Nanoparticles and their medical applications

MUDASIR MALIK
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD PAKISTAN

1. Topic: Nanoparticles and their medical applications Mudasir malik University of agriculture faisalabad

2. Contents: INTRODUCTION PROPERTIES OF NANO PARTICLES SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES APPLIACTIONS OF NANOMATERIALS NANOPARTICLES IN HEALTH AN MEDICINE DRUG DELIVERY CANCER TREATMENT APPLICATIONS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY SURGERY VISUALISATION ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE CONCLUSION 

3. Nano technology an introduction: Nanoscience : is the study of phenomenon of controlling materials at Nano scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale. What is Nano chemistry?: Nano chemistry  is related with the production and the reactions of nanoparticles, nanostructures and their compounds . The cumulative work is called nanotechnology.

4. Conti… Nano-particles : are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit with respect to its transport and properties. Nano technology is already making today’s products: Lighter Stronger Faster Smaller More Durable

5. Classification of Nano Materials:

6. PROPERTIES OF NANO PARTICLES: Bulk materials have constant physical properties regardless of its size, among nanoparticles the size often dictates the physical and chemical properties. Thus, the properties of materials change as their size approaches the nanoscale. More surface area Colour Conductivity Tensile strength Optical properties

7. Synthesis of Nano-particles: There are several methods for creating nanoparticles, including  Attrition Pyrolysis H ydrothermal synthesis Radiolysis

8. Medical Applications Of Nanoparticles:

9. Pharmaceutical Nano systems: Carbon Nano tubes: These are small macromolecules that are unique for their size, shape, and have unique physical properties. Nano tubes have some special advantages over other drug delivery and diagnostic systems due to their unique physical properties.   Metallic Nano particles: Metallic Nano particles have used in drug delivery, especially in treatment of cancer and also in biosensors. Amongst various metals, silver and gold Nano particles are of prime importance for biomedical use. 

10. Liposomes: Liposome : These have been extensively explored and most developed Nano carriers for novel and targeted drug delivery due to their small size, these are 50-200 nm in size. When dry phospholipids are hydrated, closed vesicles are formed. Liposomes are biocompatible, versatile and have good entrapment efficiency. It finds application as long circulatory and in passive and active delivery of gene, protein and peptide.

11. Dendrimers: Dendrimers are a type of nanostructure that can be precisely designed and manufactured for a wide variety of applications, including treatment of cancer and other diseases. Dendrimers carrying different materials on their branches can do several things at one time, such as drug delivery recognizing diseased cells, diagnosing disease states (including cell death)

12. Drug delivery: Drug delivery  refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect. Nano technology based drug delivery is based upon three facts: efficient encapsulation of the drugs, successful delivery of said drugs to the targeted region of the body, successful release of that drug there. Examples of drug delivery systems are Au Nano particles, liposomes, dendrimers, Nano tubes etc.

13. Operative Dentistry: Nano fillers constitute spherical silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles with an average size of 5-40 nm. The real innovation about Nano fillers is the possibility of improving the load of inorganic phase . The nanofiller used is aluminosilicate powder with1:4 M ratio of alumina to silica and a refractive index of 1.508. These Nano composites have superior hardness and also have excellent handling properties It is expected that in near future, it would be possible to use a filler material which would closely mimic the optical and mechanical characteristics of the natural hard tissues (enamel and dentin).

14. Application In Ophthalmology: Some applications of nanotechnology to ophthalmology are include treatment of oxidative stress; measurement of intraocular pressure; use of Nano particles for treatment of choroidal new vessels, to prevent scars after glaucoma surgery, and for treatment of retinal degenerative disease using gene therapy. A novel Nano scale dispersed eye ointment (NDEO) for the treatment of severe evaporative dry eye has been successfully developed. The excipients used as semisolid lipids were petrolatum and lanolin , as used in conventional eye ointment, which were coupled with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT ) as a liquid lipid; both phases were then dispersed in polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution to form Nano dispersion.

15. Cancer: Cancer is an uncontrolled division/proliferation of cells. The 10 to 100 nm small size of nanoparticles, allows them to preferentially accumulate at tumor sites.

16. Nano wires are used to prepare sensor test chips, which can detect proteins and other biomarkers left behind by cancer cells. Nano shells of 120 nm diameter, coated with gold were used to kill cancer tumors in mice. Cadmium selenide Nano particles in the form of quantum dots are used in detection of cancer tumors because when exposed to ultraviolet light, they glow.

17. Nano particles are used in cancer photodynamic therapy, wherein the Au particle is inserted within the tumor in the body and is illuminated with light from the outside. The particle absorbs light and if it is of metal, it will get heated due to energy from the light. High energy oxygen molecules are produced due to light which chemically react with and destroy tumors cell, without reacting with other body cells. Photodynamic therapy has gained importance as a noninvasive technique for dealing with tumors. This technique also allows healthy tissue to be spared, because the gold Nano spheres can be created to select only cancer cells or other abnormal cells. This specific selection allows for healthy tissue to be spared.

18. Antibiotic Resistance: Zinc Oxide Nano particles can decrease the antibiotic resistance and enhance the antibacterial activity of Ciprofloxacin against microorganism, by interfering with various proteins that are interacting in the antibiotic resistance. Immune response: the Nano device Bucky balls have been used to alter the allergy/ immune response. They prevent mast cells from releasing histamine into the blood and tissues, as these binds to free radicals better than any anti-oxidant available, such as vitamin E.

19. Surgery: Nano particles can be used as flesh welders. In this technique, green liquid containing gold coated Nano shells is allowed to dribble along the seam and two sides are weld together using laser. This method can be used for arteries which have been cut during organ transplant. Moreover, Nano robots are also used in the surgical procedures.

20. Visualization: Drug distribution and its metabolism can be determined by tracking movement. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, known as MRI, is a widely-used technique to noninvasively see into the human body. It requires contrasting agents to assist the technique. Uniform and extremely small-sized iron oxide nanoparticles are successful as contrast agents for MRI.

21. Conti... In addition to creating a clearer image because of the nanoparticle’s size, another reason that they are used as a contrast agent is because these particles also have a long half-life. Iron oxide nanoparticles have been found to have a greater half-life than traditional gadolinium based contrast agents. The longer half-life allows for MRI to be used to track blood pooling in a patient.

22. Conclusion: Nano materials have increased surface area. Nanotechnology is a rapid expanding area of research where novel properties of materials manufactured on the nanoscale can be utilized for the benefit of construction infrastructure. A core piece of this technology is the production of nanomaterials for electronic, chemical, medical, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications. Many of these NPs do not appear to pose much risk either to the physical environment or to human health.