Nanotechnology.pdf
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Sep 02, 2022
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About This Presentation
nanotechnology in medicine and dentistry
Slide Content
Dr .Nikhat Fatima.
Dept of Periodontics
Dept of Periodontics
Overview
•Definition and history of nanotechnology.
•Generations of nanotechnology.
•Bottom -up approaches. Top -down
approaches.
•Nanomaterials.
•Nanotechnology applications
•Nanomedicine.
•Nanotechnology Challenges, Risks and
Ethics.
•Applications of nanotechnology in
dentistry.
•Nanotechnology and its role in the
management of periodontal diseases.
•Conclusion.
•Definition and history of nanotechnology.
•Generations of nanotechnology.
•Bottom -up approaches. Top -down
approaches.
•Nanomaterials.
•Nanotechnology applications
•Nanomedicine.
•Nanotechnology Challenges, Risks and
Ethics.
•Applications of nanotechnology in
dentistry.
•Nanotechnology and its role in the
management of periodontal diseases.
•Conclusion.
•The word Nanotechnology is
believed to take its existence
from the Greek word ‘Nano’.
•Nano (meaning dwarf) in the
Greek is considered as ‘One
billionth part’.
believed to take its existence
from the Greek word ‘Nano’.
•Nano (meaning dwarf) in the
Greek is considered as ‘One
billionth part’.
What is Nanotechnology
•A basic definition: Nanotechnology is
the engineering of functional systems
at the molecular scale.
•Nanotechnology can be best
understood as a broad collection of
technologies - from diverse fields such
as physics, materials science,
engineering, chemistry, biochemistry,
medicine, and optics - each of which
may have different characteristics and
applications.
•A basic definition: Nanotechnology is
the engineering of functional systems
at the molecular scale.
•Nanotechnology can be best
understood as a broad collection of
technologies - from diverse fields such
as physics, materials science,
engineering, chemistry, biochemistry,
medicine, and optics - each of which
may have different characteristics and
applications.
•In order to understand the unusual world
of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea
of the units of measure involved.
•A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter,
•A millimeter is one-thousandth of a
meter, and
•A micrometer is one-millionth of a meter,
but all of these are still huge compared to
the nanoscale.
•A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a
meter.
of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea
of the units of measure involved.
•A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter,
•A millimeter is one-thousandth of a
meter, and
•A micrometer is one-millionth of a meter,
but all of these are still huge compared to
the nanoscale.
•A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a
meter.
•Nanotechnology dealing with
anything measuring between 1
and 100 nm.
•Larger than that is the
microscale, and smaller than
that is the atomic scale.
anything measuring between 1
and 100 nm.
•Larger than that is the
microscale, and smaller than
that is the atomic scale.
•As small as a nanometer is, it's
still large compared to the
atomic scale.
•An atom has a diameter of
about 0.1 nm. An atom's
nucleus is much smaller --
about 0.00001 nm.
still large compared to the
atomic scale.
•An atom has a diameter of
about 0.1 nm. An atom's
nucleus is much smaller --
about 0.00001 nm.
History of Nanotechnology
•FEYNMAN 1959 - “There’s Plenty
of Room at the Bottom” (Nobel
Prize 1965)
•TANIGUCHI 1974 - On the basic
concept of “nanotechnology”
•BINNIG & ROHRER -1981 - STM
(Nobel Prize 1986)
•CURL, KROTO & SMALLEY - 1985
- Buckyballs (Nobel Prize 1996)
•DREXLER -1986 - “Engines of
Creation” (Guru)
•FEYNMAN 1959 - “There’s Plenty
of Room at the Bottom” (Nobel
Prize 1965)
•TANIGUCHI 1974 - On the basic
concept of “nanotechnology”
•BINNIG & ROHRER -1981 - STM
(Nobel Prize 1986)
•CURL, KROTO & SMALLEY - 1985
- Buckyballs (Nobel Prize 1996)
•DREXLER -1986 - “Engines of
Creation” (Guru)
Vision of Nanotechnology
•In 1959, the late Nobel
Prize–winning physicist
Richard P. Feynman
presented a talk entitled
“There’s Plenty of Room at
the Bottom” at the annual
meeting of the American
Physical Society.
•Feynman proposed using
machine tools to make
smaller machine tools,
which, in turn, would be
used to make still smaller
machine tools, and so on
all the way down to the
molecular level.
•In 1959, the late Nobel
Prize–winning physicist
Richard P. Feynman
presented a talk entitled
“There’s Plenty of Room at
the Bottom” at the annual
meeting of the American
Physical Society.
•Feynman proposed using
machine tools to make
smaller machine tools,
which, in turn, would be
used to make still smaller
machine tools, and so on
all the way down to the
molecular level.
•He suggested that
such nanomachines,
nanorobots and
nanodevices ultimately
could be used to
develop a wide range
of atomically precise
microscopic
instrumentation and
manufacturing tools.
such nanomachines,
nanorobots and
nanodevices ultimately
could be used to
develop a wide range
of atomically precise
microscopic
instrumentation and
manufacturing tools.
•Feynman argued that these
tools could be applied to
produce vast quantities of
ultrasmall computers and
various microscale and
nanoscale robots.
•He concluded that this is
“a development which I
think cannot be avoided.”
The vision of
nanotechnology was born.
tools could be applied to
produce vast quantities of
ultrasmall computers and
various microscale and
nanoscale robots.
•He concluded that this is
“a development which I
think cannot be avoided.”
The vision of
nanotechnology was born.
•The term "nanotechnology" was
defined by Tokyo Science University
Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974
paper as follows: ‘Nano-technology'
mainly consists of the processing of,
separation, consolidation, and
deformation of materials by one atom
or by one “molecule."
•In the 1980s the basic idea of this
definition was explored in much more
depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler.
defined by Tokyo Science University
Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974
paper as follows: ‘Nano-technology'
mainly consists of the processing of,
separation, consolidation, and
deformation of materials by one atom
or by one “molecule."
•In the 1980s the basic idea of this
definition was explored in much more
depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler.
•Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who
promoted the technological
significance of nano-scale
phenomena and devices through
speeches and the books,
Engines of Creation: The Coming
Era of Nanotechnology (1986)
and
Nanosystems: Molecular
Machinery,
Manufacturing, and Computation,
and so the term acquired its
current sense.
promoted the technological
significance of nano-scale
phenomena and devices through
speeches and the books,
Engines of Creation: The Coming
Era of Nanotechnology (1986)
and
Nanosystems: Molecular
Machinery,
Manufacturing, and Computation,
and so the term acquired its
current sense.
•Engines of Creation: The
Coming Era of
Nanotechnology is
considered the first book
on the topic of
nanotechnology.
Coming Era of
Nanotechnology is
considered the first book
on the topic of
nanotechnology.
•Nanotechnology and
nanoscience got
started in the early
1980s with two major
developments;
•The birth of cluster
science and
•The invention of the
scanning tunneling
microscope (STM).
STM
nanoscience got
started in the early
1980s with two major
developments;
•The birth of cluster
science and
•The invention of the
scanning tunneling
microscope (STM).
STM
•There are other types of
scanning probe
microscopy, all flowing
from the ideas of the
scanning confocal
microscope developed by
Marvin Minsky in 1961.
•And the scanning
acoustic microscope
(SAM) developed by
Calvin Quate and
coworkers in the 1970s,
that made it possible to
see structures at the
nanoscale.
SAM
scanning probe
microscopy, all flowing
from the ideas of the
scanning confocal
microscope developed by
Marvin Minsky in 1961.
•And the scanning
acoustic microscope
(SAM) developed by
Calvin Quate and
coworkers in the 1970s,
that made it possible to
see structures at the
nanoscale.
SAM
•Various techniques
of nanolithography
such as
1) dip pen
nanolithography,
2) electron beam
lithography or
3) nanoimprint
lithography were
also developed.
Dip pen nanolithography
Electron beam lithography
Nanoimprint lithography
of nanolithography
such as
1) dip pen
nanolithography,
2) electron beam
lithography or
3) nanoimprint
lithography were
also developed.
Dip pen nanolithography
Electron beam lithography
Nanoimprint lithography
Larger to smaller: a materials
perspective
•Materials reduced to the nanoscale
can show different properties
compared to what they exhibit on a
macroscale, enabling unique
applications.
perspective
•Materials reduced to the nanoscale
can show different properties
compared to what they exhibit on a
macroscale, enabling unique
applications.
•Opaque substances become
transparent (copper); stable materials
turn combustible (aluminum); solids
turn into liquids at room temperature
(gold); insulators become conductors
(silicon).
•A material such as gold, which is
chemically inert at normal scales, can
serve as a potent chemical catalyst at
nanoscales.
transparent (copper); stable materials
turn combustible (aluminum); solids
turn into liquids at room temperature
(gold); insulators become conductors
(silicon).
•A material such as gold, which is
chemically inert at normal scales, can
serve as a potent chemical catalyst at
nanoscales.
Molecular nanotechnology: a long-
term view
•Molecular nanotechnology,
sometimes called molecular
manufacturing, is a term
given to the concept of
engineered nanosystems
(nanoscale machines)
operating on the molecular
scale.
•It is especially associated
with the concept of a
molecular assembler, a
machine that can produce a
desired structure or device
atom-by-atom using the
principles of
mechanosynthesis.
term view
•Molecular nanotechnology,
sometimes called molecular
manufacturing, is a term
given to the concept of
engineered nanosystems
(nanoscale machines)
operating on the molecular
scale.
•It is especially associated
with the concept of a
molecular assembler, a
machine that can produce a
desired structure or device
atom-by-atom using the
principles of
mechanosynthesis.
•Manufacturing in the context of
productive nanosystems is not
related to, and should be clearly
distinguished from, the
conventional technologies used to
manufacture nanomaterials such
as carbon nanotubes and
nanoparticles.
productive nanosystems is not
related to, and should be clearly
distinguished from, the
conventional technologies used to
manufacture nanomaterials such
as carbon nanotubes and
nanoparticles.
•It is hoped that
developments in
nanotechnology will
make possible their
construction by some
other means, perhaps
using biomimetic
principles.
developments in
nanotechnology will
make possible their
construction by some
other means, perhaps
using biomimetic
principles.
•However, Drexler and other researchers
have proposed that advanced
nanotechnology, although perhaps initially
implemented by biomimetic means,
ultimately could be based on mechanical
engineering principles, namely, a
manufacturing technology based on the
mechanical functionality of these
components (such as gears, bearings,
motors, and structural members) that would
enable programmable, positional assembly
to atomic specification (PNAS-1981).
have proposed that advanced
nanotechnology, although perhaps initially
implemented by biomimetic means,
ultimately could be based on mechanical
engineering principles, namely, a
manufacturing technology based on the
mechanical functionality of these
components (such as gears, bearings,
motors, and structural members) that would
enable programmable, positional assembly
to atomic specification (PNAS-1981).
•In general it is very difficult to
assemble devices on the atomic
scale, as all one has to position
atoms are other atoms of comparable
size and stickiness.
•Another view, put forth by Carlo
Montemagno, is that future
nanosystems will be hybrids of
silicon technology and biological
molecular machines.
assemble devices on the atomic
scale, as all one has to position
atoms are other atoms of comparable
size and stickiness.
•Another view, put forth by Carlo
Montemagno, is that future
nanosystems will be hybrids of
silicon technology and biological
molecular machines.
•Yet another view, put forward by the
Richard Smalley, is that
mechanosynthesis is impossible due
to the difficulties in mechanically
manipulating individual molecules.
Richard Smalley, is that
mechanosynthesis is impossible due
to the difficulties in mechanically
manipulating individual molecules.
•Two main approaches are used in
nanotechnology.
•In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and
devices are built from molecular
components which assemble themselves
chemically by principles of molecular
recognition.
•In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects
are constructed from larger entities without
atomic-level control.
nanotechnology.
•In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and
devices are built from molecular
components which assemble themselves
chemically by principles of molecular
recognition.
•In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects
are constructed from larger entities without
atomic-level control.
Bottom-up approaches
•These seek to arrange smaller
components into more complex
assemblies.
•DNA nanotechnology utilizes the
specificity of Watson-Crick
basepairing to construct well-
defined structures out of DNA and
other nucleic acids.
•Approaches from the field of
"classical" chemical synthesis also
aim at designing molecules with
well-defined shape (e.g. bis-
peptides.
•These seek to arrange smaller
components into more complex
assemblies.
•DNA nanotechnology utilizes the
specificity of Watson-Crick
basepairing to construct well-
defined structures out of DNA and
other nucleic acids.
•Approaches from the field of
"classical" chemical synthesis also
aim at designing molecules with
well-defined shape (e.g. bis-
peptides.
•More generally, molecular self-
assembly seeks to use concepts
of supramolecular chemistry,
and molecular recognition in
particular, to cause single-
molecule components to
automatically arrange
themselves into some useful
conformation.
assembly seeks to use concepts
of supramolecular chemistry,
and molecular recognition in
particular, to cause single-
molecule components to
automatically arrange
themselves into some useful
conformation.
Top –down approaches
•These seek to create smaller
devices by using larger ones to
direct their assembly.
•Many technologies descended
from conventional solid-state
silicon methods for fabricating
microprocessors are now
capable of creating features
smaller than 100 nm, falling
under the definition of
nanotechnology.
•These seek to create smaller
devices by using larger ones to
direct their assembly.
•Many technologies descended
from conventional solid-state
silicon methods for fabricating
microprocessors are now
capable of creating features
smaller than 100 nm, falling
under the definition of
nanotechnology.
•Giant magnetoresistance-
based hard drives already
on the market fit this
description, as do atomic
layer deposition (ALD)
techniques.
•Peter Grünberg and Albert
Fert received the Nobel
Prize in Physics for their
discovery of Giant
magnetoresistance and
contributions to the field of
spintronics in 2007.
based hard drives already
on the market fit this
description, as do atomic
layer deposition (ALD)
techniques.
•Peter Grünberg and Albert
Fert received the Nobel
Prize in Physics for their
discovery of Giant
magnetoresistance and
contributions to the field of
spintronics in 2007.
•Solid-state techniques can also be used
to create devices known as
nanoelectromechanical systems or
NEMS, which are related to
microelectromechanical systems or
MEMS.
•Atomic force microscope tips can be
used as a nanoscale "write head" to
deposit a chemical upon a surface in a
desired pattern in a process called dip
pen nanolithography. This fits into the
larger subfield of nanolithography.
to create devices known as
nanoelectromechanical systems or
NEMS, which are related to
microelectromechanical systems or
MEMS.
•Atomic force microscope tips can be
used as a nanoscale "write head" to
deposit a chemical upon a surface in a
desired pattern in a process called dip
pen nanolithography. This fits into the
larger subfield of nanolithography.
•Focused ion beams can directly
remove material, or even
deposit material when suitable
pre-cursor gasses are applied at
the same time.
•This technique is used
routinely to create sub-100 nm
sections of material for analysis
in Transmission electron
microscopy.
remove material, or even
deposit material when suitable
pre-cursor gasses are applied at
the same time.
•This technique is used
routinely to create sub-100 nm
sections of material for analysis
in Transmission electron
microscopy.
Nanomaterials
•This includes subfields which
develop or study materials having
unique properties arising from
their nanoscale dimensions.
•Interface and Colloid Science has
given rise to many materials which
may be useful in nanotechnology,
such as carbon nanotubes and
other fullerenes, and various
nanoparticles and nanorods.
•This includes subfields which
develop or study materials having
unique properties arising from
their nanoscale dimensions.
•Interface and Colloid Science has
given rise to many materials which
may be useful in nanotechnology,
such as carbon nanotubes and
other fullerenes, and various
nanoparticles and nanorods.
•Nanoscale materials can also be
used for bulk applications; most
present commercial applications of
nanotechnology are of this flavor.
•Progress has been made in using
these materials for medical
applications.
•Nanoscale materials are sometimes
used in solar cells which combats
the cost of traditional Silicon solar
cells.
used for bulk applications; most
present commercial applications of
nanotechnology are of this flavor.
•Progress has been made in using
these materials for medical
applications.
•Nanoscale materials are sometimes
used in solar cells which combats
the cost of traditional Silicon solar
cells.
Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is the
simplest of the carbon structures known as fullerenes.
Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of
research falling under the nanotechnology umbrella.
simplest of the carbon structures known as fullerenes.
Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of
research falling under the nanotechnology umbrella.
Four Generations
•Mikhail (Mike) Roco of the U.S. National
Nanotechnology Initiative has described four
generations of nanotechnology development.
•The current era, as Roco depicts it, is that of
passive nanostructures, materials designed
to perform one task
•The second phase, which we are just
entering, introduces active nanostructures for
multitasking; for example, actuators, drug
delivery devices, and sensors.
•Mikhail (Mike) Roco of the U.S. National
Nanotechnology Initiative has described four
generations of nanotechnology development.
•The current era, as Roco depicts it, is that of
passive nanostructures, materials designed
to perform one task
•The second phase, which we are just
entering, introduces active nanostructures for
multitasking; for example, actuators, drug
delivery devices, and sensors.
•The third generation is expected to
begin emerging around 2010 and
will feature nanosystems with
thousands of interacting
components.
•A few years after that, the first
integrated nanosystems, functioning
(according to Roco) much like a
mammalian cell with hierarchical
systems within systems, are
expected to be developed.
begin emerging around 2010 and
will feature nanosystems with
thousands of interacting
components.
•A few years after that, the first
integrated nanosystems, functioning
(according to Roco) much like a
mammalian cell with hierarchical
systems within systems, are
expected to be developed.
Nanotechnology applications
Medicine
1) Diagnostics
2) Drug delivery
3) Tissue engineering
Chemistry and environment
1) Catalysis
2) Filtration
Medicine
1) Diagnostics
2) Drug delivery
3) Tissue engineering
Chemistry and environment
1) Catalysis
2) Filtration
Energy
1) Reduction of energy consumption
2) Increasing the efficiency of energy
production
3) The use of more environmentally
friendly energy systems
4) Recycling of batteries
Information and communication
1) Memory Storage
2)Novel semiconductor devices
3) Novel optoelectronic devices
4) Displays
5) Quantum computers
1) Reduction of energy consumption
2) Increasing the efficiency of energy
production
3) The use of more environmentally
friendly energy systems
4) Recycling of batteries
Information and communication
1) Memory Storage
2)Novel semiconductor devices
3) Novel optoelectronic devices
4) Displays
5) Quantum computers
Heavy Industry
1 Aerospace
2 Construction
3 Refineries
4 Vehicle manufacturers
Consumer goods
1 Foods
2 Household
3 Optics
4 Textiles
5 Cosmetics
1 Aerospace
2 Construction
3 Refineries
4 Vehicle manufacturers
Consumer goods
1 Foods
2 Household
3 Optics
4 Textiles
5 Cosmetics
NANOPARTICLES
N
A
N
O
M
I
C
R
O
Transparent sunscreen TiO2, ZnO
NANOCOATINGS
NANOCOMPOSITES
Cosmetics
Current Successes in Nanotechnology
N
A
N
O
M
I
C
R
O
Transparent sunscreen TiO2, ZnO
NANOCOATINGS
NANOCOMPOSITES
Cosmetics
Current Successes in Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology tool box
•Nanopores
•Nanotubes
•Nanoparticles
•Nanocrystals
•Nanofibers
•Nanoarrays
•Nanoelectronics
•Nanoprobes
•Nanocantilevers
•Nanoshells
•Nanoribbons
•Nanocoatings
•Nanocomposites
•Buckyballs
•Nanopores
•Nanotubes
•Nanoparticles
•Nanocrystals
•Nanofibers
•Nanoarrays
•Nanoelectronics
•Nanoprobes
•Nanocantilevers
•Nanoshells
•Nanoribbons
•Nanocoatings
•Nanocomposites
•Buckyballs
Nanomedicine
“Any sufficiently advanced technology
is indistinguishable from magic.”
Arthur C. Clarke (English Writer of science
fiction, b.1917)
• Nanomedicine is the application of
nanotechnology to medicine. Present-day
nanomedicine exploits carefully structured
nanoparticles such as dendrimers, carbon
fullerenes (buckyballs) and nanoshells to
target specific tissues and organs.
• These nanoparticles may serve as
diagnostic and therapeutic antiviral,
antitumor or anticancer agents.
“Any sufficiently advanced technology
is indistinguishable from magic.”
Arthur C. Clarke (English Writer of science
fiction, b.1917)
• Nanomedicine is the application of
nanotechnology to medicine. Present-day
nanomedicine exploits carefully structured
nanoparticles such as dendrimers, carbon
fullerenes (buckyballs) and nanoshells to
target specific tissues and organs.
• These nanoparticles may serve as
diagnostic and therapeutic antiviral,
antitumor or anticancer agents.
Medical microrobotics
•There are ongoing
attempts to build
microrobots for in vivo
medical use.
•In 2002, Ishiyama et al.
at Tohoku University
developed tiny
magnetically driven
spinning screws
intended to swim along
veins and carry drugs
to infected tissues or
even to burrow into
tumors and kill them
with heat.
•There are ongoing
attempts to build
microrobots for in vivo
medical use.
•In 2002, Ishiyama et al.
at Tohoku University
developed tiny
magnetically driven
spinning screws
intended to swim along
veins and carry drugs
to infected tissues or
even to burrow into
tumors and kill them
with heat.
A molecular planetary gear is a mechanical
component that might be found inside a medical nanorobot.
The gear converts shaft power from one angular frequency
to another. The casing is a strained silicon shell
with predominantly sulfur termination, with each of
the nine planet gears attached to the planet carrier by
a carbonecarbon single bond. The planetary gear shown
here has not been built experimentally but has been
modeled computationally. Copyright 1995 Institute for
Molecular Manufacturing (IMM).
component that might be found inside a medical nanorobot.
The gear converts shaft power from one angular frequency
to another. The casing is a strained silicon shell
with predominantly sulfur termination, with each of
the nine planet gears attached to the planet carrier by
a carbonecarbon single bond. The planetary gear shown
here has not been built experimentally but has been
modeled computationally. Copyright 1995 Institute for
Molecular Manufacturing (IMM).
Respirocytes and microbivores
•The first theoretical design study of a
complete medical nanorobot ever published
in a peer-reviewed journal (in 1998)
described a hypothetical artificial
mechanical red blood cell or ‘‘respirocyte’’
made of 18 billion precisely arranged
structural atoms.
•The respirocyte is a blood borne spherical
1- mm diamondoid 1000-atmosphere
pressure vessel with reversible molecule-
selective surface pumps powered by
endogenous serum glucose.
•The first theoretical design study of a
complete medical nanorobot ever published
in a peer-reviewed journal (in 1998)
described a hypothetical artificial
mechanical red blood cell or ‘‘respirocyte’’
made of 18 billion precisely arranged
structural atoms.
•The respirocyte is a blood borne spherical
1- mm diamondoid 1000-atmosphere
pressure vessel with reversible molecule-
selective surface pumps powered by
endogenous serum glucose.
•This nanorobot would
deliver 236 times more
oxygen to body tissues
per unit volume than
natural red cells and
would manage carbonic
acidity, controlled by gas
concentration sensors
and an onboard
nanocomputer.
•A 5-cc therapeutic dose
of 50% respirocyte saline
suspension containing 5
trillion nano robots could
exactly replace the gas
carrying capacity of the
patient’s entire 5.4 l of
blood.
deliver 236 times more
oxygen to body tissues
per unit volume than
natural red cells and
would manage carbonic
acidity, controlled by gas
concentration sensors
and an onboard
nanocomputer.
•A 5-cc therapeutic dose
of 50% respirocyte saline
suspension containing 5
trillion nano robots could
exactly replace the gas
carrying capacity of the
patient’s entire 5.4 l of
blood.
•Nanorobotic artificial
phagocytes called
‘‘microbivores” could
patrol the bloodstream,
seeking out and
digesting unwanted
pathogens including
bacteria, viruses, or
fungi.
•Microbivores would
achieve complete
clearance of even the
most severe septicemic
infections in hours or
less.
phagocytes called
‘‘microbivores” could
patrol the bloodstream,
seeking out and
digesting unwanted
pathogens including
bacteria, viruses, or
fungi.
•Microbivores would
achieve complete
clearance of even the
most severe septicemic
infections in hours or
less.
•This is far better than the weeks or
months needed for antibiotic-
assisted natural phagocytic
defenses.
•The nanorobots do not increase the
risk of sepsis or septic shock
because the pathogens are
completely digested into harmless
sugars, amino acids and the like,
which are the only effluents from the
nanorobot.
months needed for antibiotic-
assisted natural phagocytic
defenses.
•The nanorobots do not increase the
risk of sepsis or septic shock
because the pathogens are
completely digested into harmless
sugars, amino acids and the like,
which are the only effluents from the
nanorobot.
Surgical Nanorobotic
•Surgical nanorobots could be
introduced into the body through the
vascular system or at the ends of
catheters into various vessels and
other cavities in the human body.
•A surgical nanorobot, programmed or
guided by a human surgeon, could act
as a semi-autonomous on-site surgeon
inside the human body.
•Surgical nanorobots could be
introduced into the body through the
vascular system or at the ends of
catheters into various vessels and
other cavities in the human body.
•A surgical nanorobot, programmed or
guided by a human surgeon, could act
as a semi-autonomous on-site surgeon
inside the human body.
•Such a device could
perform various
functions such as
searching for pathology
and then diagnosing
and correcting lesions
by nano manipulation,
coordinated by an
onboard computer while
maintaining contact with
the supervising surgeon
via coded ultra sound
signals.
perform various
functions such as
searching for pathology
and then diagnosing
and correcting lesions
by nano manipulation,
coordinated by an
onboard computer while
maintaining contact with
the supervising surgeon
via coded ultra sound
signals.
•Sensors smaller than a cell
would give us an inside and
exquisitely precise look at
ongoing function.
•Tissue that was either
chemically fixed or flash frozen
could be analyzed literally
down to the molecular level,
giving a completely detailed
"snapshot" of cellular,
subcellular and molecular
activities.
would give us an inside and
exquisitely precise look at
ongoing function.
•Tissue that was either
chemically fixed or flash frozen
could be analyzed literally
down to the molecular level,
giving a completely detailed
"snapshot" of cellular,
subcellular and molecular
activities.
Nanotechnology Challenges, Risks
and Ethics
“Technology…is a queer
thing. It brings you
great gifts with one
hand, and it stabs you
in the back with the
other.” C.P. Snow.
•Because elements at the
nanoscale behave
differently than they do in
their bulk form, there's a
concern that some
nanoparticles could be
toxic.
and Ethics
“Technology…is a queer
thing. It brings you
great gifts with one
hand, and it stabs you
in the back with the
other.” C.P. Snow.
•Because elements at the
nanoscale behave
differently than they do in
their bulk form, there's a
concern that some
nanoparticles could be
toxic.
Some doctors
worry that the
nanoparticles are
so small, that they
could easily cross
the blood-brain
barrier, a
membrane that
protects the brain
from harmful
chemicals in the
bloodstream.
worry that the
nanoparticles are
so small, that they
could easily cross
the blood-brain
barrier, a
membrane that
protects the brain
from harmful
chemicals in the
bloodstream.
Apocalyptic Goo
(Apocalyptic means widespread devastation
or ultimate doom: Goo means a sticky
substance)
•Eric Drexler, the man who introduced the
word nanotechnology, presented a
frightening apocalyptic vision -- self-
replicating nanorobots malfunctioning,
duplicating themselves a trillion times
over, rapidly consuming the entire world as
they pull carbon from the environment to
build more of themselves.
(Apocalyptic means widespread devastation
or ultimate doom: Goo means a sticky
substance)
•Eric Drexler, the man who introduced the
word nanotechnology, presented a
frightening apocalyptic vision -- self-
replicating nanorobots malfunctioning,
duplicating themselves a trillion times
over, rapidly consuming the entire world as
they pull carbon from the environment to
build more of themselves.
•Modern technology
Owes ecology
An apology.
Alan M. Eddison
•It's called the "grey goo" scenario, where
a synthetic nano-size device replaces all
organic material.
•Another scenario involves nanodevices
made of organic material wiping out the
Earth -- the "green goo" scenario.
Owes ecology
An apology.
Alan M. Eddison
•It's called the "grey goo" scenario, where
a synthetic nano-size device replaces all
organic material.
•Another scenario involves nanodevices
made of organic material wiping out the
Earth -- the "green goo" scenario.
GRAY GOO
“Humanity is acquiring all the right
technology for all the wrong
reasons.” ~R. Buckminster Fuller
•Nanotechnology may also allow us to
create more powerful weapons, both
lethal and non-lethal which will ultimately
leads to arms race, desruction and
mayhem.
•So immense responsibility rests on
scientists and politicians for the proper
use of nanotechnology.
technology for all the wrong
reasons.” ~R. Buckminster Fuller
•Nanotechnology may also allow us to
create more powerful weapons, both
lethal and non-lethal which will ultimately
leads to arms race, desruction and
mayhem.
•So immense responsibility rests on
scientists and politicians for the proper
use of nanotechnology.
Applications of nanorobotics to dentistry
•To induce oral anaesthesia in the
era of nanodentistry, dental
professionals will instill a colloidal
suspension containing millions of
active analgesic micrometer-sized
dental nanorobot "particles" on the
patient’s gingivae.
•On reaching the dentin, the
nanorobots enter dentinal tubule
holes that are 1 to 4 µm in diameter
and proceed toward the pulp,
guided by a combination of
chemical gradients, temperature
differentials and even positional
navigation, all under the control of
the onboard nanocomputer, as
directed by the dentist.
•To induce oral anaesthesia in the
era of nanodentistry, dental
professionals will instill a colloidal
suspension containing millions of
active analgesic micrometer-sized
dental nanorobot "particles" on the
patient’s gingivae.
•On reaching the dentin, the
nanorobots enter dentinal tubule
holes that are 1 to 4 µm in diameter
and proceed toward the pulp,
guided by a combination of
chemical gradients, temperature
differentials and even positional
navigation, all under the control of
the onboard nanocomputer, as
directed by the dentist.
•Complete dentition replacement
therapy—should become
feasible within the time and
economic constraints of a
typical office visit, through the
use of an affordable desktop
manufacturing facility, which
would fabricate the new tooth,
in the dentist’s office.
Major tooth repair
therapy—should become
feasible within the time and
economic constraints of a
typical office visit, through the
use of an affordable desktop
manufacturing facility, which
would fabricate the new tooth,
in the dentist’s office.
Major tooth repair
Dentin hypersensitivity
•Dentin hypersensitivity is
another pathological
phenomenon that may be
amenable to nanodental
treatment.
•Reconstructive dental
nanorobots, using native
biological materials, could
selectively and precisely occlude
specific tubules within minutes,
offering patients a quick and
permanent cure.
•Dentin hypersensitivity is
another pathological
phenomenon that may be
amenable to nanodental
treatment.
•Reconstructive dental
nanorobots, using native
biological materials, could
selectively and precisely occlude
specific tubules within minutes,
offering patients a quick and
permanent cure.
Tooth repositioning
•Orthodontic nanorobots could
directly manipulate the periodontal
tissues, including gingivae,
periodontal ligament, cementum and
alveolar bone, allowing rapid and
painless tooth straightening, rotating
and vertical repositioning within
minutes to hours.
•This is in contrast to current molar-
uprighting techniques, which require
weeks or months to complete
•Orthodontic nanorobots could
directly manipulate the periodontal
tissues, including gingivae,
periodontal ligament, cementum and
alveolar bone, allowing rapid and
painless tooth straightening, rotating
and vertical repositioning within
minutes to hours.
•This is in contrast to current molar-
uprighting techniques, which require
weeks or months to complete
•Properly configured
dentifrobots could identify and
destroy pathogenic bacteria
residing in the plaque and
elsewhere, while allowing the
500 or so species of harmless
oral microflora to flourish in a
healthy ecosystem.
•Dentifrobots also would provide
a continuous barrier to halitosis.
dentifrobots could identify and
destroy pathogenic bacteria
residing in the plaque and
elsewhere, while allowing the
500 or so species of harmless
oral microflora to flourish in a
healthy ecosystem.
•Dentifrobots also would provide
a continuous barrier to halitosis.
Applications of nanotechnology
in dentistry
•Nonagglomerated discrete
nanoparticles that are
homogeneously distributed in
resins or coatings to produce
nanocomposites.
•The nanofiller used includes an
aluminosilicate powder having a
mean particle size of about 80
nm and a 1 : 4 M ratio of alumina
to silica. This nanofiller has a
refractive index of 1.508
in dentistry
•Nonagglomerated discrete
nanoparticles that are
homogeneously distributed in
resins or coatings to produce
nanocomposites.
•The nanofiller used includes an
aluminosilicate powder having a
mean particle size of about 80
nm and a 1 : 4 M ratio of alumina
to silica. This nanofiller has a
refractive index of 1.508
Advantages
• Superior hardness;
• Superior flexural strength ;
• Superior modulus of elasticity;
• Superior translucency and esthetic appeal, excellent
color density, high polish and polish retention; about
50% reduction in filling shrinkage;
• Excellent handling properties.
All these characteristics make the nanocomposites
superior to the conventional composites and blend with
natural tooth structure much better.
Trade name
FiltekÔ Supreme Universal Restorative Pure NanoÔ.
• Superior hardness;
• Superior flexural strength ;
• Superior modulus of elasticity;
• Superior translucency and esthetic appeal, excellent
color density, high polish and polish retention; about
50% reduction in filling shrinkage;
• Excellent handling properties.
All these characteristics make the nanocomposites
superior to the conventional composites and blend with
natural tooth structure much better.
Trade name
FiltekÔ Supreme Universal Restorative Pure NanoÔ.
•Nanosolutions produce
unique and dispersible
nanoparticles, which can be
added to various solvents,
paints and polymers in
which they are dispersed
homogeneously.
AdperÔ Single Bond 2
adhesive incorporates 10%
by weight of 5 nm diameter
spherical silica particles
through a process that
prevents agglomeration. As
discrete particles, their
extremely small size keeps
them in colloidal
suspension.
unique and dispersible
nanoparticles, which can be
added to various solvents,
paints and polymers in
which they are dispersed
homogeneously.
AdperÔ Single Bond 2
adhesive incorporates 10%
by weight of 5 nm diameter
spherical silica particles
through a process that
prevents agglomeration. As
discrete particles, their
extremely small size keeps
them in colloidal
suspension.
•Advantages
Higher dentine bond strength and better
performance
• No shaking of bottle required since the
nanoparticles are stable, neither do they cluster
nor do they settle out of dispersion.
•Thus, the use of nanotechnology in bonding
agents ensures homogeneity and so the
operator can have total confidence that the
adhesive is perfectly mixed every time.
•Trade name
AdperÔ Single Bond Plus Adhesive Single Bond
2.
Higher dentine bond strength and better
performance
• No shaking of bottle required since the
nanoparticles are stable, neither do they cluster
nor do they settle out of dispersion.
•Thus, the use of nanotechnology in bonding
agents ensures homogeneity and so the
operator can have total confidence that the
adhesive is perfectly mixed every time.
•Trade name
AdperÔ Single Bond Plus Adhesive Single Bond
2.
Impression materials
Impression materials are available
with nanotechnology application.
Nanofillers are integrated in the
vinylpolysiloxanes, producing a
unique addition siloxane impression
material.
Advantages
•Better flow,
•Improved hydrophilic properties
hence fewer voids at margin and
better model pouring,
•Enhanced detail precision.
Trade name
NanoTech Elite H-D+.
Imprint II Penta H
Impression materials are available
with nanotechnology application.
Nanofillers are integrated in the
vinylpolysiloxanes, producing a
unique addition siloxane impression
material.
Advantages
•Better flow,
•Improved hydrophilic properties
hence fewer voids at margin and
better model pouring,
•Enhanced detail precision.
Trade name
NanoTech Elite H-D+.
Imprint II Penta H
Nanotechnology and its role in the
management of periodontal diseases
•With the increasing aging
population in both the
developing and developed
countries, scientists in the
field of regenerative medicine
and tissue engineering are
continually looking for new
ways to apply the principles
of cell transplantation,
materials science, and
bioengineering to construct
biological substitutes that will
restore and maintain normal
function in diseased and
injured tissues.
management of periodontal diseases
•With the increasing aging
population in both the
developing and developed
countries, scientists in the
field of regenerative medicine
and tissue engineering are
continually looking for new
ways to apply the principles
of cell transplantation,
materials science, and
bioengineering to construct
biological substitutes that will
restore and maintain normal
function in diseased and
injured tissues.
•In addition, the development of
more refined means of delivering
medications at therapeutic levels
to specific sites is an important
clinical issue.
•Applications of such technology
in dentistry, and periodontics in
particular, are no exception as
periodontal destruction can be
found to increase in prevalence
with increasing age.
more refined means of delivering
medications at therapeutic levels
to specific sites is an important
clinical issue.
•Applications of such technology
in dentistry, and periodontics in
particular, are no exception as
periodontal destruction can be
found to increase in prevalence
with increasing age.
•In 2005, Pinon -Segundo et al.
produced and characterized
triclosan-loaded nanoparticles by
the emulsification-diffusion
process, in an attempt to obtain a
novel delivery system adequate
for the treatment of periodontal
disease.
•The nanoparticles were prepared
using poly(D,L-lactide-
coglycolide), poly(D.L-lactide)
and cellulose acetate phthalate.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) was used as
stabilizer.
produced and characterized
triclosan-loaded nanoparticles by
the emulsification-diffusion
process, in an attempt to obtain a
novel delivery system adequate
for the treatment of periodontal
disease.
•The nanoparticles were prepared
using poly(D,L-lactide-
coglycolide), poly(D.L-lactide)
and cellulose acetate phthalate.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) was used as
stabilizer.
•These triclosan-nanoparticles
behave as a homogeneous
polymer matrix-type delivery
system, with the drug (triclosan)
molecularly dispersed.
•Release kinetics indicates that the
depletion zone moves to the
center of the device as the drug is
released. This behavior suggests
that the diffusion is the controlling
factor of the release.
behave as a homogeneous
polymer matrix-type delivery
system, with the drug (triclosan)
molecularly dispersed.
•Release kinetics indicates that the
depletion zone moves to the
center of the device as the drug is
released. This behavior suggests
that the diffusion is the controlling
factor of the release.
•It was concluded that triclosan
nanoparticles were able to effect a
reduction of the inflammation of
the experimental sites.
nanoparticles were able to effect a
reduction of the inflammation of
the experimental sites.
•Nanomaterials including
hollow spheres core-shell
structure nano-tubes and
nanocomposites have
been widely explored for
controlled drug release.
•It is conceivable that all of
these materials could be
developed for periodontal
drug delivery devices in
the future.
hollow spheres core-shell
structure nano-tubes and
nanocomposites have
been widely explored for
controlled drug release.
•It is conceivable that all of
these materials could be
developed for periodontal
drug delivery devices in
the future.
• Drugs can be incorporated into
nanospheres composed of a
biodegradable polymer, and this
allows for timed release of the drug
as the nanospheres degrade.
•This also allows for site-specific
drug delivery. A good example of
how this technology might be
developed is the recent development
of Arestin® in which tetracycline is
incorporated into micro-spheres for
drug delivery by local means to a
periodontal pocket.
nanospheres composed of a
biodegradable polymer, and this
allows for timed release of the drug
as the nanospheres degrade.
•This also allows for site-specific
drug delivery. A good example of
how this technology might be
developed is the recent development
of Arestin® in which tetracycline is
incorporated into micro-spheres for
drug delivery by local means to a
periodontal pocket.
Nanomaterials for periodontal tissue
engineering
•Currently, tissue engineering
concepts for periodontal
regeneration are focused on the
utilization of synthetic scaffolds
for cell delivery purposes.
• For tissue engineering
purposes the potential of
nanotechnology is limited only
by our imagination. Our present
capacity to create polymer
scaffolds for cell seeding,
growth factor delivery and
tissue engineering purposes is
well recognized. In the future
these processes may well be
manipulated via nanodevices
implanted to sites of tissue
damage.
engineering
•Currently, tissue engineering
concepts for periodontal
regeneration are focused on the
utilization of synthetic scaffolds
for cell delivery purposes.
• For tissue engineering
purposes the potential of
nanotechnology is limited only
by our imagination. Our present
capacity to create polymer
scaffolds for cell seeding,
growth factor delivery and
tissue engineering purposes is
well recognized. In the future
these processes may well be
manipulated via nanodevices
implanted to sites of tissue
damage.
Conclusion
•Although the achievement of the goal
of complete regeneration of the
periodontal tissues (cementum,
periodontal ligament and bone) for
periodontal management may not be
possible for many years, recent
developments in nanomaterials and
nanotechnology have provided a
promising insight in the management
of periodontal diseases.
•Although the achievement of the goal
of complete regeneration of the
periodontal tissues (cementum,
periodontal ligament and bone) for
periodontal management may not be
possible for many years, recent
developments in nanomaterials and
nanotechnology have provided a
promising insight in the management
of periodontal diseases.
Thank you
References
•Nanotechnology, nanomedicine and
nanosurgery. Robert A. Freitas Jr.
•Nanotechnology and its role in the
management of periodontal diseases.
Periodontology 2000, Vol. 40, 2006, 184-196.
•An application of Nanotechnology in
Advanced Dental Materials. J Am Dental
Assoc 2003;134:1382.
•Nanotechnology in dentistry. Robert A.
Freitas Jr.
•Nanotechnology, nanomedicine and
nanosurgery. Robert A. Freitas Jr.
•Nanotechnology and its role in the
management of periodontal diseases.
Periodontology 2000, Vol. 40, 2006, 184-196.
•An application of Nanotechnology in
Advanced Dental Materials. J Am Dental
Assoc 2003;134:1382.
•Nanotechnology in dentistry. Robert A.
Freitas Jr.
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