Nanofiltration

This is detailed presentation about Nanofiltration, types of membrane, applications, advantages and disadvantages.

1. Nanofilteration Seminar And Technical Writing (CR798) (Autumm 2021) Course Instructor- Prof. Debasish Sarkar Presented by : Monika Singh (519CR1002) Department of Ceramic Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha

2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION Introduction Principal of Nanofiltration Process What is Nanofiltration? About Membrane Filter Types of Membranes used in Nanofiltration Application of nanofiltration Advantages Disadvantages References

3. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds . Nanofiltration is one of a group of similar membrane processes (including reverse osmosis , Ultrafiltration , and microfiltration) used most often with low total dissolved solids water such as surface water and fresh groundwater, with the purpose of softening (polyvalent cation removal) and removal of disinfection by-product precursors such as natural organic matter and synthetic organic matter. Introduction

4. P rocess of Nanofilteration in easy way CONTAMINANTS NANO FILTERS PURE WATER

5. Effective Range Of Membrane Processes

6. Difference between MF, UF, NF, and RO

7. Principal of nanofiltration process . Permeate post-treatment Retentate and cleaning solution treatment Feed water pre- treatment NF Process Membrane cleaning system Raw water Discharge Distribution

8. Nanofiltration NF membranes are pressure-driven membranes with properties between those of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes and have pore sizes between 0.2 and 4 nm. Nanofiltration membranes ( NF membranes ) are used in water treatment for drinking water production or wastewater treatment . They are used for softening of groundwater (reduction in water hardness), for removal of dissolved organic matter and trace pollutants from surface water, for wastewater treatment (removal of organic and inorganic pollutants and organic carbon) and for pretreatment in seawater desalination.

9. Increasing demand of good quality water due to increasing population . Reducing the wastage and to increase reuse of water. Better reliability and durability of filter membranes. To reduce the overall cost of operation. NEED FOR Nanofiltration

10. The membrane filtration technique utilizes quite thin material having maximum size of pores and those particles holding effect which occurs almost on entire surface area. The advantage offered by membrane is of consisting well-defined and more effective pore size, whose integrity can be tested in much easier way than that of depth filters, and is capable of achieving much and much filtration of even the smallest particle. Nanofiltration is a process which uses membrane filtration –based technique. This technique utilizes nano-sized through-pores of cylindrical shape which can pass via membrane at 90 . Nanofiltration membranes consists of pores having size range between 1-10 nm. Membranes utilized in this process are mainly formed from polymer thin films. Most commonly used materials are PET (polyethylene teraphthalate) or metallic elements like aluminum. Membrane Filter

11. NANOFILTRATION UNIT

12. Types of Membranes Used In Nanofiltration Depending on its construction method, m embrane types are mainly classified into: Hollow fiber membrane Tubular membrane Capillary membrane Flat sheet membrane; and Spiral wound type membrane For Nanofiltration , spiral wound type membranes are the most commonly used style of module.

13. Available in a range of standard diameters (2.5”, 4” and 8 ”) to fit standard pressure that can hold several modules in series connected by O-rings . The module uses flat sheets wrapped around a central tube. The membranes are glued along three edges over a permeate spacer to form ‘leaves . The permeate spacer supports the membrane and conducts the permeate to the central permeate tube . Between each leaf, a mesh like feed spacer is inserted. Spiral wound type

14. The NF separation mechanism can be identified as a sum of convection and diffusion transport mechanisms, Convective transport of ions with the water flux through the membrane is caused by the pressure difference between feed and permeate sides . D iffusive transport is a consequence of the concentration gradient as achieved by the rejection of solutes Electro-migration is caused by a “streaming potential” difference across the membrane . Streaming potential is caused by the electric current generated by the convective flow of a fluid that is necessarily charged through the pores of a charged membrane. For uncharged molecules, sieving or size exclusion is primarily responsible for separation and is controlled by molecular size in solute form . The Nanofilteration separation mechanism

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16. Micro-pollutants like herbicides and insecticides, as well as low-molecular components like colorants and sugars can be very successfully blocked using a Nano-filtration membrane. NF can be implemented for removing the following parameters (removal yield indicated in brackets ): Dissolved matter can be removed up to 75%. Harmful micro-organisms can be removed like- bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi up to more than 90%. Removal of persistent organic matter up to 75%. Removal of Organic compounds is feasible up to 50-90%. Nutrients can also be removed (incl. phosphates). Removal of Metals up to 50-90%. Inorganic salts like sulphates can also be removed. Effectiveness of NF

17. Food sector. Dairy business. Edible oil processing area. Production of petroleum. Manufacturing of medicines. Pulp and Paper manufacturing. Management of water and removal of multivalent, viruses, bacteria and suspended solids. Desalination of water. Water softening. Demineralisation. Application of nanofiltration

18. Water Treatment Using Nanofilteration Surface water intake Coagulation, floatation and sand filteration Pre-Filteration Ozonation Distribution Disinfection Nanofilteration

19. Seawater Desalination using Nanofiltration Method Seawater filtered to remove suspended solids. Stage 1: Filtered seawater pumped under high pressure through nanofiltration membrane. Only smallest 12% of salt molecules pass through. Stage 2: Water from Stage 1 is pumped under lower pressure through second nanofiltration Membrane. Blocks passage of almost all remaining salts. High quality potable water produced .

20. NF possess lesser discharge volumes, minor retentate concentrations than that of Reverse Osmosis for minute value salts. It reduces the content of salt and also reduces dissolved matter content i.e., (TDS) within brackish water. This process is chemical-free so doesn’t needs salt or chemicals while operating. After nanofiltration, the pH of water remains usually non-aggressive. Advantages

21. Nanofiltration consumes higher than that of Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration (0.3 to 1 kWh/m³). Only partial removal of univalent ions and salts is possible though. NF Membranes are quite subtle to free chlorine (its average life-time is of 1000 ppmh ). Disadvantages

22. references ubramanian S, Seeran . New direction is nanofiltration applications- are nanofibres the right materials as membranes in desalination. Desalination 2012;308:198 . Pearce G. Nifty nanofiltration, new developments show promise. 26 ed. Water World Magazine; 2013 . Pabby Anil K, Rizvi Syed SH, Sastre Ana Maria. Handbook of membrane separations chemical. Pharma Food Bio Appl 2008. Williams Michael E. A review of reverse osmosis theory. Corporation and Williams Engineering Services Company, Inc.; 2003 . Wijmans JG, Baker RW, The solution-diffusion model: a review - Menlo Park; 1995. Lau Kok Keong -Doctor of Philosophy, Feed spacer of spiral wound membrane module for NF and RO: modeling, simulation and design; 2007 . Zhao Yu. Modeling of membrane solute mass transfer in NF/RO membrane systems . PhD in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando; 2004 . Zhaoa Yu, Taylor James S. Assessment of ASTM D4516 for evaluation of reverse osmosis membrane performance, USA; 2004 . Zhaoa Yu, Taylor James S. Predicting RO/NF water quality by modified solution diffusion model and artificial neural networks. 7650 West Courtney Campbell Causeway (FL 33607, USA): Shankar Chellam URS Corporation; 2005 . Ernest M, Jekel M. Advanced treatment combination for ground water recharge of municipal waste water by NF and ozonation . Water Sci Tech 1999;40:277–84. Peters T. Purification of landfill leachate with reverse osmosis and NF. Desalination 1998;119:289–93 . Treboute D, Schlumpf J, Jaouen P, Quemeneur F. Stabillized landfill leachate by combined physicochemical NF processes. Water Res 2001;35:2935–42 . Wang X-L, Shang W-J, Wang D-X, Wu L, Tu C-H. Characterization and applications of nanofiltration membranes: State of the art. Desalination 2009;236:316–26. Koschuh W, Thang VH, Krasteva S, Novalin S, Kulbe KD. Flux and retention of nanofiltration and fine ultrafiltration membranes in filtrating juice from a green biofinery : a membrane screening. J Membr Sci 2005;261:121–8 . Drioli D, Stankiewicz AI, Macedonio F. Membrane engineering in process intensification-an overview. J Membr Sci 2011;380:1–8 . Lipnizki F, Field RW, Ten P-K. Pervaporation based hybrid process: a review of process design, application and economies. J Membr Sci 1999;153:183–210.