Muslim Advent in the subcontinent. Arrival of the Muslims in Indo-Pak

History of the Muslims in the subcontinent

1. Muslim Advent in the Subcontinent By Qasim Ali Khan

2. Muslim Merchants Islam began to spread in the time of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Arab merchants visited Indian subcontinent for trade purpose. Settled on the coast of India. Polite conduct of behaviour. Moplah of Malabar coast

3. Muhammad Bin Qasim The first brick in the foundation of Pakistan was laid in 712 A.D. when Mohammad Bin Qasim anchored at Debal Port (now known as Karachi), freed the Muslim women and children from the prisons of Raja Dahir and constructed the first mosque at the town. Quaid -e- Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan, acclaimed the event-  "the Pakistan Movement started when the first Muslim put his foot on the soil of Sindh , the Gateway of Islam in India.“ Repeated attacks on Arab traders and shipping by the local rulers and sea pirates.

4. First attacked on Daibal (modern Karachi). Showing religious tolerance & integrating the ruling classes into his new government. Awarded political power to Islam For nearly three centuries, Muslim rule remained confined to Sindh and Multan alone.

5. The Ghaznavid Empire Belonged to central Asia. Due to its ideal location on Silk route, made Ghazni its their capital. Captured plains of Ganges & Indus through Hindu Kush passes Subaktagin invaded India and expanded empire In 997 CE, Mahmud Ghaznavid succeeded him. Seventeen attacks (1001-1026) on subcontinent, included Multan and Punjab in his empire. Role of Sheikh Muyyun -Din- Chishti & Data Ganj Bux

6. The Ghorids Empire The Ghorids took over Afghanistan and parts of Persia, then crossed the Khyber pass and conquered Delhi. In 1191, Mohammed Ghouri captured the fortress of Bhatinda in East Punjab.. Battle of Terrain 1191 near ancient town Thanesar . Battle of Terrain 1192 By 1202, Ghorids empire stretched from Caspian sea in Iran to Bay of Bengal. Muhammad Ghouri was assasinated in 1206.

7. Slave Dynasty Qutub - ud -Din Aibek was military general of Ghrorid’s empire. After the collapse of Ghorids Dynasty, a former slave soldier, Qutub - ud -Din Aibek rose up and claimed the Delhi Sultanate for himself. During Iltutmish rule (1210-1236), Delhi Sultanate established good relations with the Abbasid Caliphate between 1228 to 1229 and succeeded in keeping India unaffected from Changez Khan. Iltutmish daughter’s Razia Sultana defeated by Turkish noble called Jalal ud Din Khilji .

8. Khilji Dynasty Tenure of Khilji dynasty (1290-1320) Jalal - ud -din Khilji break up the sultanate into squabbling little princedoms. Jalal - ud -din Khilji was murdered upon the orders of his Nephew Allaud Din in 1296. He united diff. Factions within Delhi Sultanate. Raised large armies for the Mongols Launched devastating attack on Deccan plateau (southern India).

9. Tughlaq Dynasty Dynasty rule 1320-1414 After the death of Allaud -Din, instability rocked the sultanate until Ghazi Malik emerged victorious. Greatest legacy was to protect Northern Indian from the devastating Mongol attacks. Legacy was building largest empire on subcontinent. Ghiyas and Muhammad Tughlaq raised large sums of money, began to decline after 1335.

10. Sayyid Dynasty Fourth dynasty of Delhi sultanate (1414-1451) Claimed to belong to family of Sayyids Timur sacked Delhi in 1398 Timur appointed Sayyid Khizer Khan as governor of Delhi. 37 year period of power witnessed the rule of four diff. Members.

11. Lodhi dynasty Lodhi Dynasty re-established the Delhi sultanate between 1451-1526. Most successful Lodhi Sultan was Sikander Lodhi Regulated fair administrative affairs Sikander added province of Bihar to his sultanate Lodhi Dynasty relied on maintaining trade routes between southern India and Central Asia. Empire came to an end during Ibrahim Lodhi’s time. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in 1526.

12. Babur 1526 - 1530 The First of the Mughals Babur was a direct descendant of the Turkish Ghengis Khan and Timur from Tamerlane. Defeated the Delhi Sultanate & established the Mughal Empire. Gunpowder , a skilled commander, trained soldiers on horses contributed to the victory Gained control of the whole northern India Made Agra capital He reigned for 4 short years and died at age 47 in 1530. Did not enact new laws or organization in the empire due to early his death

13. Humayun 1530 – 1556 The Luckless Leader He was not a soldier and unlike his father, neither skilled nor a wise leader. Inherited a disunited and disorganized empire. In 1540, Sher Shah of Bengal defeated Humayun and took over the Mughal Empire. The Empire was lost from 1540-1545. He was exiled but later regained power in 1555. Humayun died in 1556 after falling down the steps of his library; he is known as “the luckless one”.

14. Akbar 1556 - 1605 The Great Akbar become the new Mughal ruler at the age of 14. Akbar was an ambitious and noble commander Built the largest army ever in the empire. Helped to conquer nearly all of modern-day northern India and Pakistan. Great administrator developed a centralized government It delegated 15 provinces each under a governor and each province into districts and each district was further sub-divided into smaller sections. Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially Hindus) Removed poll taxes on Hindus Invited religious scholars to debate him in his private chambers. Developed his own faith call Din-I Ilahi . Din Ilahi was a mixture of the other religions Akbar had studied from those debates.

15. Jehangir 1605 - 1627 The Paragon of Stability Jehangir succeeded his father Akbar in 1605. Opposite of his father Poor monarch and warrior but good at maintaining the status quo. He continued many of Akbar’s policies . Freedom of worship. Fair treatment of Hindus. Continued friendship and alliance with Rajputs . Allowed foreigners like the Portuguese and English into India for trade. Jehangir married Nur Jahan . She became the real ruler of the empire until the death of her husband.

16. Jehangir Issues Under the influence of his wife and many others, Jehangir was not an able ruler like his father. He loved to drink and enjoy himself. He had to suppress many rebellions . Important posts in the court were given to families, friends, and especially those close to his wife, Jahan .

17. Shah Jehan 1627 - 1658 The Master Builder Shah Jehan succeeded his father in 1627. Better ruler than Jehangir . Restored the efficiency of government. Recovered territories . Maintained peace Foreign traders were allowed into India and trade increased considerably. The empire was expanded. Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts Built many great architecture buildings including the Taj Mahal and the Peacock Throne, a brilliant gold throne encased in hundreds of precious gems.

18. Shah Jehan Taj Mahal Built in honor of his wife who died during childbirth. Took over a decade to build and it nearly bankrupted the empire. 1657 - Shah Jehan became seriously ill and a dispute over the succession of the throne ensued between his three sons. Aurangzeb deposed Shah Jehan in a coup d’etat in 1658. Shah Jehan was imprisoned in the Octagonal Tower of the Agra Fort from which he could see the Taj Mahal . He died in 1666 and was buried next to his wife in the Taj Mahal .

19. Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707 The Intolerant Aurangzeb ascended the throne after disposing his father and beating out his two brothers. Despot severely persecuted Hindus of Northern India. Empire declines under his reign He removed the tax-free status for Hindus Destroyed their temples Crushed semi-autonomous Hindu states Primary Interest - Promote Islam vs tolerance

20. Aurangzeb Aurangzeb over expanded the empire and strained his resources. Large sums of money and manpower were lost. He lost the support of the Hindu people. The over expansion of his empire weakened his administration. Aurangzeb died in 1707 His son Bahadur Shah succeeded him. Bahadur was so old by the time he ascended the throne, he only managed to live a few more years. But at this point in time, the government was so unstable and so weak, the empire become an easy target of invasion and exploitation by the British. The death of Aurangzeb and the short reign of his son led to the end of the Mughal empire and the beginning of British Rule.

21. Role of Ulema Shah Walli Ullah (1786-1831) Ensured that he was a role model for other Muslims. Translated Quran, further Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Rafi translated Quran. Fifty one books in Persian and Arabic. Hujjat Allah al- Baligha and Izlalat-Akhfa , accounting on first four caliphs of Islam. Emphasized the need for social justice and for peasants and craftsmen. Organisation of opposition to the Marhatas .

22. Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1786-1831) Jihad movements against Ranjit Saingh who had extended his authority into North West Frontier. Muslims suffered under Sikh rule, Muslims were unable to carry out religious practices. In 1826, he established his headquarter near Peshawar. Sent message to Ranjit Singh to allow Muslim freedom of worship or face the Mujahideen . Martyr in the Battle of Balakot (1831)

23. Haji Shariatullah (1781-1840) Sikhs and British were oppressing the Muslims Continue the Jihad movement He called India Dar- ul - Harb . Friday and Eid prayers should not be offered. Muslim community had moved away from true Islamic practice. Faraiz and Faraizi Movement He helped the Peasants to oppose the excessive taxes imposed by the Hindu and British landlords.