MYSTERY OF MISSING MICROBES WHY DO BEES KEEP LOSING THEIR SYMBIONTS.pptx

MYSTERY OF MISSING MICROBES WHY DO BEES KEEP LOSING THEIR SYMBIONTS
are the microbial organisms which helps in fighting as defense mechanism by increasing innate immunity

1. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 2

2. MYSTERY OF MISSING MICROBES: WHY DO BEES KEEP LOSING THEIR SYMBIONTS? VISHAL F HALLIKERI PG22AGR14058 3

3. Analysis coverage pitfall PowerPoint template CONCLUSION 5 CASE STUDIES 4 INTRODUCTION 1 2 GUT MICROBIOTA 3 MYSTERY OF MISSING MICROBES FLOW OF SEMINAR

4. SYMBIOSIS THE ASSOCIATIONS IN WHICH DIFFERENT SPECIES LIVE CLOSELY TOGETHER, IN RELATIONSHIPS RANGING FROM MUTUALISMS TO PARASITISM Sl. No INTERACTION SPECIES A SPECIES B 1 MUTUALISM + + 2 COMPETITION - - 3 AMMENSALISM - 4 COMMENSALISM + 5 CANNIBALISM + - 6 PARASITISM + - DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 5

5. Rossenberg et al. ( 2008) MICROBIAL SYMBIONTS OFTEN DO IMPORTANT THINGS FOR ANIMALS , PLANTS AND OTHER HOSTS DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 6

6. Digesting complex polysaccharides Provisioning amino acids or vitamins Defense from pathogens and parasites Nitrogen or carbon fixation Detoxifying harmful chemicals Bioluminescence MICROBIAL SYMBIONTS OFTEN DO IMPORTANT THINGS FOR ANIMALS , PLANTS AND OTHER HOSTS DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 7

7. Rossenberg et al. ( 2008) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 8

8. HUMAN GUT MICROBIOME AT A GLANCE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 9

9. A 100 TRILLION OF MICROBIOME! DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 10

10. GUT MICROBIOME = IMMUNE BOOSTER DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 11

11. A SOCIAL TRANSMISSION ! ! ! ! DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 12

12. GUT MICROBIOME DYSBIOSIS = DISEASE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 13

13. A HEALTHY MICROBIOME MEANS A HEALTHY YOU !! DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 14

14. Similarities between human gut microbiome and bee gut microbiome Transmission between hosts through social interactions M icrobial communities are dominated by host-adapted species that are not typically found outside the gut Both microbial communities grow best under oxygen concentrations lower than that of air Microbial communities are spatially organized, with the greatest abundance of bacteria in the distal regions of the gut DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 15

15. STINGLESS BEE – THREAT OF EXTINCTION OF MICROBIAL SYMBIONTS ??? BUT WHAT ABOUT BEE GUT MICROBIOME? DO THEY AID IN DEFENSE MECHANISM ??? WHAT HAPPENS IF THEY LOOSE GUT MICROBIOTA ??? SAVE BEES !!! DO THEY HAVE GUT MICROBIOTA ??? PESTICIDES EXPOSURE !!! WHY CCD IS INCREASING ??? 16

16. EXPLORING MICROBIAL SYMBIONTS IN BEES ! corbiculate bees DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 17

17. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 18

18. WHAT MAKES UNIQUE ??? 19

19. The core gut microbiome is simple (5-8 taxa),ancient and highly host specific Daisley et al. (2020) 20 Fig. 1: Composition and spatial organization of bacterial communities in bees.

20. Proteobacteria - Gram-negative species are Snodgrassella alvi and Gilliamella apicola , which are members of the Proteobacteria phylum. Firmicutes - Gram-positive bacteria, two species clusters, ubiquitous and abundant; these have been referred to as the Lactobacillus Firm‑4 and Lactobacillus Firm‑5 clades. Actinobacteria– Bifidobacterium asteroides species cluster which are less abundant. Frischella perrara , Bartonella apis , Parasaccharibacter apium and Alpha 2.1 are less abundant. Kwong et al. (2016) Fig. 2: Overview Schematic of the Healthy Microbiota Profile in Bees. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 21

21. Daisley et al. (2020) Fig. 3: The composition of microbiota in a heathy adult worker bee. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 22

22. Fig. 4: Fluorescence in situ hybridization of a cross-section of the ileum. Hammer et al. (2021) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 23

23. EFFECT ON BEE HEALTH DEGRADATION OF PECTIN Lactobacillus Firm-4, Lactobacillus Firm-5 and Bifidobacterium spp ACT AS ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES, UTILIZATION OF TREHALOSE G illiamella apicola Frischella perrara RECOVERY OF TISSUE DAMAGE Snodgrassella alvi ACTS AS I MMUNE ACTIVATORS LEADS TO REDUCTION IN PATHOGEN LOADS Kwong et al. (2016 ) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 24

24. EFFECT ON BEE HEALTH Daisley et al. (2020) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 25

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28. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 29 COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)

29. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 30 LOSS OF SYMBIONTS IN BEES

30. Kwong et al. (2016 ) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 31 Fig. 5: Hidden threats that can damage gut microbiota .

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33. SYMBIONT LOSS IN BEES? DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 34

34. Honey bees ( Apis sp.) Bumble bees ( Bombus sp .) Stingless bees ( Melipona sp ) Cerqueira et al. (2021) MYSTERY OF MISSING MICROBES: WHY DO BEES KEEP LOSING THEIR SYMBIONTS ? DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 35

35. CASE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 36

36. OBJECTIVE - To characterize gut bacteria o f genus Melipona sp from multiple Brazilian biomes. CASE STUDY-1 Cerqueira et al. (2021) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 37

37. Melipona spp DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 38

38. Atlantic forest biome Caatinga biome Cerrado biome Amazon biome DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 39

39. Atlantic forest biome Caatinga biome Cerrado biome Amzon biome Atlantic forest biome Tetragonisca angustula Melipona spp Apis spp Bombus spp DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 40

40. Fig. 6: Gut bacterial community composition and a model of symbiont gain and loss in eusocial corbiculate bees. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 41

41. CONCLUSION Snodgrassella and Gilliamella are completely lost from neotropical stingless bees. Reasons Melipona has undergone ecological shifts A cquired symbionts, compensate for their absence DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 42

42. DYSBIOSIS IN BUMBLEBEE Li et al . (2015) CASE STUDY-2 OBJECTIVE - STUDIED GUT MICROBIOME IN BUMBLEBEE. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 43

43. Surveyed bombus spp S urveyed the gut microbial communities of 142 workers from 28 species of Chinese bumblebees. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 44

44. S urveyed the gut microbial communities of 142 workers from 28 species of Chinese bumblebees pyrosequencing of 16s rRNA generated 3,14,401 sequences DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 45

45. Fig. 7: Principle component analysis (PCA) plot of enterotype clusters observed in Chinese Bombus workers belonging to 28 species. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 46

46. Li et al . (2015) This shows the occurrence of two very different communities Fig. 8 . Gut community composition in Chinese bumblebees. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 47

47. CONCLUSION Occurrence of two very different communities with contrast to gut communities of worker honey bee Reasons Due to bumble bee forager sometimes encounter environmental strains that is Hafnia and Serratia. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 48

48. Villabona et al. (2023) CASE STUDY-3 DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 49 OBJECTIVE - To Characterize the gut microbiomes of four neotropical Bombus species and for comparison, co-occurring solitary bees.

49. Collected 33 bumble bees and one solitary bee Thygater aethiops From three habitats in Columbia with Each habitat has a distinct climate and plant community . DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 50 Fig. 8: Map of Cundinamarca, a department of central Colombia depicting sampling sites. Each species is represented by a different color , and elevation is shown as a black- white gradient .

50. 25 0ut of 34 species consists of core dominated microbiome Left 9 species including solitary bee gut microbiome dominated with Environmental microbes Environmental strains Core dominated strains DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 51

51. Here they tested for an association between parasite infection and disruption of the gut bacterial community. 16% with core-dominated gut microbiomes harbored parasite sequences. W hile 100% ( N = 6) of the bumblebees with disrupted microbiomes harbored parasites DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 52 Fig. 9: Proportion of neotropical bumblebees infected by parasitic microbial eukaryotes.

52. CONCLUSION Environmental strains are replacing the core dominated bacterial microbiome which weakens the health of the bee, Parasitic infections contribute to further loss of microbial symbionts. Reasons Horizontal transmission via flowers, as T hygater aethiops and some of the bumblebees were collected foraging in the same area . Association between the loss of core gut bacteria and parasite infection . DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 53

53. Objective – To Study the Responses of bacterial symbionts to climate change. CASE STUDY- 4 Hammer et al. (2021) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 54

54. Snodgrassella Gilliamella Thermal Limits assay Plates were incubated under 5% CO 2  at 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44 or 48°C for 48 hrs. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 55

55. ≤ 40℃ positive   ≥48℃ Negative Thermal Limit assay Fig. 10: Thermal limits to growth in vitro for two bee gut symbiont species DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 56

56. Fig. 11: Ability of strains of two core bee gut symbionts, Gilliamella an d Snodgrassella DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 57

57. CONCLUSION Microbiome are shifting in response to climate change . Reasons Bumblebees are cold adapted. They are big and hairy sensitive to heat and this study shows that their microbiome are shifting in response to climate change. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 58

58. OBJECTIVE - To investigate the interaction between honey bee (Apis mellifera ) gut microbiota and honey bee resistance to pesticides. CASE STUDY- 5 Wu et al. (2020) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 59

59. CONVENTIONAL GUT (CV) GUT MICROBE DEFECIENT (GD) Newly emerged germ free workers either with depleted / colonized with bacteria 10 5 cells / gut 10 10 cells / gut DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 60

60. Thiacloprid (35 mg /l in syrup) (Neonicotinoid) Fluvalinate (400 mg/l in syrup) (Pyrethroid) 10 days Workers treated with pesticide (GDT/CVT) CV/GD WORKERS DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 61

61. Fig. 11: Changes of honey bee susceptibility and metabolism to pesticides DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 62

62. CONCLUSION Gut microbiota deficiency affects the viability and pesticide metabolism activity of pesticide-treated workers . Reasons Chronic exposure of sublethal dose of pesticides will reduce the endogenous detoxification ability of honey bee. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 63

63. FUTURE THREAT DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 64

64. CONCLUSION DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 65

65. Thank you! DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 66

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72. Kakumanu et al.( 2016) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 73

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74. Kakumanu et al.( 2016) CASE STUDY-3 DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 75

75. CONTROL Tau-fluvalinate Coumaphos Chlorothalonil Kakumanu et al.( 2016) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 76

76. Kakumanu et al.( 2016) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 77