less moveable of 2 bones
Insertion: more moveable of 2 bones

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Skeletal Muscle Actions
Action
Type of movement produced by the muscle
Antagonistic pairs
Pair of muscles arranged around a joint
Produce opposite actions

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Joint Movement Animation
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Movement Terminology
dorsiflexion backward bending of foot
plantar flexion bending sole of foot; pointing toes
flexion act of bending or being bent
extension brings limb into a straight condition
abduction movement away from midline of body
adduction movement toward midline of body

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Figure 4.23 –Abduction and adduction.

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Figure 4.24 –Flexion and extension.

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Figure 4.25 –Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

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Movement Terminology
elevation to raise
depression to drop down
pronation turning palm downward
supination turning palm upward
eversion turning outward
inversion turning inward

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Figure 4.26 –Eversion and inversion.

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Figure 4.27 –Pronation and supination.

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Different Circular Movements
Circumduction
Movement in circular direction from a central
point
Opposition
Moving thumb away from palm to contact tip of
other fingers
Rotation
Moving around a central axis

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Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o
–al fascial pertaining to fascia
–itis fasciitis inflammation of fascia
–otomy fasciotomy incision into fascia
–logy kinesiology study of movement

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Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o
–ar muscular pertaining to muscles
poly––itispolymyositis inflammation of many muscles

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Word Building with my/o
–algia myalgia muscle pain
–asthenia myasthenia muscle weakness
electr/o
–gram
electromyogram record of muscle electricity
cardi/o –al myocardial pertaining to heart muscle
–pathy myopathy muscle disease
–plasty myoplasty surgical repair of muscle
–rrhaphy myorrhaphy suture a muscle
–rrhexis myorrhexis muscle rupture

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Word Building with
ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o
–dynia tenodynia tendon pain
–plasty tenoplasty surgical repair of tendon
–rrhaphy tenorrhaphy suture a tendon
–plasty tendoplasty surgical repair of tendon
–otomy tendotomy incision into a tendon
–itis tendinitis tendon inflammation
–ous tendinous pertaining to a tendon

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Word Building with –kinesia
brady– bradykinesia slow movement
dys– dyskinesia difficult movement
hyper– hyperkinesia excessive movement
hypo– hypokinesia insufficient movement

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Word Building with –tonia
a– atonia lack of tone
dys– dystonia abnormal tone
hyper– hypertonia excessive tone
hypo– hypotonia insufficient tone
my/o myotonia muscle tone

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Muscular System Vocabulary
adhesion scar tissue in fascia; makes muscle movement difficult
atrophy
poor muscle development; result of muscle disease or
lack of use; muscle wasting
contracture abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia
hypertrophy increase in muscle bulk from using it

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
176
Muscular System Vocabulary
intermittent
claudication
attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by muscle
ischemia; usually in calf muscles
spasm sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
torticollis
severe neck spasms pulling head to one side; wryneck or
crick in the neck

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
177
Muscle Pathology
fibromyalgia
widespread aching and pain in muscles and
soft tissue
lateral epicondylitis
inflammation of elbow muscles; caused by
strong gripping; tennis elbow
muscular dystrophy (MD)
inherited disease with progressive muscle
atrophy
pseudohypertrophic
muscular dystrophy
one type of inherited muscular dystrophy; also
called Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
178
Click hereto view a video on muscular dystrophy.
Muscular Dystrophy Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
179
Pathology of Tendons, Muscles, and/or
Ligaments
carpal tunnel
syndrome (CTS)
repetitive motion disorder; compression of finger
tendons and median nerve as they pass through carpal
tunnel of the wrist
ganglion cyst cyst on tendon sheath; usually on hand, wrist, or ankle
repetitive motion
disorder
chronic disorders involving tendon, muscles, joints, and
nerve damage; tissue is subjected to pressure,
vibration, or repetitive movements

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
180
Click hereto view a video on carpal tunnel.
Carpal Tunnel Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
181
Pathology of Tendons, Muscles, and/or
Ligaments
rotator cuff injury
joint capsule of shoulder joint is reinforced by tendons;
high degree of flexibility puts rotator cuff at risk for strain
and tearing
strain
damage to muscle, tendons, or ligaments due to
overuse or overstretching

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
182
Clinical Laboratory Tests
creatine
phosphokinase (CPK)
muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle;
elevated blood levels indicate muscle damage; seen in
muscular dystrophy and heart attack

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
183
Muscular System Diagnostic Procedures
deep tendon reflexes
(DTR)
muscle contraction in response to stretch; used to
determine if muscles are responding properly
electromyography (EMG)
study of strength and quality of muscle contraction
in response to electrical stimulation
muscle biopsy removal of muscle tissue for examination

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
184
Surgical Procedures
carpal tunnel
release
cutting of ligament in wrist to relieve pressure caused by
carpal tunnel syndrome
tenodesis
surgical stabilization of a joint by anchoring down
tendons of muscles that move the joint

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
185
Muscular System Pharmacology
skeletal muscle
relaxants
relax skeletal muscle spasmsFlexeril, Soma

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
186
Muscular System Abbreviations
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
CPK creatine phosphokinase
DTR deep tendon reflexes
EMG electromyogram
IM intramuscular
MD muscular dystrophy
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