NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY in Agriculture, Medicine, Environment.ppt

Lecture note

1. NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Mobt 4075
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2. Nanotechnology
•Atomicandmolecularlevelstudy
•Structuressizedbetween1to100nanometerin
atleastonedimension
•Developingormodifyingmaterialsordevices
withinthatsize
•Novelproperties
•Componentsshouldremainatnanometerscale
•Involvesimaging,measuring,modeling,and
manipulatingmatteratthislengthscale
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3. 1. Introduction
Nanotechnology:Itinvolvesresearchand technology
developmentattheatomic,molecularormacro-molecularlevelin
thelengthscaleofapproximately1to100nmrange.
Biotechnology:Biotechnologyistheuseofbiologicalprocesses,
organisms,orsystemstomanufactureproductsintendedto
improvethequalityofhumanlife.
TheinterfaceofthesetwoworldsliesNanobiotechnology
–Itusesnanotechnologytoanalyseandcreatebiologicalnanosystems
–Itusesbiologicalmaterialsandstructuralplanstoproducetechnical,
functionalnanosystems.
•Nanobiotechnologyisanemergingfieldatthecrossroadsofbiotechnologyand
materialscienceandinvolvedinmanydisciplinesincludingphysists,chemists,
engineers,informationtechnologists,andmaterialscientistsaswellas
biologists.
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6. History of Nanoparticles
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8. Major developments in the application of Nanotechnology
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12. Nanoparticles
•Nanoparticlesaredefinedasparticlesthathaveatleastonedimensionin
thenanorange(1to100nm).
•Nanoscalematerials(nanoparticles,nanopores,nanoshells,nanostructures
etc)allowhighlysensitivedetectionbyspecificinteractionswithvarious
biomoleculesonbothsurfaceandinsidethecells.
•Nanotechnologyhelpsindevelopmentofsmall,highly-efficientand
inexpensivesensors,withbroadapplications.
•Theseoffersignificantadvantagesoverconventionalsensors.Thisincludes
greatersensitivityandselectivity,lowerproductioncosts,reducedpower
consumptionaswellasimprovedstability.
•Becauseoftheirsubmicrondimensions,nanosensors,nanoprobes&other
nanosystemshaveallowedsimple&rapidanalysesinvivo.
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13. Nanomaterials….
•Biologicalsystemsoftenfeaturenatural,
functionalnanomaterials.
•Thestructureofforaminifera,viruses
(capsid),thewaxcrystalscoveringa
lotusornasturtiumleaf,spider-mite
silkarefewexamplesofnatural
nanomaterials.
•Naturalinorganicnanomaterialsoccur
throughcrystalgrowthinthediverse
chemicalconditionsoftheearth‘scrust.
Forex.claysdisplaycomplex
nanostructuresduetoanisotropyof
theirunderlyingcrystalstructure,&
volcanicactivitycangiverisetoopals,
whichareaninstanceofanaturally
occurringphotoniccrystalsduetotheir
nanoscalestructure.
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15. Nanoparticles
Nanoparticlesaretheparticlesofsizebetween1nmto100nmrange).
Nanometer-Onebillionth(10
-9
)ofameter
ThesizeofHydrogenatom0.04nm
ThesizeofProteins~1-20nm
Featuresizeofcomputerchips180nm
Diameterofhumanhair~10µm
Atthenanoscale,thephysical,chemical,andbiological
propertiesofmaterialsdifferinfundamentalandvaluable
waysfromthepropertiesofindividualatomsandmoleculesor
bulkmatter
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17. Why NANO..?
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19. Novel Properties of nanoparticles
• Small size
• High surface area
• Ease to suspend in liquids
• Deep access to cells and organelles
• Improved physical, chemical & biological
properties
Properties of nanoparticlesare different from their
bulk counterparts.
Extremely high surface area to volume ratio results
in surface dependent material properties.
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20. Nano-scale effects on properties over conventional methods
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22. Nanomaterials
•Nanomaterialsarecommonlydefinedasmaterialswithanaverage
grainsizelessthan100nm.
•Nano-biomaterialsdisplaydistinctbiologicaleffectswhencompared
withbulkmaterialshavingsamechemicalcomposition.
•Nanomaterialswithfastiontransportarerelatedalsotonanoionics&
nanoelectronics
•Theirnanoscaledsizeemanatesnovelcharacteristicssuch
asincreasedstrength,chemicalreactivityorconductivity.
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•Engineerednanomaterials(ENM)arematerialscreatedby
manipulationofmatteratthenanoscaletoproducenew
materials,structures,anddevices.
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23. Classification of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterialsare classified according to the length scale of each of its
dimension:
•0D:zeroscaleallthreedimensionsinthenanoscale(nanoparticles).
•1D:onedimensioninnanoscaleandothertwoinmacroscale(nanofibers,
nanowires)
•2D:twodimensionsinnanoscaleandtheotherinthemacroscale(nano
sheets,thinfilms)
•3D:nodimensionsatthenanoscale,allareinthemacroscale
(nanostructureswithnanomaterials
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25. Nanotools and Nanodevices
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32. Quantum Confinement
QuantumConfinementisthespatialconfinementof
electron-holepairs(excitons)inoneormore
dimensionswithinamaterial.
o1D confinement: Quantum Wells
o2D confinement: Quantum Wire
o3D confinement: Quantum Dot
•Quantumconfinementismoreprominentin
semiconductorsbecausetheyhaveanenergygapin
theirelectronicbandstructure.
•Metalsdonothaveabandgap,soquantumsizeeffects
arelessprevalent.Quantumconfinementisonly
observedatdimensionsbelow2nm.
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Therefore,themorespatiallyconfinedandlocalizedaparticlebecomes,the
broadertherangeofitsmomentum/energy.
•Thisismanifestedasanincreaseintheaverageenergyofelectronsinthe
conductionband=increasedenergylevelspacing=largerbandgap

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39. Applications of QDs
•Quantum dots are
tiny crystals tha
glow/ fluoresce
when they are
stimulated by
ultraviolet light.
•Fluorescent
nanocrystals.
•Common QDs: CdS,
•CdSe, PbS, PbSe,
PbTd, CuCl
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50. Light emitters
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New applications for QDs are continuously being discovered.
• For example: Solar cells that incorporate QDs may lead to more efficient light
harvesting and energy conversion.

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Drug delivery, & cancer treatment

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69. IMPROVING MRI Magnetic resonance imaging)
•Ironoxidenanoparticlescanusedtoimprove
MagneticResonanceImagining(MRI)imagesof
cancertumors.
•Thenanoparticleiscoatedwithapeptidethat
bindstoacancertumor,oncethenanoparticles
areattachedtothetumorthemagneticproperty
oftheironoxideenhancestheimagesfromthe
MagneticResonanceImaginingscan.
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70. Characterization of
nanomaterials
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72. Characterization of Nanoparticles
1. Size and surface Morphology
2. Specific Surface Area
3. Surface Charge and ElectrophoreticMobility
4. Surface Hydrophobicity
5. Density
6. Molecular weight Measurements of Nanoparticles
7. Drug Entrapment efficiency
8. Kinetic Study
9. Stability of Nanoparticles
10. Drug-Excipientcompatibility studies
11. In-vitro Release Studies
12. Lamellarity
13. Phase Behaviour
14. Chemical Characterization (Liposomes)
15. Biological Characterization (Liposomes)
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73. A. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)-
DLS measures brownianmotion and
relates this to the size of the particles
(Hydrodynamic diameter).
Bias toward larger particles.
We can determine polydispersity
index (PDI), zeta potential and
aggregation of particles.
Instrumentation -Zetasizer(Malvern
panalyticaltnstrument, UK), Laser
source, Photon detector, Polystyrene
cuvettes/Quartz or optical quality
glass cuvetteswith caps.
Dispersant –Water or whatever the
dispersant used is.
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74. B. NanoSight (NTA)-
•Nanosighthelpsin
visualizationandmeasuring
nanoparticlesize&
•concentration with
precision and accuracy.
•Nanosight instrument uses
NanoparticleTracking
Analysis (NTA) to
characterize nanoparticles
from 10 nm –2000 nm in
solution.
•Characterization of
aggregation state.
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75. C. Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM)-
SEM is used to visualize
the surface morphology
of organisms, cells and
materials.
Resolution is 1-2 nm.
Can determine the
elemental composition.
Determine the size,
shape, surface
morphology.
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76. D. Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM)-
Resolution is 0.1 –0.2 nm.
Determine the internal
structure or arrangements
of the particles.
Measure the size, size
distribution, and
morphology.
Samples are prepared for
imaging by drying
nanoparticleson a grid that
is coated with a thin layer of
carbon/formvar.
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81. APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
•ObtainXRDpatternsareusedtomeasured-
spacingsofthegivencompound.
•XRDisusedtodeterminationofCis-Trans
isomerism.
•X-raydiffractionisusedtomeasurethicknessof
thinfilmsandmulti-layers.
•XRDisusedtodetermineatomicarrangement.
•XRDisusedtomeasurethesize,shapeand
internalstressofsmallcrystallineregions.
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97. Infrared waves
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100. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
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101. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
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TopDownapproach
Theseseektocreatesmallerdevicesbyusinglarger
onestodirecttheirassembly
Themostcommontop-downapproachto
fabricationinvolveslithographicpatterning
techniquesusingshortwavelengthopticalsources
BottomupApproach
Theseseektoarrangesmallercomponentsintomore
complexassemblies
Usechemicalorphysicalforcesoperatingatthe
nanoscaletoassemblebasicunitsintolargerstructures
examples :
1.Indiungalliumarsenide(InGaAs)quantumdotscanbe
formedbygrowingthinlayersofInGaAsonGaAs
2.Formationofcarbonnanotubes

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3 methods of synthesis of NP
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological

106. 1. Physical methods
2 physical methods: mechanical and vapor
I. Mechanical
1. High energy ball milling
2. Melt mixing
II. Vapour
1. Physical vapourdeposition
2. Laser ablation
3. Sputter deposition
4. Electric arc deposition
5. Ion implantation
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108. 2. CHEMICAL METHODS OF SYNTHESIS
•Simple techniques
•Inexpensive instrumentation
•Low temperature (<350ºC)
synthesis
•Doping of foreign atoms (ions)
is possible during
•synthesis
•Large quantities of material
can be obtained
•Variety of sizes and shapes are
possible
•Self assembly or patterning is
possible
•Sol-gel method
•Pyrolysis/thermolysis
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116. Pyrolysis
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118. sol-gel Method
•The sol-gel process is a wet-chemical technique (also
known as chemical solution deposition) widely used
recently in the fields of materials science and ceramic
engineering.
Steps
•Formation of stable sol.
•Gelation
•Gel aging into a solid mass. This causes contraction of
the gel network, also phase transformations and
Ostwald ripening.
•Drying of the gel to remove liquid phases. This can lead
to fundamental changes in the structure of the gel.
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119. Sol-gel Method…
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120. Advantages of sol-gel Method
•2typesofmaterialsorcomponents-“sol”and
“gel”
•M.Ebelmansynthesizedthemin1845
•Lowtemperatureprocess-lessenergy
consumptionandlesspollution
•Generateshighlypure,wellcontrolledceramics
•Economicalroute,providedprecursorsarenot
expensive
•Possibletosynthesizenanoparticles,nanorods,
nanotubesetc.,
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121. COLLOIDS AND COLLOIDS IN SOLUTION
•Nanoparticlessynthesizedbychemical
methodsform“colloids”
•Twoormorephases(solid,liquidorgas)of
sameordifferentmaterialsco-existwiththe
dimensionsofatleastoneofthephasesless
thanamicrometre
•Maybeparticles,platesorfibres
•Nanomaterialsareasubclassofcolloids,in
whichthedimensionsofcolloidsisinthe
nanometrerange
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123. 3. BIOLOGICAL/Green METHODS
•Green synthesis
3 types:
1.Useofmicroorganismslikefungi,
yeats(eukaryotes) or bacteria,
actinomycetes(prokaryotes)
2. Use of plant extracts or enzymes
3.Use of templates like DNA, membranes,
viruses and diatoms
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124. SYNTHESIS USING MICROORGANISMS
•Microorganismsarecapableofinteractingwithmetalscomingin
contactwithhemthroughtheircellsandformnanoparticles.
•Thecell-metalinteractionsarequitecomplex
•Certainmicroorganismsarecapableofseparatingmetalions.
•PseudomonasstuzeriAg259bacteriaarecommonlyfoundinsilver
mines.
•Capableofaccumulatingsilverinsideoroutsidetheircell
•walls
•Numeroustypesofsilvernanoparticlesofdifferentshapescanbe
producedhavingsize<200nmintracellularly
•Lowconcentrationsofmetalions(Au⁺,Ag⁺etc)canbeconvertedto
metalnanoparticlesbyLactobacillusstrainpresentinbuttermilk.
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125. •Fungi –Fusariumoxysporumchallenged with gold or silver salt for
app. 3 days produces gold or silver nanoparticlesextracellularly.
•ExtremophilicactinomyceteThermomonosporasp. Produces gold
nanoparticlesextracellularly.
•Semiconductor nanoparticleslike CdS, ZnS, PbSetc., can be
produced using different microbial routes.
•Sulphatereducing bateriaof the family Desulfobacteriaceaecan
form 2-5nm ZnSnanoparticle. Klebsiellapneumoniaecan be used to
synthesize CdSnanoparticles.
•when [Cd(NO₃)₂] salt is mixed in a solution containing bacteria and
solution is shaken for about1 day at ~38ºC ,CdSnanoparticlein the
size range ~5 to 200 nm can be formed.
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126. SYNTHESIS USING PLANT EXTRACTS
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129. SYNTHESIS USING DNA
•CdSor other sulfide nanoparticlescan be synthesized using DNA.
•DNAcanbindtothesurfaceofgrowingnanoparticles.
•dsSalmon sperm DNA can be sheared to an average size of 500bp.
•Cadmium acetate is added to a desired medium like water, ethanol,
propanoletc.
•Reaction is carried out in a glass flask-facility to purge the solution
and flow with an inert gas like N₂.
•Addition of DNA should be made and then Na₂Scan be added
dropwise.
•Depending on the concentrations of cadmium acetate, sodium
chloride and DNA ,nanoparticlesof CdSwith sizes less than ~10 nm
can be obtained.
•DNA bonds through its negatively charged PO₄ group to positively
charged (Cd+) nanoparticlesurface.
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130. USEOFPROTEINS,TEMPLATESLIKEDNA,S-LAYERSETC
•Various inorganic materials such as
carbonates, phosphates, silicates etc are
found in parts of bones, teeth, shells etc.
•Biological systems are capable of integrating
with inorganic materials
•Widely used to synthesize nanoparticles
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131. FERRITIN
•Ferritinis a colloidal protein of nanosize.
•Stored iron in metabolic process and is abundant
in animals.
•Capable of forming 3 dimensional hierarchical
structure.
•24 peptide subunits –arranged in such a way that
they create a central cavity of ~6 nm.
•Diameter of polypeptide shell is 12 nm.
•Ferritincan accommodate 4500 Fe atoms.
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134. PROCEDURE TO CONVERT FERRITIN TO
APOFERRITIN
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135. Applications of Nanomaterials
and Nanoparticles
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136. Application of nanopaticles and nanomaterials
Application on many fields such as:
oMedicine/Health : Nanomedicine
oFood & agriculture
oBiotechnology
oInformation technology
oMechanical engineering & Robotics
oAdvance materials & textiles
oEnergy and Environment
oNational security & defence
oAerospace
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158. Multiplex Diagnosis
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Four quantum dots of different diameter (i.e. different color) are respectively
functionalized with four different antigens. Allowing for the distinction of two
distinct phenotypes.

159. Cancer Therapy
There is a search dual-mode nanoparticle that can detect a
tumor (imaging)and destroy it (therapy).
There is two action modes for therapeutical nanoparticles.
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Passive Targeting Active Targeting
Based on nanoparticle
functionalization for specific
targeting of cancerous cells
Based on retention effect of
particle of certain hydrodynamic
size in cancerous tissues
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160. Taking advantage of retention
Nanoparticles injected in the
blood stream do not permeate
through healthy tissues.
Blood vessels in the surrounding
of tumorous tissues are defective
and porous.
injected in the blood permeate
through blood vessels toward
tumorous tissues, wherein they
accumulate.
Tumorous tissues suffer of
Enhanced Permeability and
Retention effect.
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161. Respirocyte-A proposed nanorobot
Respirocytesare:
Artificial mechanical red blood
cells.
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
molecules.
Deliver 236 times more oxygen to
the body tissues when compared
to natural red blood cells .
Applications :
–Treatment of Anemia
–Transfusions and perfusions
–Fetal and Child Related
disorders
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•Spherical 1 micro meter diameter sized
•Constructed of 18 billion atoms

162. Lab-on-a-Chip
The Ideal Technology for Bio-chemical Analysis
•A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or
several laboratory functions on a single chip of only
millimeters to a few square centimeters in size.
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163. What can “Lab-on-a-chip” do?
Biochemical assays: real-time PCR, immunoassay,
dielectrophoresis for detecting cancer cells and bacteria, etc.
Chemical application: separating molecules from mixtures,
chemical reactors, chemical detections etc.
Biological application: cell coculture, biosensor, drug
screening, single-cell analysis, etc.
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164. Disadvantages of LOCs
Novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed.
Processes in LOCs more complex than in conventional lab
equipment.
Detection principles may not always scale down in a positive
way, leading to low signal-to-noise ratios.
Although the absolute geometric accuracies and precision in
microfabrication are high, they are often rather poor in a
relative way, compared to precision engineering for instance.
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165. Nanobiosensor (Biochip)
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166. Types of Nanosensors based on applications
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175. Nanotechnology in Agriculture
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176. Nanotech Delivery Systems for Pests, Nutrients,
& Plant Hormones
•Nanosensorsdispersed in the field can also detect the
presence of plant viruses and the level of soil
nutrients.
• Nanoencapsulated slow release fertilizers have also
become a trend to save fertilizer consumption, & to
minimize environmental pollution.
•Nanobarcodesand Nanoprocessing could also be
used to monitor the quality of agricultural products.
• Used to study the effect on PGRs especially Auxin*.
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177. Nanoparticles and Recycling Agricultural Waste
•Incottonindustrycost-effectiveconversionof
cellulosefromwasteplantpartsinto
ethanol*
••Alargeamountofhigh-qualitynanosilicais
producedfromRiceHuskwhichcanbe
furtherutilizedinmakingothermaterialssuch
asglassandconcrete.
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185. Nanotechnology in Food
Processing and Packing
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216. Nanotechnology in Environment
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229. Impacts of nanotechnology
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230. Future of Nanotechnology
•Asinbiotechnology,issuesofsafetyonhealth,biodiversity,andenvironment
alongwithappropriateregulationareraisedonnanotechnology.
• However, nanotechnology products such as antibacterial dressings, stain-
resistant fabrics, and suntan lotions are available.
•Dream of automated, centrally controlled agriculture can become reality now.
• Modern agriculture is need of hour because conventional agriculture will not
be able to feed an ever increasing population with changing climate, depleting
resources and shrinking landscape.
Experts says that nanotechnology will likely create the next generation of
billionaires and reshape global business.
Industry Analysts Predict Revenues from Products Incorporating
Nanotechnology to Reach Close to $3 Trillion US Within 10 Years
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232. Implications of Nanotechnology
Health and safety issues
Nanoparticlescan cause serious
illness or damage human body.
Untraceable destructive weapons
of mass destruction.
Social & Political issues
Creates social strife through
increasing wealth gap
Advisability of increasing scope
of the technology creates political
dilemma
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233. Nanoethics
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234. Health and Safety Issues
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•Greatdebateregardingtowhatextentnanotechnologywilleffecthuman
health
•Smallnanoparticlesmayenterthehumanbodybutthehealthimplications
areyetunknown
•Healtheffectscannotbestudiedb/callstudiesaremadeonanimalsnot
humans
•So,difficultyinrelatingreactionstohumans
•Toxicitystudiesusingmiceandratssuggestthatcertainnanomaterialscould
beverytoxic
•Safetyinhandlingofnanoparticles
•Useofimplantingnano-devicesinhumans:i.e.implantingartificialdevices
Nanotechnology'shealthimpact:
a.Nanomedicine;asmedicine
b.Nanotoxicology;exposuretonanomaterials

235. Medical Issues
•Nanoparticlescan be used as vehicles for efficient
drug delivery to heal, repair damages
• Nanomedicinecould harm the human body rather
than healing it
• Particles such as toxins that can’t be seen or easily
controlled would enter the body
• The materials used for nano-medical technologies
may be toxic
• Transhumanists–changing human nature itself
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236. Environmental Issues
•Nanopollutiongeneratedbynanodevicescould
bedangerous
•Mightenterhumans,causingunknowneffects
•Wholelifecycleneedstobeevaluatedfor
assessingthehealthhazardsofnanoparticles
•‘GreyGoo’
•Chancesofwipingouttheentirebiosphereby
selfreplicatingnanorobots
•Releaseofnanoparticleswhichmayharmthe
environment
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237. Societal Issues
•Broader societal impacts and social challenges
• Military and terrorist uses -Unfortunately, as
with nuclear technology, it is far easier to
create destructive uses for nanotechnology
than constructive ones
• Fear of decrease of gap between humans and
robots
• Patent issues
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