Mycorrhiza and it's types.Ecto-Mycorrhiza

Mycorrhiza
Types of Mycorrhiza
Ecto-Mycorrhiza
Endo-Mycorrhiza
EctendoMycorrhiza
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM)
Ericoid mycorrhizas
Arbutoid mycorrhizas
Monotropoid mycorrhizas
Orchidaceous mycorrhizas

1. M ycorrhiza and it’s types

2. Presented to: Dr. Malka Saba Presented by: Muhammad Sohail Riaz Dawood Abdullah Syed Liaqat Shah Muhammad Tahir Khan

3. Table of Contents M ycorrhiza Types of M ycorrhiza

4. M ycorrhiza Mycorrhizae literally translates to “fungus-root.” Mycorrhiza defines a (generally) mutually beneficial relationship between the root of a plant and a fungus that colonizes the plant root In many plants, mycorrhiza are fungi that grow inside the plant’s roots, or on the surfaces of the roots

5. Cont ……. In their relationship: F ungus facilitates water and nutrient uptake in the plant F ungus supplies the plant with water and mineral nutrients, such as  phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) taken from the soil P lant provides food and nutrients created by photosynthesis to the fungus Plant makes organic molecules by  photosynthesis  and supplies them to the fungus in the form of sugars or lipids

6. Cont ……. Not all plants will have mycorrhizal associations In environments in which water and nutrients are abundant in the soil, plants do not require the assistance of mycorrhizal fungi, nor might mycorrhizal fungi germinate and grow in such environments Mycorrhizas are present in about 92% of the studied plant  species , with arbuscular being the predominant form in the plant kingdom

7. Types of M ycorrhiza On the basis of morphological and anatomical features, M ycorrhiza are divided into 3 types: Ecto -M ycorrhiza Endo-M ycorrhiza EctendoM ycorrhiza

8. A. Ectomycorrhiza ( EcM ) Ectomycorrhiza is a type of mycorrhiza that forms a sheath around the roots of plants Ectomycorrhiza form a compact mantel of hyphae on the outer surface of plant roots, but do not penetrate plant root cells However, hyphal strands penetrate the root surface and grow between cortical root cells

9. Cont ……. EcM associations occurs between the roots of around 10% of plant families, mostly woody plants F ungi belonging to the  Basidiomycota ,  Ascomycota , and  Zygomycota This type of mycorrhiza is found in trees such as pines and oaks

10. B. Endomycorrhiza A bout 85 percent of the plant families in the world are colonized by endomycorrhiza Endomycorrhiza penetrates the cell walls of the roots of plants  and colonize epidermal and fleshy cortical cells of plant roots This type of mycorrhiza is found in plants such as tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, and legumes

11. C. Ectendomycorrhiza   Ectomycorrhizas consist of a hyphal sheath, or mantle, covering the root tip and a Harting net of hyphae surrounding the plant cells within the root cortex In some cases the hyphae may also penetrate the plant cells, in which case the mycorrhiza is called an Ectendomycorrhiza Ectendomycorrhizas are restricted mostly to the plant families Pinus (pine), Picea (spruce) and to a lesser extent Larix (larch)

12. Cont ……. The term ectendomycorrhiza should be used as a purely descriptive name for mycorrhizal roots which exhibit the characteristics of both: Ectomycorrhizas E ndomycorrhizas

13. Types of Endom ycorrhiza

14. Cont ……. Endo M ycorrhiza further classified into 5 types: Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) Ericoid mycorrhizas Arbutoid mycorrhizas Monotropoid mycorrhizas Orchidaceous mycorrhizas

15. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Arbuscular mycorrhizae are branched structures that penetrate the cell walls of plant roots This type of mycorrhiza is found in most plants, including grasses, shrubs, and herbs The fungi involved in this relationship belong to the phylum Glomeromycota I t is estimated that around 80% of all plant species form arbuscular mycorrhizal partnerships

16. Cont ……. The mycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of the host plant, forming structures called arbuscules and vesicles within the root cells Arbuscules are tree-like structures that facilitate nutrient exchange between the fungus and the plant Vesicles are storage organs within the root cells that contain lipids and carbohydrates

17. 2. Ericoid mycorrhiza Ericoid mycorrhiza is another type of symbiotic association between plants and fungi S pecifically involves plants from the Ericaceae family It includes heathers, rhododendrons, blueberries, and various other acid-loving plants The fungi involved in ericoid mycorrhizal associations are typically members of the fungal group known as Ascomycota ( Hymenoscyphus ericae )

18. Cont ……. Ericoid mycorrhizal associations are well-suited for plants in acidic soils In ericoid mycorrhizal associations, the fungal hyphae (thread-like structures) of the ascomycete fungi penetrate the cell Fungal sheath, harting net and vesicles are absent

19. 3. Arbutoid mycorrhizas F ound in the plant order Ericales F amily Ericaceae is represented, with arbutoid mycorrhizas F ormed in the genera  Arctostaphylos  and  Arbutus Arbutoid associations are also found in the Pyrolaceae family of the Order Ericales F ungi of arbutoid mycorrhizas are basidiomycetes

20. Cont ……. A fungal sheath or mantle of between 20 and 80 mm covers the roots The sheath can also provide an important store of nutrients, to be released to the plant when nutrient levels are sufficiently depleted A rbutoid associations produce an  intercellular h arting net, usually restricted to the outer layer of root cells

21. 4. M onotropoid mycorrhizas Fungi colonising achlorophylous plants in the Monotropaceae family (but now included within the Ericaceae), such as: Monotropa hypopitys  (in Europe) M.  uniflora  (North America)  These never actually penetrate the plant cell walls This feature was sufficiently distinct to warrant the creation of a new class of mycorrhizas: the monotropoid mycorrhizas

22. Cont ……. Fungi belonging to Basidiomycota Fungal sheath and harting net is present along with extensive intracellular penetration, with coils of hyphae filling large volumes in many cells The root system of  Monotropa  is highly adapted to gaining all its nutrients via mycorrhizas Its roots are surrounded in a dense fungal sheath, from which hyphae spread into the soil

23. 5. Orchidaceous mycorrhizas T he Orchidaceae is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom, with more than 20,000 species identified, most distributed in the tropics and subtropics A ll orchids have a stage where they are non-photosynthetic T herefore dependent on external sources of nutrients In the vast majority of cases, it is just the seedling stage that is obligately mycorrhizal

24. Cont ……. Orchid seeds are very small (around 0.3 - 14 mg per seed) and contain little nutrient reserves Mycorrhizal fungi can provide the nutrients, and particularly carbohydrates, needed to grow, and in fact, most orchid seeds will not germinate unless they have been infected by an appropriate fungus The mycorrhizal fungi in orchids are Basidiomycota, and in particular  Rhizoctonia  species with which many orchids are associated