Mycelium application Review - Prabhas WB

Mycelium application Review by Prabhas Prasad, wbsu

2. Acknowledgments

Honoring the Support System Behind My Work

Deepest Appreciation to

Dr. Ang Rinzing Sherpa

| would like to extend my deepest
appreciation from the depths of
my heart to my guide Dr. Ang
Rinzing Sherpa, lecturer,
Department of Botany, West
Bengal State University for
suggesting problems and guiding
me throughout the entire process
of my review paper work.

Gratitude for Mental
Support

Lam grateful for the mental
support and constant
encouragement provided by Dr.
Sherpa, which was crucial in
‘overcoming challenges during my
research journey.

Thanks to My Parents

| would like to thank my dear
parents for their unwavering
‘support, encouragement, and
love, which have been a
foundation for my academic
pursuits.

Appreciation for College
Friends

1 also extend my appreciation to
my college friends and classmates
for their support, encouragement,
and camaraderie during this
educational endeavor.

3. Contents

1. Abstract

An overview of the key themes and findings related to mycelium
applications.

2. Introduction

Introduction to mycelium and its significance in various sectors.

3. An Overview of Product Portfolio of Filamentous Fungi
Detailed exploration of the diverse product offerings derived from
filamentous fungi

4. Mycocomposites

Discussion on the development and applications of mycocomposites in
various industries.

5. Mycorestoration

Exploration of mycorestoration techniques and their impact on
environmental sustainability

6. Mycofiltration

Insights into mycofiltration processes and their use in water purification.

7. Mycoforestry
Examination of the role of mycelium in sustainable forestry practices.

8. Mycoremediation
Understanding how mycoremediation can help in soil and water
decontamination.

9. Application in Electrical Circuit Board
Innovative uses of mycelium in manufacturing electrical circuit boards.

10. Mycelium as a Leather Product
Exploring mycelium's potential as a sustainable alternative to leather.

11. Mycofabrication
Discussion on mycofabric
sectors.

n techniques and their applications in various

12. Applications of Mycelium for Architectural Work and
Design

Exploring how mycelium is being integrated into architectural design and
construction.

4. Overview of Mycelium-Based Materials

Exploring the Potential of Mycelium as a Sustainable Material

© Definition of Mycelium
Mycelium is a multicellular structure composed of hyphae, pı
made up of chitin cell walls and membrane proteins found in
mushroom-forming fungi. This unique structure enables mycelium to
serve various functions in nature and industry.

ariiy

© Sustainable Development and Material Research
The ongoing shift towards sustainable development highlights the
need for materials derived from renewable sources, particularly due
to concerns regarding the degradation of synthetic plastics. Mycelium
presents a viable alternative due to its growth on organic substrates.

© Properties of Mycelium-Based Composites
Mycelium-based composites exhibit tunable properties that can be
influenced by factors such as the feeding source, fungal strain, and
manufacturing method. These materials are known for being stiff,
elastic, porous, low-cost, and fast-growing,

@ Applications in Various Fields
Mycelium-based materials have diverse applications including
construction, packaging, medicine, and cosmetics. Their properties
make them suitable for uses requiring antimicrobial, antioxidant, and
Skin-whitening benefits.

® Genetic Relationship of Fungi
Fungi share a basic genetic framework with both animals and plants,
which illustrates their evolutionary significance. Understanding this
relationship aids in recognizing fungal potential in biotechnology and
material science.

(os Unique Cellular Biology of Fungi
Fungi differ from plants and animals in their cellular structure. Fungi
are primarily composed of hyphae, as opposed to the cells that form
tissues and organs in other kingdoms. Additionally, fungi retain a
nuclear envelope during cell division, which is a unique characteristic.

5. Mycelium-Based Materials Overview

Key Properties and Applications

© Environmental Sustainability
Mycelium-based materials provide an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic plastics, addressing global concerns regarding pollution and
waste. Their production relies on renewable resources, making them a sustainable choice for various applications.

© Key Properties of Mycelium-Based Materials
These materials exhibit remarkable properties such as strength, flexibility, porosity, light weight, fast growth, and low cost. These characteristics make
them suitable for a diverse range of applications, surpassing the limitations of traditional materials.

Diverse Applications
Mycelium-based materials are utilized across various industries such as construction, packaging, cosmetics, and medicine. Their versatility allows for
innovative solutions in product design and functionality.

These materials exhibit beneficial properties including anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and skin-whitening effects. This makes them particularly valuable in
the cosmetics and medical fields, enhancing their appeal as natural alternatives.

Factors Affecting Material Properties
The characteristics of mycelium-based materials can be influenced by various factors such as the fungal strain used, the substrates for growth, and
the manufacturing techniques employed. Understanding these variables is essential for optimizing material performance

©
@ Health Benefits
o

6. FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

Exploring Filamentous Fungi Products

Toxins. Their Primary Or

Type of Toxin
Artiwacenes

Benzopyrenes (PAS)
Chiorineted aromatic compounds
Rantachloropheno! (PEP), triahioro
Bhenel (ICP), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). dioxins, chloranenzenes

Corp:
Dimethy! methyiphosphonates (DMMP)

/chromium

Dixie

Pentechloropneno!
Pesticides

Petroleum hydrocarbons

iverse Applications and Products from Filamentous Fungi, Beyond Citric Acid and Enzymes

Products or Processes That
Emit Toxine

Dyes. pesticides. and derivatives:
benzofa)pyrenes. wood preservatives,
fluorenc. naphthalene. acenaphthene
acenophunylene, pyrenes. biphenylene

Dyes

Incinerators

Tronstormers, lighting fixtures. paper
preduers, chlorine bleaching. points and
Éoaungs

Treated wood

Chemical wartar

VX. sarin,

egant:

Incineration of industrial wastes. forest
iras/wand burning, coal-hred pian

Pesticides. preservetives

Alschior, aldrin, chlordane, DOT, hop
tachlor. lincene, mırex, atrazine, Benoni!

Où, coat, tar. ae

line, diesel

‚s and Research Showing Efficacy of Their Fungal Degradation

Supporting Research References:

Johannes et al. 1996; Knapp et al. 2001)

Kesinath et al. 2003: Minussi et al.

2001: Novorny et al 2001, 2003;
Hatvanı and Mees 2003

Qiu and Merariand 1991

Gada 2001

Nomar et al. ZUUA, Illman et at, 2003

Thomas et al. 1999; Word et af. 7997

Chiu etal, 1998,

Kondo et a. 2003
Gadd 2004

Bhatt et al. 2002. Cait a
Éagon and Sasek 2002. Sauck 2002.

Thomas et al. 1999; Mader et
a1. 2002

mier al 2002:

7. Overview of Mycocomposites

Key Insights into Mycelium-Based Materials

+ Definition of Mycelium-Based Materials
Mycelium-based materials are innovative materials that leverage the
natural ability of mycelium to create interlocking networks. This class of
materials can incorporate various additives which enhance fungal
growth, hence optimizing the material's properties for diverse
applications.

+ Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties
The mechanical and macroscopic properties of mycelium-based
materials are influenced by multiple factors, including the choice of
substrates, types of additives, fungal strains used, growth conditions,
and the production system employed. Altering any of these parameters
will result in different characteristics in the final product.

+ Categories of Mycelium-Based Materials
Mycelium-based materials can be classified into two main categories:
compounds or composites, which include at least one fungal
component, and pure materials, which consist solely of fungal presence.
This classification helps in understanding the different applications and
benefits of these materials.

Components of Mycocomposites
Mycocomposites primarily consist of two components: a matrix made
from agro-industrial residues that serve as carbon sources for fungal
growth, and the aggregation phase constituted by mycelium, which
enhances the overall material strength due to its chemical makeup,
including chitin and glucans.

© Industrial Processes in Creating Mycocomposites
The production of mycocomposites involves a carefully controlled
industrial process. This process promotes fungal growth on various
‘substrates using specific additives and then concludes with a drying
phase that halts the growth and prevents the formation of basidiomata,

8. Mycorestoration: Harnessing Fungi for Ecological Restoration

Exploring the Role of Fungi in Habitat Restoration

+ Understanding Mycorestoration
Mycorestoration refers to the application of mycology in ecological restoration,
ing various fungal species to rehabilitate and restore habitats. It draws

util

inspiration from natural ecosystems to develop strategies that are effective and
sustainable.

Mycofiltation involves the use of fungal mycelium to filter and purify water.
This method leverages the natural filtering capabilities of fungi, which can
break down pollutants and enhance water quality, making ita vital strategy in
restoration projects.

© Mycoforestry
Mycoforestry integrates fungal cultivation with sustainable forestry practices.
This approach promotes biodiversity, enhances soil health, and supports
ecosystem resilience, thus contributing to the overall health of forest
ecosystems.

Mycogardening
Mycogardening involves the co-cultvation of fungi with food crops, which can
enhance crop yields and improve soil health, This symbiotic relationship
between fungi and plants promotes sustainable agricultural practices.

Mycoremediation

Mycoremediation is the use of fungi to degrade or remove pollutants from the
environment, including toxic waste. This innovative method is increasingly
recognized for its potential in cleaning contaminated sites effectively and
sustainably.

Mycopesticides
Mycopesticides utilize fungal species as natural pest control agents. This
method reduces reliance on chemical pesticides, promoting ecological balance
and protecting beneficial insect populations.

Importance of Fungi in Ecosystems
Fungi play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by helping
decompose organic matter, cycling nutrients, and supporting plant health. Their
diverse functions are essential for the sustainability of ecosystems.

9. Mycofiltration Overview

Understanding the Role of Mycelium in Filtration

+ Definition of Mycofiltration
Mycofiltration is the use of mycelium as a biological membrane that effectively
filters out harmful bacteria, pollutants, and sit from the environment. This
process leverages the natural properties of mycelium to enhance ecosystem
health

© Functions of Mycelium in Filtration
Mycelium plays a crucial role in filtering various contaminants. It helps
decelerate the movement of particulates downstream, mitigates soil erosion,
filters pathogens and protozoa, and regulates water flow through the soi.

+ Characteristics of Mycelial Networks
A single gram of soil can contain over a mile of filamentous mycelial cells.
These delicate threads create a cellular network that captures particles and, in
some cases, assimilates them, forming microcavities that enhance filtration
efficiency.

+ Formation of Microcavities
As organic substrates are metabolized by mycelium, microcavities are formed.
These cavities fil with air and water, resulting in a buoyant, aerated structure
with a large surface area, optimizing water filtration,

Water Runoff Filtration

Water runoff, which may contain organic debris, is effectively filtered as it
percolates through the intricate mycelial network, ensuring cleaner water is
returned to the ecosystem.

Moisture Transport Capabili
In low water flow conditions, mycelium can transport moisture from distant
sources using its extensive, finger-like structures, enhancing the hydration of
surrounding soil.

les

Applications of Mycofiltration Membranes
Mycofitration membranes can be implemented in various contexts, including
stressed, damaged, or nutrient-deficient habitats, agricultural areas, suburban
regions, watersheds, and along factory roadways, demonstrating their
versatility.

Filtering Pathogens and Toxins

‘These membranes are capable of filtering out a wide range of pathogens,
including protozoa, bacteria, and viruses, as well as silt and chemical toxins,
making them a valuable asset for environmental remediation efforts.

10. Key Principles and Strategies of Mycoforestry

Harnessing Fungi for Ecosystem Resilience

©

©
o
@

Utilize beneficial fungi for ecosystem restoration.
Focus on leveraging native fungal species to enhance ecosystem health. Amplifying saprophytic fungi based on appropriate wood substrates is
crucial, as is selecting fungi that support diverse plant communities.

Enhance biodiversity and insect populations.
Choosing specific mushroom species can significantly enhance insect populations that attract birds and fish, thus promoting a healthy and diverse
ecosystem,

Manage fungal interactions.
Itis essential to reduce certain fungal species based on their interactions with bacteria and plants. Mycorestorative saprophytes can be utlized to
combat disease-causing rot fungi, ensuring a balanced ecosystem.

Foster soil health and biodiversity.
Ground contact for downed trees is vital for integrating them into the soil food web, while leaving snags can significantly support local biodiversity.

Effective tool usage and site management.
Using spore-infused oils in tools can accelerate decomposition processes. Additionally, leaving wood scraps on-site aids in erosion control, and
burning wood debris should be considered a last resort. Planting forestlands with mycorrhizal inoculum is essential for promoting successful growth.

11. FUNGAL BIOREMEDIATION

7 diati
ycoremediation y MYCOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATING ENVIRONMENTAL
TOXINS USING FUNGI

BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL

Utilizing Fungi for Environmental Cleanup and Heavy Metal Extraction

12. Applications in Electrical Circuit Boards

Exploring Mycelium's Role in Modern Electrical Engineering

+ Ecovative Company's Mycelium Sheet Engineering Process
In 2016, Ecovative Company developed a mycelium sheet by inoculating
a mycelium culture on potato dextrose agar/broth. This innovative
method involved integrating metal salts like AI203, CuSO4, and CUCI2
into the mycelium, allowing for the creation of thin sheets that could be
configured into wiring layouts.

+ Key Properties of Mycelium
Mycelium exhibits several advantageous properties over traditional
materials. It is lightweight, biodegradable, inexpensive, and eco-friendly,
making it an attractive alternative for various applications in electrical
circuit boards and other industries.

+ Mycelium's Thermal Insulation Potential
Due to its low density, mycelium bio foams exhibit decreased thermal
conductivity. This characteristic positions mycelium as a promising
candidate for effective thermal insulation materials in building and
infrastructure development.

+ Development of Mycelium Composites for Printed Circuit
Boards
Bharath et al. advanced the creation of inner layers for printed circuit
boards using mycelium composites. This innovative approach utilized
rice husk combined with epoxy resin, showcasing the versatility of
agricultural byproducts in technology.

+ Evaluation of Key Properties
The study on mycelium composites explored several critical properties,
including tensile strength, bending characteristics, thermal behavior,
dielectric performance, micro-driling capabilities, flammability, and
moisture absorption. These characteristics are essential for assessing
the viability of mycelium as a substitute for traditional materials like FR-4
in printed circuit boards.

13. Mycelium as a Sustainable
Leather Alternative

Explore the innovative benefits of mushroom mycelium leather as a
sustainable alternative to traditional leather products.

14. Mycofabrication Overview

Exploring the Role of Fungi in Sustainable Manufacturing

© Definition of Mycofabrication
Mycofabrication refers to the innovative use of fungi as a crucial element in the manufacturing process. This approach leverages the natural properties
of fungi to create materials and products sustainably.

© Applications of Mycofabrication
Mycofabrication can be integrated into various manufacturing techniques, including 3D printing and the production of bioplastics. These applications
showcase the versatility of fungi in creating functional and eco-friendly materials.

Goal of Mycofabrication
The primary aim of mycofabrication is to establish sustainable manufacturing techniques that can be

ed across different sectors. This goal aligns
with global efforts to reduce environmental impact and promote eco-conscious practices.

One of the standout benefits of mycofabrication is its sustainability. Fungi are renewable resources that can be cultivated quickly, making them an
ideal material for eco-friendly manufacturing

Waste Reduction
Fungi possess the unique ability to decompose and recycle a variety of materials, which helps minimize waste in the production process. This
characteristic significantly reduces the negative environmental effects associated with traditional manufacturing.

@ Advantages of Mycofabrication

15. Applications of Mycelium for Architectural Work and Design

Innovative Uses and Groundbreaking Projects

Environmental Impact
of Plastic in
Architecture
Indispensable plastic
articles used in
architectural and design
practices have caused
significant pollution,
prompting the search for
sustainable alternatives
(Kundanati, 2022)

Exhibitions Showcasing
Mycotecture

Phil Ross's Mycotectural
Alpha exhibition at
Kunsthalle Düsseldorf
represents a pioneering
architectural design
featuring mycelium,
marking a significant
milestone in the field
(Modanloo et al, 2021)

Emergence of Fungal
Biomaterials

Over the past decade, the
use of fungal biomaterials
in architecture has gained
traction, as highlighted by
Almpani-Lekka et al. (2021),
showcasing innovative
projects that utilize these
materials.

Collaborative Projects
like Myco Space 2021
The Myco Space 2021
project in Frankfurt,
Germany, was a
collaborative initiative that
hightighted mycelium's
architectural capabilities,
measuring 52 x 6.0 x 3.0
m? (Almpani-Lekka et al.,
2021)

Techniques for Shaping
Mycelium

Techniques such as laser
‘cutting and both cold and
hot compression are
‘employed to achieve
desired shapes and
structures in mycelium,
‘enhancing its applicability
in design.

Innovative Use in 3D
Printing

Myco-materials are
increasingly utlized in 30
printing representing a
fascinating development in
architectural technology,
allowing for more complex
and sustainable designs
(Dessi-Olive, 2022; Soh et
al, 2020)

Large-Scale Mycelium
Growth

Fibrous woven scaffolds
play a crucial role in
facilitating large-scale
mycelium growth, which is
essential for various
architectural applications
(0210 & Nicholas, n.d),

The Rise of Bio-Welding
Techniques

‘The technique of bio-
welding, or myco-welding,
has become popular in
design, leveraging the sel
binding properties of
mycslum-based
biomaterials to enhance
structural integrity (Dessi-
live, 2022)

Groundbreaking
Architectural Projects
Numerous innovative
projects demonstrate the
potential of mycelium in
architecture, including the
Growing Pavilion and the
Hy-Fi pavilion by David
Benjamin, which used
approximately 10,000
‘mycelium blocks.

Unique Properties of
Mycelium

Mycellum's plasticity allows

it to be used in various
design and structural
applications, as itis seif-
binding and capable of
regrowth when damaged,

thus reinforcing its strength

and durability.

MycoTree Pavilion and
Shell Mycelium

‘The MycoTree Pavilion,
along with the Shell
Mycelium by Studio Beetles
33, showcases on-site
‘cultivation of mycelium and
substrate mixtures,
‘emphasizing the versatility
of myco-material,

16. Applications of Mycelium for Packaging Products

Exploring Sustainable Alternatives to Plastic Packaging

Introduction to Mycelium as an Eco-Friendly Packaging
Alternative

Mushroom mycelium is emerging as a sustainable substitute for
conventional packaging materials, providing eco-friendly solutions
that can replace plastic-based products. This biobased material not
only meets the growing demand for sustainable options but also helps
mitigate environmental issues linked to the overuse of synthetic
plastics (Abhijth et al., 2018).

© Comparison of Mycelium-Based Packa
Plastics

g to Synthetic

Research indicates that mycelium-based packaging exhibits
mechanical and physical properties comparable to polystyrene and
polyimide foams, making it a viable alternative. Unlike synthetic
materials that can take hundreds of years to decompose, mycelium
products can degrade up to 70% within four months and are fully
biodegradable, thus addressing significant environmental concerns
(Aiduang et al., 2024).

© Consumer Preferences for Sustainable Packaging
A significant portion of consumers, approximately one-third, express
a preference for products that feature environmental labels. This
trend highlights the growing demand for sustainable packaging
solutions and indicates a shift in consumer behavior towards eco
friendly alternatives (Abhijith et al., 2017).

@ Environmental Benefits of Mycelium Packaging
Mycelium packaging not only provides a biodegradable alternative to
plastic but also contributes to reducing non-biodegradable waste in
the environment. By offering materials that decompose naturally,
mycelium aligns with both consumer and corporate sustainability
goals, ultimately promoting a healthier planet (CJMSE & 2021).

© Visual Reference of Mycelium Packaging Applications
The provided image illustrates practical applications of mycelium
packaging, showcasing its use in protecting delicate items such as
wine bottles and electronics. This visual reference supports the
understanding of mycelium's versatility and effectiveness as a
sustainable packaging option.

17. Applications of Mycelium for Insulating Materials

Exploring the Sustainable Benefits and Applications of Mycelium-Based Insulating Materials

+ Sound-Absorbing Characteristics
Mushroom mycelium-based biocomposites exhibit excellent sound-
absorbing properties due to their inherently porous microstructure. This
design allows them to be effective sound control materials, crucial for
reducing noise pollution in various environments.

+ Noise Control Mechanism
The structure of mycelium acts like a well-designed sponge, interrupting
the path of sound waves. This results in sound being absorbed and
diminished, converting it into heat energy, which enhances its utility in
noise absorption applications.

+ Thermal Insulation Benefits
Low thermal conductivity is a significant advantage of mycelium-based
insulation materials. This property allows for effective regulation of
indoor temperatures, particularly beneficial in temperate climates where
maintaining warmth is crucial.

+ Fire Resistance
Mushroom mycelium-based materials provide better fire resistance
compared to traditional building materials such as particle boards and
polystyrene. This makes them a safer choice for construction and
insulation purposes.

+ Wall Insulation Efficiency
Mycelium-based biomaterials are effective for wall insulation, ensuring
that insulation properties are maintained over time. This is vital for
energy efficiency in buildings

18. Application of Mycelium for Building Materials

Exploring the Sustainable Future of Building Materials

@ Growing Demand for Sustainable Materials

the average service life of buildings decreasing to only 34 years in
China and 25 years in Japan, the need for sustainable construction
materials is pressing. This demand is driven by environmental concerns and
the quest for solutions to reduce construction waste.

© Cosi-Effectiveness of Mycelium
Utilizing agricultural waste in the production of mycelium-based materials
enhances their cost-effectiveness. This approach not only reduces
production costs but also utilizes materials that would otherwise contribute
to waste,

© Types of Products Made
Mycelium can be transformed into various construction elements such as.
bricks, blocks, and panels. These products can be molded into desired
shapes, allowing for versatile applications in construction.

@ Hydro and Fire Resistance Advantages
Mycelium bricks exhibit hydro and fire resistance, making them suitable for

diverse building applications. Their ability to interlock further enhances their
structural integrity compared to conventional materials.

‘Compliance with International Norms

Mycelium-based materials meet international standards for thermal and
acoustic insulation as well as dry density, which is crucial for their
acceptance in the construction industry.

imitations of Mycelium Composites

Despite their advantages, mycelium composites face challenges such as
poorer characterization and hydrophilic properties compared to synthetic
‘materials. These factors may limit their deployment in larger construction
elements,

Potential for Reducing Plastic Waste

If the limitations of mycelium composites are addressed through further
research, they could significantly contribute to reducing plastic waste in the
environment, presenting a sustainable alternative in construction.

19. Application of Mycelium in Cosmetics

Exploring the Role of Mycelium in Skincare and Beauty

© roro ders moisturizers emance sin qty.
Different types of fungus-derved moisturizers significant improve te chemical and
physical properties of he sin. They contribute 1 mainaning moisture levels inthe stratum
corneum and surface pds, resulting in malt, ot, nd wrnkle-free skin.

© rence musmeom porscccnarid retains mise
Carboxymetnyated polysaccharide extracted rom the Tremella mushroom can retain an
impressive 658% of moisture after 95 hours proving to bean effective moisturizer When
compared wit 002% nyaluonc aci, a 0.05% concentration of Tremeta polysaccharide
hows superior moisture retention

© Piticxidants in ant-oging products preserve skin health,
As aging processes degrade collagen and elastin, the incorporation of antioxidants in ant
aging products can playa crucial role in preserving the body's repair mechanisms. This helps
maintain skin elasiciy and youthfulness.

@ ‘ree extroct offer sains fr kin conditions.

Various fung! provide beneficia extracts that can address iferent skin conditions. For
instance, extract rom Plurous comucoplae have shown positive effects against topic
Germain stules conducted on mice.

(63), Peewrotus nebrodensis shows potential fr skin whitening
Research indicates thal extracts from Pleurotus nebrodensis can be effectively utlized as
skin whteners, These extracts may also serve as bioactive materials against skin
ayschromia

©

o

Mycelium compounds inhibit skin pigmentation.
Bioactive compounds isolated from Ganoderma formosanum have been shown to reduce
surface pigmentation by inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme, which is responsible fr skin
pigmentation. This highlights the potential of mycelium in skin care formulations.

Marine fungi exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activities.
‘Some marine fungal species have demonstrate inhibitory activites against tyrosinase,
‘making them valuable for developing kin-whitening formulations and enhancing overall skin
appearance.

Gloiocephalus trichum simplex and UV protection.
(oiocephalus trchum simplex is notable for producing high concentrations of extracellular
‘melanin, which shows significant UV absorbance. This suggests its potential application in
the synthesis of effective sunscreens.

Fungi revolutionizing the cosmetics industry.
With ongoing research revealing various applications of fungiin cosmetics, this natural
resource is progressively making its mark in the industry, offering innovative solutions for
skincare and beauty.

20. Mycelium as a Sustainable Alternative in the Automotive
Industry

Exploring the potential of mycelium-based materials in enhancing sustainability and performance

+ Patented materials for automotive applications
Materials for mycelium-based composites (MBC) have been patented specifically for use in the automobile industry, highlighting their innovative potential
in manufacturing processes (Sydor, Cofta, et al., 2022).

+ Injection molding process and its benefits
The injection molding process described in Ford Automotive Components Holdings LLC's 2012 patent involves injecting a liquid mushroom mixture into
molds which is then heated to create robust vehicle components. This method eliminates certain manufacturing processes and reduces the need for

i et al., 2019).

adhesives, resulting in effective cost savings (C

+ Comparison of mycelium-based biocomposites with synthetic foams
Mycelium-based biocomposites serve as a viable replacement for traditional synthetic foams used in various automobile parts, including roofs, doors,
and dashboards. They offer similar or superior performance characteristics while being more sustainable.

+ Advantages of mycelium-based materials
These biocomposites provide multiple advantages including sound insulation, impact mitigation, and lightweight properties which enhance vehicle
performance. Additionally, they show improved fire retardancy compared to conventional materials, making them a valuable asset for automotive
industries (Sydor, Bonenberg, et al., 2022).

21. Mycelium as Meat Alternative

Exploring the Potential of Mycelium in Sustainable Food Production

® Methodologies for Developing Meat Alternatives C1 Environmental Benefits of Mycelium

There are two primary approaches to creating meat alternatives: the
extraction of flavor compounds from source materials and the
cultivation of animal cells in controlled environments. The former
focuses on replicating the taste and physical characteristics of meat,
while the latter involves growing actual muscle cells.

Advantages of Artificial Meat

Artificial meat offers significant benefits over traditional meat,
particularly regarding safety and ethical considerations. By reducing
reliance on animal farming, these products address concerns related
to animal welfare and food safety.

Mycelium as a Protein Source

Mycelium, a fungal network, presents a viable solution to the
increasing global demand for protein. Mycoprotein derived from
mycelium can serve as a nutritious meat substitute, with protein
content reaching up to 19% w/w, making it a valuable alternative for
prot

sources.

Utilizing mycelium in food production can also be environmentally
beneficial. Mycelium can be cultivated using byproducts from the
food industry, such as residual water from tempeh production,
thereby reducing waste and promoting sustainability.

Potential of Fungal Species

Various fungal species, including *Fusarium venenatum* and edible
mushrooms, show excellent potential as meat replacements due to
their favorable nutritional profiles and rapid growth rates. These
species can be developed further to enhance their meat-like qualities.

Challenges in Sensory Acceptance

Despite the promising attributes of mycelium, there is still a gap
between its productivity and the sensory acceptance by consumers.
Optimizing culture mediums could be key to overcoming these
challenges and improving the sensory qualities of mycelium-based
products.

22. Application of Mycelium as Capacitors and Batteries

Exploring the role of mycelium in innovative energy storage solutions

Introduction to Energy Storage Devices
Capacitors and batteries play crucial oles in modern electronics, with capacitors string
energy in an electric fel for applications Ike fitring and signal coupling. The importance of
energy storage devices is underscored by the increasing demand for eficient and
sustainable solutions.

Copacitors: Function and Importance
Capacitors are passive components that enable energy storage and delivery with high power
performance and long cycle fe, Electrochemical capacitors have gained attention fr their
efficiency, making the search for novel materials critical for improving ther performance.

Mycelium as a Novel Capacitor Material
Mycelium, particularly from species lke PI. ostreatus, exhibits unique capaciive properties,
showing capacitance in the hundreds of picofarads. This highlights the potential of mycelium
in developing advanced capacitor materials tna are both effective and sustainable.

Fungal-Derived Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Fungal carbons derive from species such as Ag. bisporus and PL eryngi show promise as
electrode materials. Ther high specific capacitance and adaptability in growth conditions.
enhance their performance, making them suitable for supercapacitor applications.

Activated Carbon from Fungi: A Game Changer
Activated carbon produced by fungi ke black Aspergilus demonstrates exceptional
gravimetric capacitance and cycling stilt, paving the way for ultrahigh performance
supercapacitors that are sustainable and efficient.

(68) Meetium in Liium-Ton Boteries

‘Mycelium has emerged as a sustainable substrate for microsupercapacitors and lithium-ion
batteries. ts ability to enhance power density, cycle stabilly, and charge-<ischarge rates
makes it a viable alternative to conventional material

Performance Features of Mycelium-Based Batteries
Mushroom-derived microsupercapacitors have shown remarkable power density and long
cycle stability, making them suitable fr portable applications. The effective conductivity and
durability of mycelium contribute to the performance of these batero.

Sustainable Solutions: Waste Mycelium Utilization
Waste mycelium from fermentation processes can be transformed into biochar through
pyrolysis, serving as anode material for ithium-ion bateries. This innovation highlights the
potential of turing waste into valuable battery components.

Environmental Benefits of Mycelium in Energy Storage
The use of mycelium reduces the environmental burden of e-waste and promotes sustainable
practices in energy storage technologies, ensuring a greener future for electronic devices.

23. Applications of Mycelium in Electronics

Exploring the Intersection of Fungi and Technology

Introduction to Mycelium's Role in Electronics

Mycelium, the root network of fungi, is being explored for its applications in
biosensing and biocomputing. Researchers are investigating its potential to serve as.
both a computational system and a sensing mechanism, making ita significant area
of study in modern science (Danninger et al, 2022; Fukasawa et al, 2024).

© Historical Challenges in Filamentous Fungi Engineering
Despite the ecological and biotechnological importance of filamentous fungi,
synthetic biology has faced hurdles in engineering these organisms for electronic
applications. Complex genomic structures and a lack of molecular tools have
historically hindered progress in this field.

© Advances in synthetic Biology
Recent advancements in synthetic biology are paving the way for the practical use
of mycelium in electronic applications. Innovations have emerged that enable the
harnessing of mycetium’s unique properties, facilitating its incorporation into
biocomputing and biosensing (Jo et al, 2023)

(6%) Electrical Properties of Mycelium
Mycelium exhibits nonlinear electrical properties, allowing itto create complex
mappings of electrical signals. This behavior establishes mycelium as a living
electronic component, capable of performing various logical functions regardless of
its geometric configuration (Roberts & Adamatzky, 2022).

Research Initiatives: Mushroom Computers
Innovative research projects, such as those at the Unconventional Computing
Laboratory, are exploring ‘mushroom computers! that utilize action potential spikes
produced by fungi. These spikes can represent binary data, forming the basis for
fundamental logical circuits (Hu et al, 2023).

‘Communication Speed and Memory Formation
‘Mycelium displays enhanced communication speed and conductivity when
stimulated at two distinct points, suggesting its capacity to form memories similar to
neuronal cells. This ability opens avenues for advanced biocomputing applications
(Philips et al, 2024).

Light Sensitivity and Electrophysiological Actions
Fungal mycelia possess inherent light sensitivity, which can be utilized in electrical
interfaces that measure their electrophysiological actions. This characteristic has
implications for developing new types of electrosensory devices (Mishra et al,
2024),

24. Suggestion for Future Works

Exploring Future Directions in Mycelium Research

Promising Applications of Mycelium

Investigations into mycelium and its composites show potential in thermal
insulation and soundproofing, along with fire-resistant properties, making it
a viable candidate for engineering insulating materials for construction.

© Challenges in Manufacturing
Current manufacturing processes for mycelium-based insulation and
packing foams are prolonged. This indicates an opportunity for biolo
refinement through species selection, genetic modification, and
environmental adjustments to enhance efficiency.

© Water Absorption Concerns
A significant challenge is the water absorption of mycelium composites,
Which may limit their use in environments susceptible to moisture. Research
into substrate modifications and processing techniques could mitigate this
issue.

Exploration of Superabsorbent Capabilities

Investigating the superabsorbent properties of mycelium composites could
lead to advancements in membrane technology, presenting a dual
opportunity to enhance moisture resistance while utilizing their absorbent
characteristics.

'y Benefits and Life Cycle Assessments

While mycelium composites present environmental sustainability
advantages over synthetic foams, there is a critical need for life cycle
impact assessments and analyses of waste streams for their fabrication to
foster wider acceptance.

Public Health and Safety Considerations

Research into the public health implications of mycelium products,
particularly regarding biosafety and barrier properties for food packaging, is
essential for ensuring their safe adoption in various sectors.

Emerging Applications in Textiles
Mycelium is gaining traction as a leather alternative in textiles. Its polymers,
such as chitin, chitosan, and B-glucans, hold promise for replacing synthetic

materials in diverse applications, showcasing its versatilitv.

25. Global focus on sustainability
Sustainability has become a crucial global focus, influencing various industries to adopt
more eco-friendly practices and technologies.

Shift towards circular economy principles
Industries are increasingly shifting towards circular economy principles, which prioritize
the use of renewable natural resources and minimize waste.

Advantages of mycelium-substrate composites
Mycelium-substrate composites offer numerous advantages, including being lightweight,
easy to handle, safe for humans and wildlife, biodegradable, and aesthetically pleasing.

Potential for innovation and environmental solutions
Mycelium-based biomaterials present significant potential for innovation, enabling
\dustries to find sustainable solutions to contemporary environmental challenges.

Importance for future generations

The development and application of mycelium-based biomaterials are crucial for fostering
a sustainable future, ensuring that we address environmental concerns for the benefit of
future generations.

26. References

A Comprehensive List of References

Abhijith, R., Ashok, À, & Rejeesh, C. R. (2018)
Sustainable packaging applications from mycelium to substitute polystyrene: A review. *Materials Today: Proceedings”, *5*(1), 2139-2145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.09.211

Adamatzky, A., & Gandia, A. (2021)
On electrical spiking of Ganoderma resinaceum. *

phys Rev Lett, *16*(04), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793048021500089

Adamatzky, A, & Gandia, A. (2022)
Living mycelium composites discern weights via patterns of electrical acti
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.j0bab.2021.09.003

"J Bioresour Bioprod”, *7*(1), 26-32.

Adamatzky, A, Nikolaidou, A., Gandia, A, Chiolerio, A., & Dehshibi, M. M. (2021)
Reactive fungal wearable. *Biosystems*, "199% https://doi.org/10.1016/}.biosystems.2020.104304

Aiduang, W. et al. (2024)

Sustainable Innovation: Fabrication and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Green Composites for Modern Interior Materials Using Agro-Industrial Wastes
and Different Species of Fungi. *Polymers*, *16*(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16040550