Narration/ Reported Speech

Rules of Reported Speech, Mnemonic for reported speech, poem on reported speech, Easy way to learn the rules of Narration

1. NARRATION BY NOOPUR SHARMA TGT ENGLISH

2. DIRECT SPEECH:- The actual words of the speaker are reproduced. INDIRECT SPEECH:- The statement of a person is repeated by someone else.

3. Direct to Indirect Omission of C ommas and Addition of C onjunctions Change of P ronouns Change of T enses Change of A dverbs Change of R eporting V erb

4. C HILDREN C AN P LAY T ALK A ND R ELISH V EGETABLES

5. Removal of inverted commas and addition of conjunction:- Kind of sentence Conjunction Assertive That Exclamatory That Imperative To Interrogative Starting with auxiliary verb Starting with Wh words/How If /Whether Wh words/How

6. Change of Pronoun 1 st person pronoun ( I, my , mine , myself) ( we, our, us, ours, ourselves) Change according to the subject of direct speech 2 nd person pronoun ( you, your, yourself) Change according to the object of direct speech

7. Change of T ense Tense of Reporting V erb Present Past F uture Tense in I ndirect S peech No change Change No change

8. If the reporting verb of direct speech is in past tense change of tense in the verb : Direct Speech Indirect Speech Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Present Continuous Pas t Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Indefinite Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect , Past Perfect Continuous No Change

9. Modals of P resent change into Modals of P ast Will/shall Can May M ust Would Could Might Had to

10. Change in Adverbs of time and place Direct speech This These Here Today Tomorrow Tonight Yesterday Now Next week/ month/year Last week/month/year Ago Indirect Speech That Those There That day The next/ following day That night The previous day Then The following week/month/year The previous week/month/year before

11. Change of Reporting Verb Kind of sentence Direct Reporting verb indirect Assertive Said/Said to Said/Told Interrogative Said Asked /Wondered / Inquired Imperative Said Ordered /Advised / Requested/Asked Exclamatory Said Exclaimed Optative Said Prayed /Wished

12. Narration ,O Narration! You have been confusing us for generations Come, let us create a solution As you are just a mode of communication We all comprehend Everything which is Present After a moment becomes Past Same is the rule for Tenses which are first As a matter of fact Every tense which is Present Converts to corresponding Past Let us learn the next rule fast It is from the tense called Past The one which was Simple Has now become Perfect

13. Seeing all earlier tenses now Continuous strives hard, which is obvious And backshifts to Perfect Continuous Though the next rule is strange It’s true that Perfect and Perfect Continuous do not change Also, one can not forget Would, could and might Which replace will, can and may These changes are must While transforming from Direct to Indirect.