Nanomaterials - Classification & Synthesis pptx

PPT includes the classification of nanomaterial on different basis. also includes the common methods of synthesis ofnanomaterial.

1. NANOCHEMISTRY BY Dr. HARSHALI GANESHRAO WANKHADE Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati

2. INTRODUCTION Nanomaterials are a class of materials having sizes in the range of 1 to 100 nm. The term “ nano ” comes from the Greek prefix referring to “dwarf”, or something very small (10 −9  as the multiplying factor ). Richard Feynman T he concept of nanotechnology has only been introduced in 1959 by Richard Feynman. Who proposed the idea of constructing molecular-level small machines

3. Classification of Nanomaterials Based On Structural Configuration / Composition 1. Organic nanomaterials On the nanoscale , organic compounds are converted into organic nanomaterials . examples of organic nanoparticles or polymers are liposomes , dendrimers , micelles, and ferritin .

4. 2. Inorganic nano materials Inorganic nanoparticles are nanoparticles that lack carbon atoms and are known as inorganic nanoparticles . Inorganic nanoparticles are typically classified as those composed of metal-based or metal oxide-based nanomaterials . Metal-based nanoparticles : Ex- Zn, Ag, Au, Fe, Cu etc Metal oxide nanoparticles : Ex- ZnO , TiO 2 , PbO 2 , SiO 2 etc Semiconductor nano materials : Magnetic , Non-magnetic, diluted magnetic Ceramic nanomaterials : Ceramic nanomaterials are inorganic solids made up of carbides, carbonates, oxides, carbides, carbonates, and phosphates synthesized via heat and successive cooling. Lipid-based nanomaterials : It consists of a solid core made of lipids and a matrix containing soluble lipophilic molecules .  Classification of Nanomaterials Based On Structural Configuration / Composition

5. Classification of Nanomaterials Based On Structural Configuration / Composition 3. Carbon based nano materials Carbon-based nanomaterials are composed of carbon include five main materials, namely, carbon nanotubes , Graphene , fullerenes, Carbon Nano fiber and Carbon black 4. Composites nanomaterials Composites Nanomaterials are made up of nanoparticles combined with other nanoparticles , nanoparticles combined with larger-scale materials, and nanomaterials combined with bulk-type materials.

6. Classification of Nanomaterials Based On Number of Dimensions Nanomaterials are classified into four types based on their size dimensions: 0 Dimension 1 Dimension 2 Dimension 3 Dimension Zero-dimensional nanomaterials These nanomaterials have all three dimensions (x, y, and z) within the nanoscale range or are not dimensional outside the Nano metric range (>10 nm). QDs, fullerenes, and nanoparticles .   One-dimensional nanomaterials Nanomaterials in this class have two of their three dimensions (x, y) in the nanoscale range, but one dimension of the nanostructure is outside the non-metric range (>10 nm). 1D nanomaterials , such as nanofibers , nanotubes , nanohorns , nano rods, thin films, and nanowires .

7. Classification of Nanomaterials Based On Number of Dimensions iii. Two-dimensional nanomaterials These have plate-like shapes with two dimensions outside the nanometer range, but 1D (x) is at the nanoscale (between 1 and 100 nm). Coatings and thin-film multilayers , Nano sheets or nano walls, free particles, tubes, fibers, ultrafine-grained over layers, wires, and platelets iv. Three-dimensional nanomaterials 3D nanomaterials or bulk materials are nanomaterials that are not confined to the nanoscale in any dimension or dimension range. All dimensions of a 3D material are outside the nanometer range or greater than 100 nm, but the bulk material is made up of individual blocks that are in the nanometer scale (1–100 nm), so 3D nanomaterials have three arbitrary dimensions above 100 nm. It includes nanoparticle dispersion, bundles of nanowires and nanotubes , and multi- nano layers in which the 0D, 1D, and 2D structural elements are in close contact and form interfaces.

8. Classification of Nanomaterials Based On Pour Dimension Nanomaterials are classified into three groups based on the length of their diameter dimensions Microporous Mesoporous Macroporous i . Micro porous materials Micro porous materials are materials that have very narrow pores with diameters less than 2 nm. ii. Mesoporous materials Mesoporous materials have pores with a diameter large enough to hold some large molecules larger than 2 nm but smaller than 50 nm.  iii. Macro porous materials Macro porous materials are materials with pores with enough diameters (greater than 50 nm)

9. Classification of Nanomaterials Based On Origin Natural and artificial nanoparticles are the two groups into which nanomaterials are divided based on origin . 1 . Natural N anomaterials Natural nanomaterials can be found in a variety of forms in nature, including viruses, protein molecules, minerals like clay, natural colloids like milk and blood (liquid colloids), fog (aerosol type), gelatin (gel type), mineralized natural materials like shells, corals, and bones, insect wings and opals, spider silk, lotus leaves, gecko feet, volcanic ash, and ocean spray. 2 . Artificial N anomaterials Carbon nanotubes and semiconductor nanoparticles like quantum dots (QDs) are examples of artificial nanomaterials that are made consciously using precise mechanical and manufacturing procedures. Nanomaterials are categorized as metal-based materials, dendrimers , or composites depending on their structural makeup .

10. Classification of Nanomaterials Based On Potential Toxicity Nanomaterials are classified into three groups based on their potential toxicity. Fiber-like nanoparticles : Fiber-like nanoparticles are similar to rigid, bio permanent carbon nanotubes , fiber-like metal oxides, and carbon nanotubes , but they do not have the asbestos-like properties . Workplace exposure limits for persistent bio carbon nanotubes and rigid nanomaterials range from 10 4  to 10 5 fibers/m 3 Biopersistent granular nanoparticles : The proposed exposure limits for bio persistent granular nanoparticles are 2×107 particles/m 3 , which are similar to gold, silver, cobalt, lanthanum, lead, iron, iron oxide, cerium oxide, antimony oxide, and tin oxide. CMAR  (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Asthma genic , Reproductive toxin ) nanoparticles : Nickel, cadmium-containing QDs, chromium VI, beryllium, arsenic, and zinc chromate are examples of CMAR nanoparticles . The proposed work exposure limits from this are 2×107−4×107 particles/m 3 . 

11. Nanoparticle synthesis

12. Nanoparticle synthesis

13. Nanoparticle synthesis SOL-GEL METHOD Hydrolysis Condensation Aging Drying Calcination

14. Advantages of Sol-Gel Method Simplicity of the process. Preparation of high purity products. Very high production efficiency. Production of optical components with complex shapes. Synthesis of uniform compounds in the form of composite oxides. Ability of designing and controlling chemical composition and obtaining a homogeneous composition. Ability of using the product with special shapes such as fibers and aerogels . Surface coverage. Ability of using this process to synthesize amorphous materials in thin layers. Production of materials with modified physical properties, such as low thermal expansion coefficient, low UV absorption, and high optical transparency. Production of porous and rich materials with organic and polymeric compounds. High chemical reactivity of precursors due to process in solution phase. Precise control of material structure with the possibility of adjusting the variables of the early stages of tuberculosis and network formation. Low initial investment while having high quality products.

15. CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CVD) Nanoparticle synthesis CVD is referred to as chemical vapors precipitation (CVP),chemical vapors condensation (CVC), chemical vapors synthesis (CVS), and chemical vapor's reaction (CVR). It is defined as the deposition of a solid material on a heated surface by a chemical reaction in the vapor phase . It is a process used to produce high-purity  nanomaterials of various types. Typical CVD consists of two steps- Transportation of gas-phase materials into the chamber and gas-phase reaction. The formation/deposition of the final nanomaterial on the substrate.

16. CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CVD) Nanoparticle synthesis When a mixture of gas reactants are delivered into a reaction chamber, the chemical reactions among the gas molecules are induced by an input of energy such as resistant heating, laser, and plasma .

17. Advantages of Chemical Vapour Deposition Method CVD films are quietly conformal i.e. the ability of film to uniformly coat on topographically complex substrate. Any element or compound can be deposited – Versatile High purity can be obtained High density – nearly 100% of theoretical value Material formation well below the melting point. Economical in production, since many parts can be coated at the same time. CVD films are harder than similar materials produced using conventional ceramic fabrication process.

18. MICROEMULSION Nanoparticle synthesis It is a versatile technique for synthesizing nanoparticles with a variety of properties, including size, shape, and surface area. Steps involved in the microemulsion method for nanoparticle synthesis: Mixing:  Two microemulsions containing separate reactants are mixed together in specific ratios. Collisions:  The Brownian motion of the micelles causes them to collide, mixing the micellar components. Chemical reaction:  When the reactants come into contact, a chemical reaction occurs. Nucleation:  When a critical number of molecules are reached within the micellar units, nucleation begins. Growth and coagulation:  The primary particles grow and coagulate, forming nanoparticles . 

19. TEMPLATE Nanoparticle synthesis The template method is a technique for synthesizing nanoparticles that uses a template substance to control the size, structure, and morphology of the particles. The template method is a straightforward way to create micro and nanostructures with desired shapes and sizes . It is simple, highly reproducible, and predictable. It can produce nanostructures with unique structures, morphologies, and properties.  Templates Templates can be rigid or soft, and can include porous bulk media, self-assembled macromolecules, or biological species. Some common templates include anodic alumina oxide (AAO) and polycarbonate track-etched (PCTE) membranes.  Process The template method involves inducing the target materials to grow according to the patterns of the template. For example, in the case of silver nanorods , an aluminum template is prepared by anodizing, then silver is electrochemically deposited into the pores. 

20. HYDROTHERMAL Nanoparticle synthesis  It is basically a solution reaction-based approach.

21. Many types of nanomaterials have been successfully synthesized by the use of this approach. Formation of nanomaterials can happen in a wide temperature range from room temperature to very high temperatures . It can generate nanomaterials which are not stable at elevated temperatures . low-pressure or high-pressure conditions can be used for synthesis of nanomaterial . Nanomaterials with high vapor pressures can be produced by the hydrothermal method with minimum loss of materials The compositions of nanomaterials to be synthesized can be well controlled in hydrothermal synthesis through liquid phase or multiphase chemical reactions. Advantages of Chemical Hydrothermal Method

22. Structural characterization X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Atomic Microscopy (AFM).

23. Structural characterization X-ray Diffraction (XRD ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a nondestructive technique that can be used to characterize and determine the properties of nanoparticles :  Structure:  XRD can determine the structure, phases, and crystal orientations of nanoparticles .  Crystallinity :  XRD can determine if nanoparticles are crystalline or amorphous.  Size:  XRD can estimate the size of nanoparticles .   Debye  Scherrer equation is used to find out the crystallite size -  D =  kλ /β  cosθ , Where,   β  = full-width half maximum,  k  = Scherrer constant,  D  =crystallite size,   λ  = wavelength of X-ray. 4. Lattice strain:  XRD can estimate the lattice strain of nanoparticles .  5. Chemical composition:  XRD can determine the chemical composition of nanoparticles . 

24. ZnO PbO2 PANI

25. Structural characterization Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique that uses an electron beam to image nanoparticles , providing a high-resolution view of their structure, size, and composition:  We can learn from TEM analysis of nanoparticles :  Size:  TEM can directly measure the size of nanoparticles , including their grain size and size distribution.  Shape:  TEM can reveal the shape of nanoparticles .  Composition:  TEM can identify the elemental composition of nanoparticles .  Material properties:  TEM can provide information about the material properties of nanoparticles .  Biodistribution :  TEM can provide information about how nanoparticles enter cells and their biodistribution . 

26. Structural characterization Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM ). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a technique used to analyze nanoparticles by providing quantitative and qualitative information about their size, surface texture, and morphology. AFM can be used to image nanostructures with dimensions between 1nm and 100nm, such as nanopillars , nanowires , and nanospheres .  Here are some advantages of using AFM to analyze nanoparticles :  Three-dimensional images: AFM can provide three-dimensional images of nanoparticles , which can be used to evaluate their height and volume.  Non-destructive and non-contact: AFM is non-destructive and non-contact, so it has minimal effect on the structure-property relationship of nanoparticles .  Can image nonconductive nanomaterials : AFM can image nonconductive nanomaterials without any specific treatment.  Can be performed in gas or liquid medium: AFM can be performed in either a gas or liquid medium. 

27. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of prepared charged cellulose nanofibers Atomic force microscopy (AFM) micrographs of an amorphous (a) and a polycrystalline (b)  CuZr  thin film measured in air. 

28. Thank you