mutation pratiksha diwas parkins disease

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1. Hygia Group of Institutions Lucknow , Approved by AICTE, PCI & Affiliated to AKTU Prabandh Nagar, IIM Road, Lucknow-226013 SUBJECT CODE -BP405T COURSE & YEAR - B.PHARM II Year IV Sem FACULTY NAME - Dr.Aleza Rizvi PHARMACOGNOSY

2. MUTATION

3. It is an alteration in the chemical structure of gene ,chromosomes, or change in nucleotide sequence. It results in morphological changes and chemical changes. Mu t a tion

4. Types of Mutation

5. Gene mutation 1.Point Mutation/Substitution mutation: Mutation that exchanges one base for anot h er. Transition : Purine Purine , Pyrimidine pyrimidine Transversion : Purine pyrimidine Purine:A G Pyrimidine C T

6. DNA mRNA Protein Transcription Translocation

7. Normal Silent Nonsense Missense AGT UCA AG A UC U A T T U A A G GT C CA Serine Serine Termination codon Proline DNA mRNA Protein

8. 2.Frame shift mutation mRNA AUG GGG GCC AAA AGU UAG UUU G…. Met Gly Ala Lys Ser Stop   Insertion AUG GGG GCC AAA U AG UUA GUU…. Met Gly Ala Lys Stop   Deletion AUG GGG CCA AAA GUU AGU UUG Met Gly Pro Lys Val Ser Leu

9. Chromosomal Mutation A chromosome aberration, or mutation is missing, extra, or irregular , portion of chromosomal DNA.

10. Types of chromosomal mutation: 1. Deletion 2. Duplication 3.Inversion 4. Translocation 5. Insertion/Addition

11. Types of Mu t a g ens

12. 1. P h y si c al m u t a g ens Ionizing radiations such as UV radiations , gamma rays and alpha particles . 2. Chemical mutagens Hydroxylamine NH2OH, Alkylating agents,Nitrous Acids, acridines Dyes

13. Medicinal application of Mutation: A number of crop varieties have been developed through mutation breeding. Yield of Dioscorea tubers increases by radiations. Yeild of Atropa belladona increases by certain chemicals mutagens.