Narcotic

Narcotics drugs

1. NARCOTIC DRUG A Seminar Presentation Department of Forensic Science Presented By PRIYA SINGH 1

2. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW Introduction History Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 Opiods Derivative of opiods How narcotic drugs work Morphine Heroin codeine methadonne effect of narcotic uses of narcotic drugs 2

3. NARCOTIC DRUG Narcotic drug also known as “ opioids ,” the term “ narcotic”comes from the Greek word “to be numd ”  and originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs like, codeine, morphine, methadone etc 3

4. HISTORY The term "narcotic" is coined by the Greek physician  Galen  who refer agents that numb or deaden, causing loss of feeling or paralysis. It is based on the Greek word ( narcosis ) ,  the term narcosis used by  Hippocrates  for the process of numbing or the numbed state. Galen listed seeds of poppy juice (opium) as the chief examples. narcotic in the form of opium were first abused by china The leaf of poppy was chewed beginning in 1700’s for relaxation Beginning in 1806, morphine began to be extract from poppy flower 4

5. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 According to  Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs  of 1961 is an international treaty  it prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs except under  licence  for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research. The principal objectives of the Convention are to limit the possession, use, trade, distribution, import, export, manufacture and production of drugs exclusively to medical and scientific purposes, and to address drug trafficking through international cooperation to deter and discourage drug traffickers The adoption of this Convention is regarded as a milestone in the history of international drug law. 5

6. The 1961 Convention seeks to control more than 116 drugs that it classifies as narcotic. These include: plant-based products such as opium and its derivatives morphine, codeine and heroin (the primary category of drug listed in the Convention); synthetic narcotics such as methadone and pethidine ; and cannabis, coca and cocaine. 6

7. SHEDULE DRUG CLASSIFICATION Drugs, substances, depending upon the drug’s acceptable medical use and the drug’s abuse or dependency potential. Schedule I Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Ex heroin, Schedule II Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous. Combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit ( Vicodin ), cocaine,, methadone, hydromorphone ( Dilaudid ), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone ( OxyContin ), fentanyl ,   7

8. Schedule III low potential for physical and psychological dependence. : Products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine) Schedule IV drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some Schedule V Schedule V drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with lower potential for abuse. Schedule V drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal , antitussive , and analgesic purposes. Some examples of Schedule V drugs are: cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or per 100 milliliters 8

9. OPIOID Opium  is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy plant  scientific name:  Papaver somniferum . Approximately 12 percent of the opium latex is made up of the analgesic  alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic  opioids for medicinal use and for illegal drug trade The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and  thebaine , and non analgesic alkaloids such as  papaverin  and  noscapin   9

10. OPIUM PLANT 10

11. DERIVATIVES OF OPIAD morphine Heroine illicit drug Codine Thebaine Oxycodone Methadone Hydrocodone Hydromorphone etc 11

12. HOW NARCOTIC WORK Narcotic drugs work as central nervous system (CNS) Specific recepter present on brain through it bind. depressants by slowing down neural activity in both the brain and the body. Since narcotics effects specifically target the CNS, once drugs enter the brain, their effects can spread quickly throughout the body and slow down overall communications between the brain and the body. 12

13. MORPHINE Chemical structure of morphin 13

14. ABOUT MORPHINE Morphine are natural phenantrene alkaloids present in opium It derived out of 20 other remaining alkaloids from a premature poppy capsule ( Papaver somniferum ). The content of opium in the poppy capsule is about 10% for morphine It provide relief from painMorphine  is a use for pain medication and derive from opiate It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain. It is frequently used for pain from myocardial infaction  and during  labour it serf in asthma or breathing problems, a blockage in stomach or intestines, or a bowel obstruction called paralytic ileus . Morphine can slow or stop your breathing, and may be habit-forming. 14

15. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION  It can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injecting under the skin,  intravenously, into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. Maximum effect is around 20 minutes when given intravenously and 60 minutes when given by mouth, while duration of effect is 3–7 hours. Long-acting formulations also exist 15

16. SIDE EFFECT Potentially serious side effects include a decreased respiratory effort and low blood pressure Morphine has a high potential for addiction and abuse If the dose is reduced after long-term use, withdrawal  may occur. Common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding , as morphine will affect the babys low heart rate, sighing, weak or shallow breathing; chest pain, fast or pounding heartbeats; extreme drowsiness, feeling like you might pass out; or low cortisol levels - nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, dizziness, worsening tiredness or weakness. 16

17. HEROIN Chemical structure of heroin 17

18. HEROIN Heroin, also known as  diamorphine It is obtained from acetylation of morphin most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.  Medically it is used in several countries to relieve pain or in  opioid replacement therapy Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein; however, it can also be smoked, snorted or inhaled  Onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours. 18

19. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein; however, it can also be smoked, snorted or inhaled  Onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours. When given by injection into a vein, heroin has two to three times the effect as a similar dose of morphine. It typically comes as a white or brown powder. 19

20. SIDE EFFECT OF HEROIN Common side effects include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), dry mouth, euphoria, and addiction Other side effects can include   infected heart valves,  blood borne infections, constipation, and pneumonia. After a history of long-term use, withdrawal symptoms can begin.  When given by injection into a vein, heroin has two to three times the effect as a similar dose of morphine. It typically comes as a white or brown powder. 20

21. CODEINE 21

22. CODEINE codeine are natural phenantrene alkaloids present in opium The content of opium in the poppy capsule is about 0.2%  for codeine Codeine is use to treat  pain, as a cough medicine, and for diarrhea It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain. Greater benefit may occur when combined with  paracetamol (acetaminophen) or a  nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen In Europe it is not recommended as a cough medicine in those under twelve years of age. It is generally taken by mouth. It typically starts working after half an hour with maximum effect at two hours. The total duration of its effects last for about four to six hours 22

23. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION It is generally taken by mouth.  It typically starts working after half an hour with maximum effect at two hours. The total duration of its effects last for about four to six hours 23

24. SIDE EFFECT CODEINE Serious side effects include addiction Common side effects include vomiting, constipation, itchiness, lightheadedness, and drowsiness, may include breathing difficulties  It is unclear if its use in pregnancy is safe. Care should be used during breastfeeding as it may result in  opiatetoxicity in the baby. Its use as of 2016 is not recommended in children. Codeine works following being broken down by the liver into morphine How quickly this occurs depends on a person's genetics 24

25. METHADONE Methadone, sold under the brand name  Dolophine  among others, is an  opioid used to treat pain and as maintenance therapy or to help with tapering in people with  opioid dependence Detoxification using methadone can either be done relatively rapidly in less than a month or gradually over as long as six months.  While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take five days of use.  The pain relieving effects last about six hours after a single dose, similar to that of morphone . After long term use, in people with normal liver function, effects last 8 to 36 hours. 25

26. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION Methadone is usually taken by mouth and rarely by injection into a muscle or vein 26

27. SIDE EFFECT Side effects are similar to those of other opioids  Commonly these include dizziness, sleepiness, vomiting, and sweating. Serious risks include  opioid abuse and a decreased effort to breathe ,Abnormal heart rhythms The number of deaths in the United States involving methadone poisoning declined from 4,418 in 2011 to 3,300 in 2015. Risks are greater with higher doses.Methadone is made by chemical synthesis and acts on  opioid receptors 27

28. TRADE NAME OF SOME NARCOTIC MORPHINE OXYCODON HRDROCODON METHADON Astramorph PF Dazidox Zohydro ER Methadose Sugar-Free Roxanol Oxyfast Hysingla ER Methadose Roxanol-T Roxicodone Intensol Vantrela ER Dolophine Infumorph Roxicodone Methadone Diskets MorphaBond ER OxyContin 28

29. EFFECT OF NARCOTIC . Euphoria Sedation Sleepiness Nausea Vomiting Constipation Constricted pupils Reduced pain Inability to feel pain or an extreme reduction in the sense of pain Labored breathing Reduced heart rate   Narcotics overdose can lead to complications include coma, brain damage and death.  If you suspect that someone has overdosed on narcotics, seek immediate medical attention to prevent possible long term, life threatening side effects. 29

30. USES In the past, narcotic analgesics have been used for all types of pain, which may explain why there are so many people addicted to them today. The most appropriate use of narcotic analgesics is for the relief of short-term, intense pain, such as that occurring immediately after  surgeryor due to a medical condition. Narcotic analgesics are also appropriate for the relief of pain due to cancer, or for palliative care or end-of life care. However, they should only be considered to treat other types of chronic pain under strict conditions and with close monitoring. 30

31. FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF NARCOTIC DRUG Methods of Analysis and identification Categories of Analytical Techniques The requires the use of multiple independent identification techniques. Infrared Spectroscopy Capillary Electrophoresis Color Tests, Fluorescence Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry Gas Chromatography Immunoassay Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Ion Mobility Spectrometry Raman Spectroscopy Liquid Chromatography Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Thin Layer Chromatography 31

32. THANK YOU 32