Music Grade 10- Quater 1- The 2oth Century Music Styles

Music Grade 10- Quater 1

1. MUSIC IN THE 20TH
CENTURY
Quarter 1

2. REVIEW
1.Who is known as the “Poet of
the Piano” in the Romantic
Period?
a.F. Chopin c. R. Schumann
b.L.V. Beethoven d. N. Paganini

4. 2. How will you describe the music of the Romantic period?
a.highly ornamented
b.simple and elegant
c.passionate and expressive
d.plain and sometimes imitative

5. 3. The composer who reflected the characteristics of Classical and Romantic
music in his compositions for he was able to live in the middle of both era?
a.W. A. Mozartc. F. Chopin
b.J. S. Bach d. L. V. Beethoven

7. 4. A piano composition often of a
romantic character which is
associated with the night.
a.Nocturnec. Scherzo
b.Balladed. Impromptu

8. 5. He is known as the greatest piano virtuoso of the Romantic era who made
significant contributions in piano pedagogy and piano recitals?
a.R. Schumannc. L.V. Beethoven
b.F. Liszt d. N. Paganini

10. NAME THE COMPOSERS AND
TITLE OF THE COMPOSITION
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11. 1.
2.

12. 20
th
century saw the rise
of distinct musical
styles that reflected a
move away from the
conventions of earlier
classical music.

13. IMPRESSIONISM
preceeds Romantic
Period
dramatic emotionalism
of Romantic Period were
replaced in favour of
moods and impressions

14. Most impressionist
works centered on
nature and its
beauty, lightness
and brilliance.

15. Impressionism was an
attempt not to depict
reality, but merely to
suggest it.
was meant to create an
emotional mood rather than
a specific picture.

16. In terms of imagery,
impressionistic forms
were translucent and
hazy, as if trying to see
through a rain-drenched
window.

17. Music compositional
characteristics
use of extended
chords, harmonies,
whole tone,
chromatic scales and
pentatonic scales.

18. Sounds of different
chords overlapped
lightly with each other
to produce new subtle
musical colors.

19. Chords did not have
a definite order and a
sense of clear
resolution.

20. lack of tonic-dominant
relationship which normally
gives the feeling of finality
to a piece, moods and
textures,

21. harmonic vagueness
about the structure of
certain chords
use of the whole-tone
scale

22. Foremost proponents
French composers:
Claude Debussy
Maurice Ravel

23. Ottorino Respighi (Italy)
Manuel de Falla (Spain)
Isaac Albeniz (Spain)
Ralph Vaughan Williams
(England)

24. CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862-1918)

25. Primary exponent of the
impressionist movement
and the focal point for
other impressionist
composers.

26. Changed the course of
musical development by
dissolving traditional rules
and conventions into a new
language of possibilities in
harmony, rhythm, form,
texture, and color.

27. Debussy_ Suite bergamasque - 3. Clair de lune (1890-1905).mp4
Debussy_ Children's Corner - 6. Golliwog's cake-walk (1906-1908).mp4
SADDLE Bench 30s (Richard Gomez).mp4
SCULLER Bench (Richard Gomez).mp4

28. MAURICE RAVEL
1875-1937

29. Compositional Style
Uniquely innovative but not
atonal style of harmonic
treatment.
Intricate and sometimes
modal melodies and extended
chordal components

30. demands considerable technical
virtuosity from the performer
which is the character, ability, or
skill of a virtuoso – a person who
excels in musical technique or
execution.

31. Harmonic progressions and
modulations are not only
musically satisfying but also
pleasantly dissonant and
elegantly sophisticated.

32. His refined delicacy and
color, contrasts and effects
add to the difficulty in the
proper execution of the
musical passages.

33. Work is programmatic in nature,
visual imagery is either suggested
or portrayed.
Works deal with water in it
flowing or stormy moods as well
as with human characterizations.

34. Sample works
- Maurice Ravel BOLERO - Wiener Philharmonic.mp4
Ravel - Rapsodie espagnole - Barenboim.mp4
Martha Argerich,Ravel Jeux d'eau.mp4

35. ARNOLD
SCHOENBERG
(1874-1951)

36. Compositional style
dissonant to atonal, as he
explored the use of chromatic
harmonies
Although full melodic and lyrical
interest, his music is also
extremely complex, creating
heavy demands on the listener.

37. Western Diatonic Scale

38. The Chromatic Scale

39. Atonality
Music that is not in any key.
Applies when there is no tonal
centre and all 12 notes of the
chromatic scale are of equal
importance, each of which
functions independently.

40. Debussy’s music
foreshadowed atonality but it
was Schoenberg who wrote
atonal music and further
developed it into the “12-
note” system.

41. The traditional concept
of consonances and
dissonances do not apply
in atonal works.

42. The Difference Between Tonal & Atonal Music _ Piano & Music Tips.mp4
Bernstein on Schoenberg.mp4
Bernstein on Schoenberg Part II.mp4
Glenn Gould-Schoenberg-Pierrot Lunaire opus 21 (HD).mp4
Arnold Schoenberg - Transfigured Night for String Sextet, Op. 4.mp4

43. OTHER MUSICAL STYLES
PRIMITIVISM
- Music is tonal through the asserting of
one note as more important than the
others. New sounds are synthesized
from old ones by juxtaposing two
simple events to create a more
complex new event.

44. Primitivism has links to Exoticism
through the use of materials from
other cultures. Nationalism through
the use of materials indigenous to
specific countries, and Ethnicism
through the use of materials from
European ethnic groups.

45. Eventually evolved in Neo-classicism -Neoclassicism in music was a
twentieth-century trend, particularly current in the period between the
two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic
precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism",
namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint

46. IGOR STRAVINSKY
(1882-1971)

47. Compositional Style
Music reflected the influence of
his teacher, the Russian
composer Nikolai Rimsky-
Korsakov
asymmetrical rhythm.
nationalistic musical style

48. Despite its “shocking”
modernity, his music is also
very structured, precise,
controlled, full of artifice,
and theatricality.

49. Stravinsky_ Le sacre du printemps _ The Rite of Spring - Jaap van Zweden
- Full HD.mp4
Pétrouchka (1947); First Part - Danse Russe by Igor Stravinsky __ Animatio
n by Victor Craven.mp4
Stravinsky Petrushka - Yuja Wang.mp4

50. Stravinsky_ The Firebird _ Gergiev · Vienna Philarmonic · Salzburg Festiva
l 2000.mp4

51. BELA BARTOK
(1881-1945)

52. Compositional Style
Neo-classicist, primitivist,
and nationalist – used
Hungarian folk themes and
rhythms
Used changing meters and
syncopation

53. Compositions were
successful because
of their rich
melodies and lively
rhythms.

54. B
éla Bartók, No. 88, Duet for Pipes.mp4

55. NEO-CLASSICISM
a twentieth-century trend,
particularly current in the period
between the two World Wars, in
which composers sought to return to
aesthetic precepts associated with
the broadly defined concept of
"classicism", namely order, balance,
clarity, economy, and emotional
restraint

56. Moderating factor between
the emotional excesses of
the Romantic period and
the violent impulses of the
soul in expressionism.

57. A partial return to earlier
style of writing, particularly
the tightly-knit form of the
Classical period, while
combining tonal harmonies
with slight dissonances.

58. SERGEI PROKOFIEFF
(1891-1953)

59. COMPOSITIONAL STYLE
regarded today as a
combination of neo-classicist,
nationalist and avant-garde
progressive technique,
pulsating rhythms, melodic
directness, resolving
dissonance

60. Yuja Wang - Prokofiev_ Piano Concerto No. 3 in C
major, Op. 26 (Claudio Abbado, LUCERNE
FESTIVAL).mp4
Yuja Wang plays Prokofiev _ Piano Concerto No. 2 in G
minor, Opus 16.mp4

61. FRANCIS POULENC
(1899-1963)

62. A member of young
French composers known
as “Les Six”.

63. COMPOSITIONAL STYLE
rejected the heavy romanticism
of Wagner and the so-called
imprecision of Debussy and Ravel
coolly elegant modernity,
tempered by a classical sense of
proportion

64. OTHER MEMBERS OF
“LES SIX”
George Auric (1899-1983)
Louis Durey (1888-1979)
Arthur Honegger (1882-1955)
Darius Milhaud (1892-1974)
Germaine Tailleferre (1892-1983)

65. Poulenc - Mouvements Perpetuels No 1 - Zakarij Laux.mp4
Gloria (Francis Poulenc).mp4
Francis Poulenc - Suite Pour Piano.mp4

66. AVANT-GARDE MUSIC
closely associated with
electronic music
deals with the parameters
or the dimensions of sound
in space

67. Exhibited a new attitude
toward musical mobility,
whereby the order or note
groups could be varied so that
musical continuity could be
altered.

68. Improvisation was a
necessity in this style, for
the musical scores were not
necessarily followed as
written.

69. For example, one could
expect a piece to be
read by a performer
from left to right or vice
versa.

70. Or the performer might
turn the score over, and go
on dabbling indefinitely in
whatever order before
returning to the starting
point.

71. Avant-garde composers
United States of America
George Gershwin
John Cage
Leonard Bernstein
Philip Glass

72. The unconventional method of
sound and form, as well as the
absence of traditional rules
governing harmony, melody and
rhythm, make the whole concept
of avant-garde music still strange
to ears accustomed to traditional
compositions.

73. Composers who used this style:
Oliver Messian
John Cage
Philip Glass
Leonard Bernstein
George Gershwin
Pierre Boulez

74. GEORGE GERSHWIN
(1898-1937)

75. incorporated jazz rhythms with
classical forms
His “mixture of the primitive and
the sophisticated” gave his
music an appeal that has lasted
long after his death.
Musical style

76. His melodic gift was
considered phenomenal,
as evidenced by his
numerous songs of wide
appeal.

77. A true “cross-over artist” in the
sense that his compositions
remain highly popular in the
classical repertoire, as his stage
and film songs continue to be
jazz and vocal standards.

78. considered the
“Father
of American Jazz”

79. MUSIC 10 videos\George Gershwin - The Man I Love.mp4
Norah Jones - Summertime.mp4
Porgy & Bess _Summertime_.mp4
Someone to Watch Over Me - Julie Andrews.mp4
G. Gershwin - Rhapsody in Blue, FORTISSIMO FEST
2010.mp4

80. LEONARD BERNSTEIN (1918-1990)

81. endeared himself to his
many followers as a
charismatic conductor,
pianist, composer and
lecturer

82. His philosophy was that the
universal language of music is
basically rooted in tonality. This
came under fire from the radical
young musicians who espoused
the serialist principles of that
time.

83. Achieved pre-eminence in
two fields: conducting and
composing for Broadway
musicals, dance shows and
concert music.

84. Best known for his
compositions for the stage:
West Side Story (1957)
Romeo and Juliet
(American version)

85. West Side Story-Tonight (Ensemble).mp4
West Side Story-Tonight.mp4
West Side Story-Somewhere.mp4
Glee - America.mp4

86. PHILIP GLASS
(1937- )

87. one of the most commercially
successful minimalist
composer
explored the territories of
ballet, opera, theatre, film,
and even television jingles

88. Musical style
distinctive style involves cell-
like phrases emanating from
bright electronic sounds from
the keyboard that progressed
very slowly from one pattern
to the next in a very
repetitious fashion.

89. Aided by soothing vocal
effects and horn sounds, his
music is often criticized as
uneventful and shallow, yet
startlingly effective for its
hypnotic charm.

90. Knee Play 5 (live) - Philip Glass, _Einstein on the
Beach_.mp4
Philip Glass _Music in Fifths_ by Nicolas Horvath.mp4

91. MODERN NATIONALISM
A looser form of 20
th
century
music development focused
on nationalist composers and
musical innovators who sought
to combine modern technique
with folk materials.

92. Composers of this genre
Bela Bartok
Sergei Prokofieff

93. “Russian Five”
Modest Mussorgsky
Mili Balakirev
Alexander Borodin
Cesar Cui
Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov

94. SUMMARY
IMPRESSIONISM
-made use of whole-tone
scale
-applied suggested,
rather than depicted,
reality

95. - created a mood rather than
a definite picture
- had a translucent and hazy
texture; lacking a dominant-
tonic relationship

96. - made use of overlapping
chords, with 4ths, 5ths,
octaves, and 9
th
intervals,
resulting in a non-traditional
harmonic order and
resolution

97. EXPRESSIONISM
-revealed the composer’s mind,
instead or presenting an
impression of the environment
-used atonality and the 12-tone
scale, lacking stable and
conventional harmonies

98. It served as a medium
for expressing strong
emotions, such as
anxiety, rage and
alienation.

99. NEO-CLASSICISM
- partial return to a classical
form or writing music with
carefully modulated
dissonances. It made use of a
freer seven-note diatonic scale.

100. AVANT-GARDE
- Associated with electronic
music and dealt with the
parameters or dimensions
of sound in space.

101. Made use of variations of self-
contained note groups to
change musical continuity, and
improvisation, with an absence
of traditional rules on
harmony, melody, and rhythm.

102. MODERN NATIONALISM
- A looser form of 20
th
century
music development focused on
nationalist composers and
musical innovators who sought to
combine modern techniques with
folk materials.

103. Impressionist composers
Claude Debussy
Maurice Ravel

104. Expressionism
Arnold Schoenberg
Igor Stravinsky –
also neo-classicist,

primitivist

105. neo-classical, modern
nationalist, primitivist
Bela Bartok
Sergei Prokofieff –
also avant-garde but
not primitivist

106. Neo-classic
Francis Poulenc
and other
members of
“Les Six”

107. 20
th
Century Musical Styles
Electronic Music - music
being produced
electronically and recorded
on tape. It may refer to
synthesized sounds or
everyday sounds.

108. Musique concrete or
concrete music –
music that uses the
tape recorder

109. Mario Davidovsky - Synchronisms No. 5.mp4

110. EDGARD VARESE
(1883-1965)

111. Musical style
emphasized on timbre and rhythm
Invented the term “organized
sound”, which means that certain
timbres and rhythm can be grouped
together in order to capture a
whole definition of sound.

112. Use of instruments and
electronic resources made
him the “Father of Electronic
Music” and he was described
as the “Stratospheric Colossus
of Sound.”

113. Poème Electronique.mp4

114. Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928- )

115. Musical style
total serialism( influenced by
Schoenberg, Messiaen,
Webern)
heavily atonal content with
practically no clear melodic or
rhythmic sense.

116. Stockhausen -- Hymnen.mp4
Karlheinz Stockhausen _Helicopter String Quartet_.mp4
Stockhausen Studie II.mp4

117. CHANCE MUSIC
refers to a style wherein the piece
always sounds different at every
performance because of the random
techniques of production, including
the use of ring modulators or
natural elements that become part
of the music.

118. Most of the sounds emanate from
the surroundings, both natural
and man-made, such as honking
cars, rustling leaves, blowing
wind, dripping water, or a
ringing phone.

119. As such, the
combination of external
sounds cannot be
duplicated as each
happens by chance.

120. JOHN CAGE
(1912-1992)

121. became one of the most original
composers in the history of
western music
He challenged the very idea of
music by manipulating musical
instruments in order to achieve
new sounds.

122. John Cage - 4'33_.mp4
John Cage - Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano [1_5].mp4
John Cage's Prepared Piano w_ Stephen Drury.mp4
John Cage playing amplified cacti and plant materials with a feather.mp4
Tim Ovens plays John Cage · Sonata X for Prepared Piano.mp4

123. SUMMARY
New musical styles created by the
20
th
century classical composers
were truly unique and innovative.
Experimented with the elements of
rhythm, melody, harmony, tempo
and timbre in daring way never
attempted before

124. Among the resulting new musical
styles were electronic music and
chance music. These expanded the
concept of music far beyond the
conventions of earlier periods, and
challenged both the new composers
and the listening public.