Myasthenia gravis

1. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS MANALI H SOLANKI F.Y.M.SC.NURSING J G COLLEGE OF NURSING

2. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

3. DEFINITION: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the myoneural junction, is characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the voluntary muscles.

4. CAUSES: In MG, the receptors at the muscle surface are destroyed or deformed by antibodies that prevent a normal muscular reaction from occurring. The causative factor is unknown, but the disorder may have a genetic link.

5. RISK FACTORS: Risk factors for myasthenia gravis include : Female gender and age under 40 years Male gender and age over 60 years Other autoimmune disorders

6. Factors that can worsen myasthenia gravis Fatigue Illness Stress Extreme heat Some medications — such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, quinine and some antibiotics

7. PATHO PHYSIOLOGY: POSTER

8. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS: Diplopia and ptosis

9. Weakness of the muscles of the face and the throat, and generalized weakness . Weakness of the facial muscles results in bland facial expression . Laryngeal irritation causes voice impairment and dysphonias and increases the patient’s risk for choking and aspiration.

10. Generalized weakness of all the extremities and the intercoastal muscles resulting in decreased respiratory capacity and vital capacity . Myasthenia gravis is purely a motor disorder with no effect on the sensation and coordination.

11. DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Edrophonium test: Injection of the chemical edrophonium ( Tensilon ) may result in a sudden, although temporary, improvement in muscle strength - an indication that patient may have myasthenia gravis.

12. Blood analysis A blood test may reveal the presence of abnormal antibodies that disrupt the receptor sites where nerve impulses signal muscles to move.

13. Ice Pack Test Cooling may improve neuromuscular transmission. In a patient with myasthenia gravis who has ptosis , placing ice over an eyelid will lead to cooling of the lid, which leads to improvement of the ptosis .

14. Repetitive nerve stimulation Pulmonary function tests

15. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT: Cholinesterase inhibitors. Corticosteroids Immunosuppressant Plasmapheresis

16. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

17. DIETARY MANAGEMENT Reduce protein intake to 10 percent of total calories; replace animal protein as much as possible with plant protein Eliminate milk and milk products (substitute other calcium sources). Eat more fruits and vegetables (make sure that they are organically grown).

18. Eliminate polyunsaturated vegetable oils, margarine, vegetable shortening, all partially hydrogenated oils, and all foods (such as deep-fried foods) that might contain trans-fatty acids. Use extra-virgin olive oil as your main fat . Take ginger.

19. NURSING MANAGEMENT Ineffective breathing pattern related to intercoastal muscle weakness Impaired verbal communication related to weakness of the larynx ,lips, mouth, paharynx and jaw

20. Impaired physical mobility related to voluntary muscle weakness Risk for aspiration related to weakness of the bulbar muscles Disturbed sensory perception related to ptosis,and decreased eye movements .

21. ASSIGNMENT Write down Nursing Care plan of patient with Myasthenia Gravis.

22. BIBLIOGRAPHY