Musculoskeletal system

nursing

1. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Introduction The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilage connected by ligaments to form a framework for the rest of the body tissues. Joints: metting of two bone Muscles : a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body. Ligaments: attaching bone to bone Tendons : attaching muscles to bone

2. BONES

3. BONES The skeleton is subdivided into two divisions: the axial skeleton, the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body, and the appendicular skeleton, the bones of the limbs and girdles. 206 Bones in human body 80bones are present of axial skeleton 126 bones are part of the appendicular skeleton system.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES The adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones and there are two basic types of osseous, or bone, tissue: compact bone and spongy bone, and are classified into four groups according to shape: long, short, flat, and irregular. Compact bone.  Compact bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous. Spongy bone.  Spongy bone is composed of long, needle-like pieces of bone and lots of open space. Long bones.  Long bones are typically longer than they are wide; as a rule, they have a shaft with heads at both ends, and are mostly compact bone. EX.femur,humerus,tibia-ulna Short bones.  Short bones are generally cube-shaped and mostly contains spongy bone;  sesamoid bones , which form within tendons, are a special type of short bone. These are cube shaped bone so are equal in length & width.EX.Carpal, tarsal bone Flat bones.  Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved; they have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Irregular bones.  Bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories are called irregular bones.

5. Structure Parts of a long bone Articular cartilage is a thin flexible substance that provides protection at movable points. Medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow. Red bone marrow is found in infant bones and the flat bones of adults.

6. Cranial Bones Cranial Bones Temporal-2 Frontal -1 Sphenoid-1 Occipital-1 Parietal-2 Ethmoid-1

7. Facial Bones

8. HYOID BONE

9. AUDITORY BONES - 06 Malleus-02 Incus -02 Stapes - 02

10. RIB CAGE - 25 Ribs -24 Sternum-01

11. vertebral column

12. Bone cells There are three types of specialized cells in human bones: osteoblasts , osteocytes , and osteoclasts . These cells are responsible for bone growth and mineral homeostasis. Osteoblasts  make new bone cells and secrete collagen that mineralizes to become bone matrix. They are responsible for bone growth and the uptake of minerals from the blood. Osteocytes  regulate mineral homeostasis. They direct the uptake of minerals from the blood and the release of minerals back into the blood as needed. Osteoclasts  dissolve minerals in bone matrix and release them back into the blood.

13. JOINTS a joint as a point where 2 bones connect. Others suggest it is a point where bones connect for the purpose of moving body parts. The human body has three main types of joints. They’re categorized by the movement they allow: Synarthroses (immovable).  These are fixed or fibrous joints. They’re defined as two or more bones in close contact that have no movement. The bones of the skull are an example. The immovable joints between the plates of the skull are known as sutures.

14. Amphiarthroses (slightly movable).  Also known as cartilaginous joints, these joints are defined as two or more bones held so tightly together that only limited movement can take place. The  vertebrae of the spine  are good examples. Diarthroses (freely movable).  Also known as synovial joints, these joints have  synovial fluid  enabling all parts of the joint to smoothly move against each other. These are the most prevalent joints in your body. Examples include joints like the knee and shoulder.

15. Types of freely movable joints There are six types of freely movable diarthrosis (synovial) joints: Ball and socket joint.  Permitting movement in all directions, the ball and socket joint features the rounded head of one bone sitting in the cup of another bone. Examples include your shoulder joint and your hip joint. Hinge joint.  The hinge joint is like a door, opening and closing in one direction, along one plane. Examples include your elbow joint and your knee joint.

16. Condyloid joint.  The condyloid joint allows movement, but no rotation. Examples include your finger joints and your jaw. Pivot joint.  The pivot joint, also called the rotary joint or trochoid joint, is characterized by one bone that can swivel in a ring formed from a second bone. Examples are the joints between your  ulna  and  radius  bones that rotate your forearm, and the joint between the first and second vertebrae in your neck. Gliding joint.  The gliding joint is also called the plane join. Although it only permits limited movement, it’s characterized by smooth surfaces that can slip over one another. An example is the joint in your wrist. Saddle joint.  Although the  saddle joint  does not allow rotation, it does enable movement back and forth and side to side. An example is the joint at the base of your thumb.(Metacarpophalangeal joint)

17. Special Assessment test