Mycorrhiza and types

Mycorrhiza are symbiotic association of fungi and roots of higher plants. Learn the types and benifit of mycorrhiza.

1. Mycorrhiza and their Associations in Plant Presented by: Deepanshi patel Submitted to: Dr Neelam anand and Dr Sneha chaudhary ma ’am

2. Content Introduction Types of mycorrhiza Ecto mycorrhiza a) Monotropoid b) Arbutoid c) Orchid d) Ericoid Endomycorrhiza Or vascular arbascular mycorrhiza (VAM) Comparative diagram Benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal association Research paper related to disease Control through mycorrhiza References

3. Introduction The term mycorrhiza, meaning fungi to the root. It was used for the first time in the year 1885 by A. B. Frank. Mycorrhizas are symbiotic associations essential for one or both partners, between a fungus (specialized for life in soils and plants) and a root (or other substrate-contacting organ) of a living plant, that is primarily responsible for nutrient transfer.

4. Types of Mycorrhiza 1 Ectomycorrhiza a) Monotropoid b) Arbutoid c) Orchid d) Ericoid 2) Endomycorrhiza Or vascular arbascular mycorrhiza (VAM)

5. Ectomycorrhiza Based on its penetration within the roots, Frank classified Mycorrhiza into two major class Ectomycorrhiza : E ctomycorrhizas (ECM) are associations where f ungi form a mantle( sheath) around roots and a Hartig net between root cells . These associations are defined by Hartig net hyphae which grow around cells in the epidermis or cortex of short swollen lateral roots . Fungal association : Higher fungi (ascomycetes ,basidiomycetes and zygomycetes) Cortical Hartig net of Pinus ECM root.

6. Figure: Short roots coated with white hyphal net. Digrammatic representation of EcM colonization in plant root Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Ectomycorrhizae_001.jpg Source : http://www.scivit.de/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/quer.jpg

7. Figure: Colonization of Ectomycorrhiza in plant root Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Ectomycorrhiza_illustratio n.j

8. Monotropoid mycorrhiza Monotropoid mycorrhizas are ECM associations of a few genera of myco-heterotrophic plants in the Ericaceae . These associations are characterised by limited hyphal penetration into epidermal cells. Information on structure of associations and the identity of mycorrhizal fungi in Monotropa, Pterospora, Sarcodes , etc. is provided by Robertson & Robertson (1982), Castellano & Trappe (1985) and Bidartondo et al. (2000). Fungi - BASIDIOMYCETES

9. Figure : Monotropa root with epidermal Hartig net (H) and mantle (M) in a cross-section viewed with UV light. Roll-over - hypha projecting into an epidermal cell (arrow) in stained root section. Monotropa uniflora is a myco-heterotrophic plant lacking chlorophyll that is entirely dependant on ECM fungi linked to nearby trees.

10. Orchid Mycorrhizas Orchid mycorrhizas consist of coils of hyphae within roots or stems of orchidaceous plants. Hyphal coils from orchid mycorrhizas in Epipactis helleborine root. Coils are white to brown fuzzy balls. This rhizome of the Western Underground Orchid ( Rhizanthella gardneri)

11. Ericoid mycorrhiza Ericoid mycorrhizas have hyphal coils in outer cells of the narrow " hair roots" of plants in the family Ericaceae Fungi associated - Mostly ascomycetes Fig : Ericoid mycorrhizas with hyphal coils in hair roots of Leucopogon verticillatus. ( Source: http://mycorrhizas.info/ )

12. Endomycorrhiza or V esicular-Arbuscular M ycorrhiza (VAM) Arbuscular mycorrhizas (Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizas, VAM or AM) are associations where Glomeromycete fungi produce arbuscules , hyphae , and vesicles within root cortex cells. These associations are defined by the presence of arbuscules. Fungi in roots spread by linear hyphae or coiled hyphae.

13. Figure: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of weeds (A) Arbuscule (ar ) in Amaranthus retroflexus ; (B) Vesicle (vs) and hyphae (hy) in Sinapsis arvense ; (C) Leonurus sibiricus ; (D) Leonitis neptaefolia ; (E) Spore (sp) in Paniculum maximum ; (F) Hyphal coils (hc) in Sorghum arundaceum. Source: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1807-86212013000100006&script=sci_arttext (CC)

14. Arbescules and vesicles AM hyphae do not in fact penetrate the protoplast, but invaginate the cell membrane. They have two types of mycelium systems: external and internal External mycelium grows and spreads inside the soil, and is able to ease into the tiny pores of the soil where plant roots are normally out of reach. Internal mycelium grows in between and inside the parenchymatous cells of the host plant roots and create many branches known as arbuscules within the plant root cells.

15. Benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Association Absorption of nutrients Protection against pathogen Protection against abiotic stres like ; I. Salinity stress - by enhancing selective uptake of nutrients II. Drought stress- ability to alter plant water status III. Heavy Metal- selects between essential and non essential metals

16. http://seu.ac.lk/sljot/publication/v1n2/sljot2.pdf

17. References : Himaya SMMS1*, Sivasubramaniam N2, and Afreen SMMS3 A Review on Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Disease Management http://seu.ac.lk/sljot/publication/v1n2/sljot2 Smith S.E. and. D.J. Read. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (second Ed.). Academic Press, San Diego and London. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00572-013-0486-y/fulltext.html http://mycorrhizalsymbiotics.com/plantlist

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