myology and muscles cell muscle in 1 and

myology

1. Myology
The types of muscular tissues:
1. The skeletal or somatic muscular tissue

2. Myology
The types of muscular tissues:
1. The skeletal or somatic muscular tissue
consists of parallel bundles of long (up to
12 cm in length), multinucleate fibres. The
fibrils contain cross striated myofibrils. It is
sometimes referred to as voluntary muscle.
Skeletal muscle is innervated by somatic
nervous system. The skeletal muscle
develops from the mesoderm. It forms the
bulk of the muscular tissue of the body.
This type of muscle is capable of powerful
contractions.

3. Myology
2. The smooth muscle

4. Myology
2. The smooth muscle consists of elongated
cells, that contain actin and myosin, but these
are not organized into repeating units and
their microscopic appearance is therefore
unstriated or “smooth”. Smooth muscle is
sometimes referred to as involuntary muscle.
It is innervated by autonomic (vegetative)
nervous system. The smooth muscle
develops from the mesenchyme. It is found in
the walls of inner organs, blood vessels, in
the dermis (as the arrector pili muscles). This
type of muscle is capable of slow but
sustained contractions.

5. 3. Cardiac muscle.

6. Muscle development

7. The dorsal part of mesoderm found on the sides of the
notochord and neural tube is segmented into somits.
Three cellular considerations are distinguished in a
somit: dermatome, sclerotome and myotome. The
skeletal muscles of the trunk develop from the
myotomes of somits. The myotomes grow ventrally
and are divided into dorsal and ventral parts. The
dorsal part gives rise to dorsal musculature (on the
back of the trunk), the ventral part to the ventral
musculature on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the
trunk.
Some of the muscles remain in the place of their
formation on the trunk and form the local
autochthonous musculature.

8. The muscles that move from the trunk to the
limb in the process of development are
called truncifugal muscles (m. trapezius,
m. sternocleidomastoideus).
The muscles that arise on the limbs and
migrate to the trunk are called truncipetal
muscles (m. pectoralis major et m.
pectoralis minor).

9. The muscle as an organ

10. The muscle as an organ

11. The muscle as an organ
A muscle is formed of bundles of striated fibres.
These fibres run parallel to each other and are
bound by loose connective tissue, endomysium.
Several muscle bundles unite and form muscle
fascicle surrounded by a connective-tissue
membrane, perimysium.
The groups of fascicles unite and form the whole
muscle, which is bound by connective-tissue
sheath, epimysium.

12. The muscle as an organ
Each muscle consists of
1. An actively contracting part - belly (venter).
2. A passive part - tendon, by which it is
attached to a bone. The tendon consists of
connective tissue, is found on both ends of
a muscle.
Each muscle has 2 tendons:
1. On proximal end the tendon is called caput.
2. On distal end the tendon is called cauda.

13. The muscle as an organ

14. The work of muscles
Muscle has two points of attachment: fixed and mobile.
When the muscle contacts the mobile point of
attachment (punctum mobile) is pulled toward the
fixed point (punctum fixum). As a rule the fixed point
corresponds to the proximal end of a muscle, whereas
a mobile point - to the distal end.

15. The work of the muscles
Muscles acting in one direction are
called agonists or synergists (m.
biceps brachii and m. brachialis).
Muscles acting in opposed directions
are called antagonists (m. biceps
brachii and m. triceps brachii).

16. Classification of muscles
According to the form:
1. Long, short and broad muscles

17. The Long muscles mainly encounter on the limbs.
The short muscles are situated on the neck, wrist and foot.
The muscles of the both groups are spindle-shaped; their
middle portion is called the belly (venter), the end at the
origin of the muscle the head (caput) and the other end
the tail (cauda). The tendon of long and short muscles
resembles narrow bands.
Some of the long muscles may have more than one head:
2 heads - m. Biceps brachii;
3 heads - m. Triceps brachii;
4 heads - m. Quadriceps femoris.
Some of the long muscles may have more than one belly
separated one from another by tendinous intersections
(m. digastricus, m. rectus abdominis).
Some of the long muscles (common flexors and extensors of
the fingers and toes) have more than one tendon (tail).

18. According to the direction of attachment
of muscle fibres to the tendon
1. Unipennate muscle
2. Bipennate muscle
3. Multipennate muscle

19. Broad muscles are found mainly on the
trunk of the body and have an expanded
tendon called aponeurosis.

20. Classification of muscles
According to the shape quadrate,
triangular, pyramidal, deltoid, serrate,
cylindrical muscles are distinguished.

21. Classification of muscles
According to the direction of the fibres are
distinguished:
1. Straight muscles (m. rectus abdominis);
2. muscles with oblique fibres (m. obliquus);
3. muscles with transverse fibres (m. transversus);
4. muscles with circular fibres (m. orbicularis).
According to the function muscles are classified as:
1. Flexors and extensors.
2. Adductors and abductors.
3. Pronators and supinators.

22. Classification of muscles
According to their relation to the joints
1. Uniarticular
2. Biarticular
3. Multiarticular
According to position
1. Superficial and deep
2. Internal and external
3. Medial and lateral

23. The auxiliary apparatus of muscles
1. Fascia

24. The auxiliary apparatus of muscles
2. Fibrous sheath of the tendon (vagina fibrosae)
3. Synovial sheath of the tendon (vagina synovialis
tendinis)

25. The auxiliary apparatus of muscles
4. Synovial bursae (bursae synoviales)

26. The auxiliary apparatus of muscles
5. Pulley-shaped
structure - trochlea

6. Sesamoid bones

27. Fasciae of the head
1. Fascia masseterica
2. Fascia temporalis
3. Fascia buccopharyngea
4. Fascia parotidea

28. The regions of the neck

29. The regions of the neck
1.Posterior region
2.Anterior region
3.Lateral region
4.Sternocleidomastoid region
The lateral region is bounded by the
sternocleidomastoid muscle, trapezius muscle
and the clavicle.
The anterior region is bounded by the
sternocleidomastoid muscle, midline of the neck
and the mandible.
The sternocleidomastoid region corresponds to the
projection of the muscle.

30. The triangles of anterior region

31. The triangles of anterior region
1. Carotid triangle (sternocleidomastoid muscle,
superior belly of omohyoid muscle,
posteriorbelly of digastric muscle);
2. Omotracheal triangle (sternocleidomastoid
muscle, superior belly of omohyoid muscle,
midline);
3. Submandibular triangle (digastric muscle-
anterior and posterior bellies, inferior border of
mandible). Pirogov’s (lingual) triangle is located
in this triangle and is bounded by posterior
border of mylohyoid muscle, posterior belly of
digastric muscle and hypoglossal nerve.

32. The triangles of lateral region

33. The triangles of lateral region
1.Omoclavicular triangle
(sternocleidomastoid muscle, inferior belly
of omohyoid muscle, clavicle);
2.Omotrapezoid triangle (trapezius muscle,
inferior belly of omohyoid muscle,
sternocleidomastoid muscle);
The spatium interscalenum is found between
the anterior and middle scalene muscles
bounded by the first rib below.

34. Thank you