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1. Overview of poultry production

2. Glossary of terms Terms Denition Beak Projecting mouth parts of the chicken and turkeys consisting upper and lower mandible. Bill Projecting mouthparts f waterfowls. Breed A race of domestic fowls which maintains distinctive characteristics of shape, growth, temperament and shell color of eggs produced or conformation (body shape). Breeder A broad general term, that designates the poultry raiser who produces fowls or any special purpose with the object of improving their value or in conformity with an agreed standard of excellence. Capon A caponized male readily distinguished by the undeveloped comb and wattles.

3. Chicken One of the common poultry species; different from turkeys, ducks geese etc. Chick Young chicken while in the downy stage. Cock or Rooster A male fowl one year old or older Cockerel A male fowl less than one year. Comb The flashy protuberance growing on top of a fowls. The standard varieties of combs are, single, rose, pea, v-shaped, strawberry cushion and butter cup, all others being modifications of these. Crop The receptacle in a fowl’s food is accumulated before it passes to the gizzard. Down First feather covering of the chick. Also the tuffs off feather like growths that are sometimes found on the shanks , toes, feet or webs of the feet of the fowls.

4. Drake A male of a duck family. Dubbing Cutting of the comb wattles, earlobes so as leave the head smooth. Duck A female of a duck family Duckling A Young of a duck family in the downy stage of plumage. Fowl A term applied to all poultry especially to mature domestic cocks’ and hens Plumage The feathers of a fowl Poult Young of the domestics turkey Poultry A collective term of all domestic birds rendering economic service to man (Domesticated animals are those that live and multiply under the care of man) Refers also to a dressed carcass of fowls Primaries Longest feathers of the wing , growing between the pinions and secondaries hidden when the wing is folded, otherwise known as flight feathers. Pullet A female fowl less than one year old. Pullets An egg size of classification weight ranges 45-50 grams/egg.

5. Quill A hollow, horny, basal, part of stem of a feather Secondaries The long, large quill feathers that grow between the first second joints of the wing nearest the body , that are visible when wing is folded Shank Portion of the fowl’s leg below the hocks exclusives of the foot and toes. Strain A family of any variety of poultry that posses and reproduces with Mark regularity common individual characteristics which distinguishes this from other families of the same varieties, selection for 5 to 8 years. Variety A subdivision of a breed, used to distinguished to fowls having the standard shaped and other characteristics of the breed to which they belong, but differing in color of plumage, shape of comb, from other groups of the same breed or plumage color and comb type Wattle The pendant growth all the sides and base of the peak Web of feather Flat portion of the feather, made up of series of barbs on either side of shaft

6. Economic Poultry Species   The species of birds that have undergone domestication could increase in number as times goes by. At present, there are eleven kinds of birds considered as economic poultry species:   Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Metazoa (multicellular animals) Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Aves (birds) Order. Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans) Family: Anatidae (dabbling ducks and geese) Order: Anseriformes(ducks, geese, swans) Family: Anatidae (dabbling ducks and geese) Mallard & Peking Duck, Anas platyrhynchos Muscovy Duck- Cairina moschata Geese/Goose- Anser anse r , A. cygnoide Swans - Cygrus olor

7. Order: Gallformes (game birds) Family: Phaslanidae (pheasants) Chicken- Gallus domesticus Turkey- Meleagris gallopavo Guinea fowls- Numida meleagris Quails- Coturnix coturnix C. japonica (Japanese) Pheasants- Phasianus colchicus Pigeons- Columbia livia Pea fowls- Pavo cristatus Ostriches- Strauthus camilos     Economic Services Food Fertilizer Fashion or cushion or cleaning materials Ornamentals e. Sports f. Pharmaceuticals

8. Industry Problem a. climate   Poultry species are homeotherms Ideal tamp→ 12.8 to 23.9°C Philippines is tropical → 23.9 to 32.2°C High temp and humidity → stress, high mortality Conducive to growth of microorganisms Products spoil easily Seasons/Days: Rainy and Summer b. trade or economic policies Intensive and commercial production are sensitive to trade and economic policies Trade liberalization, currency devaluation, increased interest rates-losses Imported production inputs Increased in importation

9. c. infrastructure facilities Transportation, communication and infrastructures Security Credit and extension services If not provided = higher losses, poor production efficiency and high cost of production d. lack of technical knowledge of those who go into the business of poultry production e. insufficient supply of feed grains and other vital ingredients for poultry rations. Most of the raw materials are imported; f. prevalence of poultry diseases; g. marketing and distribution of products; h. lack of cold storage facilities;

10. i . insufficient financing; j. lack of government price support), k. poor buying capacity of the masses; and l. supply of breeding stocks The desirable characteristics in selecting breeding stock: 1. physical good breed type reasonably good plumage color 2. egg production early sexual maturity high rate of laying non-broodiness 3. egg quality standard egg size proper shape and color

11. 4. hatchability high fertility high hatchability quality chicks 5. viability of growing stock and layers low mortality % low culling % 6.meat production rapid growth early feathering Prospect of the Poultry industry  Opportunities and Challenges • Population and product demand 89.7 M in 2010 (estimate) Growth rate: 2-2.2% per year PCC increasing 2X that of country's population Demand will double in next decade • Consumer preference for higher food quality and safety Frozen (imported) vs fresh and fresh-chilled (locally produced) Intensive vs extensive (traditional) production system Commercial hybrids vs local (native-type)  

12. • Demand for organically produced products Without harmful chemicals or drugs Humane treatment Natural farming system Organic agriculture movement Developing standards for certification Trends in Poultry Production a. breeding farm maintain parent stock; franchise b. hatchery c. table or market-egg farm d. broiler farm contract growing (Stocks: hatching eggs, DOC) (Acronym: DOC –Day Old Chick)

13. Other specialized areas as important as those mentioned above which contribute to the success of the poultry industry in many countries: a. feed milling industry b. medicine, feed supplements and biological preparation c. poultry processing, storage and distribution of products d. farm facilities storage New innovations Feeds and feeding-specific formulations, increasing com yield Housing - better design; tunnel ventilation Breeding - better heat tolerance and ranging ability; satellite breeder farms Global trade Organic production and animal welfare

14. Elements of Success as Personal Requirements in Raising Poultry: Education knowledge or "know-how Experience and skills c. Capital (cash and credits facilities) Diversified poultry enterprises Poultryman's inherent qualities: (fondness for poultry, aptitude and disposition to work, business acumen, initiative and resourcefulness, and observant and "clinical" eye).

15. Location of Farm Site: a. land availability and cost manure- disposal, future expansion b. Topography - good air movement, drainage and pollution c. neighbors and human population - odor and pollution d. acceptability of poultry business - benefits or avoid troubla e. availability of electricity - essential in poultry ie lighting management f. potable water supply - sufficient quantity and quality g. feed supply sufficient quantity and quality h. transportation facilities - affecting cost of production and selling of products i . market relationship - handling or hauling cost, better income

16. Traditional Free-Range Improved free range Small Scale confined Low input/low output Low input/ medium output High input/high output Home consumption, sale at gate and at local market Home consumption, sale at gate and at local market Sold at gate(traders) live birds market Small income Family income Business income Social & Cultural importance (gifts, religious) Social importance Little social importance

17. Low input Low input Credit based on assets Indigenous breeds Indigenous/improved breeds Hybrids (broilers or layers) Limited health care Improve husbandry and health care With good health Management No vaccination New castle disease vaccination Several vaccination schemes High mortality Moderate mortality Low mortality No feeding(scavenging) Local feeds (semi- scavenging) Balanced feeds Simple housing or no housing Simple housing Houses with cages or deep litter Egg production:30-50 eggs/y/hen Egg production:50-150 eggs/y/hen Egg production: 250 -300 eggs/y/hen

18. Long broody periods Short broody periods No broodiness Growth rate=5-10g/day Growth rate =10-20 g/ay Growth rate=50-55 g/day

19. B REEDS, CLASSES, AND VARITIES OF CHICKEN Origin of Fowl Monophyletic theory- one ancestor Polyphyletic theory- at least 4 ancestors   a. Red Jungle Fowl ( Labuyo ) – Gallus gallus or Gallus bankiva , is a red wild chicken that is widely spread in the East-Java, Burma, Thailand and Sumatra. b. Gray Jungle Fowl – G. sonnerati , is a pale gray wild chicken that is widely spread in South and West India. c. Ceylon Jungle Fowl – G. lafayeti , is a wild chicken found in Sri- lanka . d. Java (green) Jungle Fowl– G. varius , is a Javanese wild chicken that is widely spread on the Island of Java and lesser Sunda Island.  

20. Selection Methods Responses to selection depend on the extent to which the traits involved are inheritable. This inheritance level is expressed by the so-called heritability (h²). Estimations of h²-values vary between and within populations, and under different conditions. Generally however the following values are given. Traits h² Age at point to lay 0.25 Egg production 0.20 Egg weight 0.50 Egg shell strength 0.30 Body weight 0.50 Livability 0.10

21. Moderately to Highly Heritable Traits • Physical characteristics - comb-type, body shape, plumage color and pattern, shank and skin color, etc. • Productive traits-body weight, growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, egg size, egg quality Lowly Heritable Traits • Biological fitness - livability (opposite of mortality), morbidity, • Reproduction - egg production, fertility, embryonic livability, hatchability

22. Classification of Breeds and Varieties According to the purpose for which the type of bred/economic or utility classification a. Egg type – layers are large white eggs shell color, active, nervous in temperament, early maturing, non-sitters, clean legged, that is no feathers on the shank they have white or creamy white earlobes. The high egg producing breeds are mainly of Mediterranean origin and the most popular are the following Leghorns, Ancona, Minorcas etc The leghorn is probably the most widely used light breeds, mature cockerels and hen weighs approximately 2 kg and 1.8 kg respectively.

23. b. Meat type - breeds belonging to this class are large, slow in movement quite and gentle in disposition. – Most of the meat breeds lay brown shelled eggs. - Meat producing types are typified by Comish, Jersey Black Giant, Brahmas , etc. - Mature cock of these breeds weighing an average weight of 4 to 5 kg. - broiler under local conditions 1.2 to 1.3 kg at 28 days: 1.65 kg at 35 days: 1.8 kg c. General/Dual purpose type – birds in this class are medium size, good layers, and their carcasses are well suited for table. – They are less active than the egg breeds more so than the meat breeds. They are layers of light brown shelled eggs. Rhode Island Red (RIR) lays brown eggs; New Hampshire Red and Australorp are the most popular breeds.

24. d. Fancy Type/Ornamentals – breeds under this class may be characterized by possessing unusual appearance and decided beauty of plumage or form. - Silkies , Bantams and Frizzle belong to this group e. Fighting class - since this sport is now legalized in the Philippines it should revolutionalize our original vision that fighting cock breeds has no place for our study. – The popular ones are the Ruble, Hulsay , Claret, and Oasis.

25. 2. On the basis of the place of origin or standard classification American Class- this class includes all breeds of fowl that originated in America. Breed Classification Type of Comb Origin Plymouth Rock Meat and Egg Single USA Wyandotte Egg Rose USA Rhode Island Red Egg Single\Rose USA New Hampshire Meat and Egg Single USA Jersey Black Giant

26. b. Asiatic Class- breeds of this class are all Asiatic origin. Breed Classification Type of Comb Origin Brahma Meat Pea Cochin Meat Pea Nagoya Meat and Egg Japan Canton Meat and Egg China Mikawa

27. c. English Class- most of the breeds in this class are all of English origin and classified as general purpose fowls as they are kept for the production of meat and eggs. Breeds Classification Type of Comb Origin Australorp Egg Single Australia Cornish Meat Pea Orpington Meat Single Sussex

28. d. Mediterranean Class- all breeds in this class are of European origin more especially along the shores of Mediterranean Sea. Mostly of egg breeds. Breeds Classification Type of Comb Origin Leghorn Egg Single\ Rose Italy Minorca Spain Ancona Italy Andalusian

29. Which Breeds/Variety to Raise? Stock should only be purchased from a reliable hatchery or franchised dealer where the parent stock are well-housed and well-managed, The kind of stock to buy depends upon the purpose for which it is going to be raised, Chicks should be free from diseases and deformities: Chicks should have uniform size and color and in case of broiler chicks should not be less than 33 grams at day-old; For the start, a popular strain raised in the community can be selected as it is an indication of the bird's good performance under exiting farm conditions; For broiler, choose those that have high livability and are fast growers; For layers, choose those that have good egg size, high egg production and long productive live

30. Breeding for Improvement of Philippine Poultry Industry Philippine Poultry Improvement Plan (PPIP) - this program envisions three stages of breeding: The Philippine Approved Breeding Stage Philippine approved flocks → female: vigor, egg production and standard qualities; male: vigor and standard qualities. Philippine approved hatching eggs → weigh 52 grams each, uniform in size and shape and free from tints.

31. The Philippine Certified Breeding Stage Flocks be mated with PROP (Philippine Record of Performance) or pedigree male Selection of males and females shall be supervised and approved by an officiating inspector prior to the flock becomes Philippine Certified Flock. - Philippine Certified Flocks → "Philippine Certified" - Philippine Certified Hatching Eggs eggs must satisfy the requirements of weight, shape and color - Philippine Certified Chicks → hatch from Philippine Certified Hatching Eggs and in Philippine Certified Hatcheries

32. Philippine Record of Performance Breeding Stage Minimal members of private persons or firms or corporation can be PROP breeder Religiously recording of eggs produced, egg weight, body weight throughout the year → Females lay eggs at least 180 for WL and 150 for all others per year and the eggs meet the prescribed weight, shape, shell color and texture.

33. Selection of Breeders Health and vigor → increase hatchability and lower mortality bright prominent eyes, bright red comb and wattles, bright pigmentation of shanks and glossy feathers, healthy and active; Body conformation → well-balanced/proportioned, broad back and full breast. It should be sufficiently long and deep, the depth increasing towards the rear, Size→ WL 1.36 kg and dual 1.82 kg (female weigh between 8-10 months), Color →be selected if you intend to sell the chicks to other poultry men Head →medium size with a beak that is short, stout and well-curved and face should be bright red Wings and tail→ well-developed with the secondary and primary feathers nicely set, tail should be of medium length and must be proportionally set in each sex. Shanks and toes → hocks should stand straight and set well apart, toes should be well spread Combs →in SC WL, the comb of a laying female lops to one side while the male straight Egg performance (female) → records of parents

34. Newly hatched chick should have the following features: Well developed body length and depth Shiny, dry thick, and coloured down feathers, Soft belly Clean dry navel, Thick shanks with spaced and straight toes Big, clear eyes Lively behaviour A healthy good broiler should have the following features : Appear healthy and lively, Feathering shiny and normal (may depend on the breed, Large size for the age: Eyes clear and shiny; Clean and dry beak and nostrils, Clean feathers around the vent, Straight legs and toes.

35. A healthy and good egg-layer should have the following features: Should appear healthy and lively; Feathering normal for the breed; A red comb (more colored when in lay); Eyes clear and shiny; Clean and dry beak and nostrils, Clean feathers around the vent; Straight legs and toes, with no signs of scaly legs; Legs less colored in lay: The breast bone should not be sharp; A big broad bottom (laying status can be checked, A healthy and good cock should have the following features: Alert and protective nature, Shiny and normal feathering for the breed; Clear and shiny eyes; Clean and dry beak and nostrils; Clean feathers around the vent; Straight legs and toes with no signs of scaly legs, Large size relative to the hens.

36. Practice judging the external features of cocks, hens, growers, and chicks, to know which features indicate a good healthy and productive animal. Always choose birds with a lively behavior. Always check whether the hens are in lay. A potentially good layer has a long straight back and a broad bottom. Always check the belly and navel spot of newly hatched chicks. Simple rules to choose the right breed and improve selection Make sure that new birds are vaccinated against important diseases in an area and are free of parasites before being introduced into the flock. The results of crossbreeding should always be monitored carefully. Uncontrolled use of exotic cocks in free-range village production should be avoided. If the farmer uses crossbred or exotic breeds, she/he must make sure that housing, feeding, and health management are improved and available at all times.

37. Mating Practices   Pen mating → It is a usual method of pedigree breeding of chicken to segregate a single male with a group of female for the period of the breeding season.   Flock mating →several males to females; It is a system by which two or more roosters go with the hens in the pen. Stud mating → males are penned and females are brought to them after every 3 eggs lay; It is the usual procedure to have a male confined at all times to individual pens and female will be introduced.

38. Philippine Native Chicken Gene Pool Gene pool- the total of all genes in a population of a particular species - The total number of genes available in a given species Population Genetics Population - a group of individuals sharing a common gene pool Gene pool- totality of the genes that could be transmitted by individuals in a population to the next generation

39. Conserving Biodiversity, Issues and Concerns Less priority by government Lack of systematic selection and breeding program Indiscriminate mating with exotic stocks   Threats: Chickens that possess traits the farmer wants Quality attributes of meat and eggs that the consumers prefer

40. Performance of Native Chicken under Free-range Systems Market weight of one kg 12-18 weeks Egg production 10-15per clutch 60-100 per year Egg weight (size) 40-45g small Growing mortality >50 percent Fertility >80 percent Hatchability >90 percent Laying period livability >80 percent

41. Potential of Native Chicken Can survive without expensive feeds and inputs Well-adapted to climatic extremes Can live and reproduce even under harsh conditions Resistant to many known diseases that plague modern breeds Good ranging ability Can convert farm by-products and other traditional feeds into meat, eggs and fertilizer Prospect of Native Chicken Production Increasing demand for chicken meat with strong flavor Conforms with criteria for organically produced products Animal Welfare Act and humane management system Meat available in live, fresh and fresh-chilled, and cut-up parts forms Preference for intense yellow-colored egg yolk Not import dependent

42. Genetics Groups of Philippines Native Chicken, ( Lambio 2010) Paraoakan (Palawan) Characteristics: Plumage is reddish black Tail feathers are black and some white at the base of the main tail feathers Long legged, stands upright and has yellow shanks Similar to the Asiatic breed which is deep-bodied with a long curving neck Stands around 40 cm in height Feathers on the leg of the male are splashed with white Shanks are long and powerful Male has rose comb with bright red earlobes and wattles held firmly to the throat Beneath the wattle is a loose fold of skin like a dewlap Body weight male: 2.5 kg: 1.8 kg female

43. Banaba (Batangas ) Characteristics: Rooster has yellow-reddish plumage with black tail and black wing feathers  Hold its wings close to the body Tail is carried very upright Hackles are bright orange Head is unusually large with a single comb and bright red earlobes Has ability to fly high to elude its opponent The female is brown, much the same as the female red jungle fowl The feet are slate colored Both males and females have spurs on both legs Adult body weight = 1.65 males; females =1.5-1.6 kg

44. Bolinao (Pangasinan)

45. Camarines (Egon) (Bicol) Male has large bright red single comb and very prominent earlobes Plumage has alternate barring of white and orange and the hackle have an orange tinge Male has mottled coloration of the legs and feet Legs have alternating patches of black and white scales giving a domino effect Toes are white and well formed Body is short and fairly broad and the tail feathers are short and stylish Beak is white with streaks of brown and the eye-ring is red Breast feathers and saddle have an orange tint, the same color as the primaries Female is barred, short-legged; female tail is greyish Adult male: 1.5-2 kg; female -1.5 kg

46. Darag is a general term used of the Philippine native chicken strain indigenous to and most dominant in Western Visayas. It evolves from the Red Jungle fowl. The male locally called labuyo has red wing and hackle and black feathers and tail. The female, also called Darag , is typically yellowish-brown. The comb is single; the earlobe is whitish and the shank gray for both male and female. Adult male: 1.3 kg; female - 1 kg

47. Feeding Characteristics of Native Chickens Good ranging ability Can survive without expensive feeds and other inputs Can convert farm-by-products and other traditional feeds into meat, eggs and fertilizer   Survival and Reproduction Traits Well adapted to climatic extremes Resistant to many known avian diseases Can live and reproduce even under harsh environmental conditions  

48. Colored Plumage Trend Associated with native chickens and other standard breeds i.e , red ( dalusapi , mayahin ), gray ( talisayin ), black, barred ( bulik ) Associated with heat and disease tolerance More appropriate for smallholder production systems Meat is more suited to most oriental cooking recipes l.e , tinola , adobo, afritada , nilitson

49. Predominant Features of Philippine Native Chickens Plumage color and pattern Red, Grey Comb type Single Wattle type Single Body feathering Complete Egg shell color White to Brown Shank color Yellow Earlobe color Red Skin color Yellow

50.   Objectives in Animal Breeding Improve quantity Improve efficiency Improve quality Improve aesthetic value Classification of Traits Productive Reproductive Adaptive

51. Duck Breeds Egg-Type Ducks

52. Native or Pateros Duck Commonly called as Itik and most popularly raised locally. They are good layers and non-sitters. It is predominant colors are black and gray. Some are barred ( Bulek ), others are brown or have white feathers mixed with black or green. Males have coarser heads and heavier bodies than females, Males emit shrill high-pitched sounds. They have curly feathers on top of their tails.  Females emit low-pitched quaking sound. Their tail feathers lie flat or close to the bodies.

53. A khaki (beige) to brown coloured duck, have extremely active habits, do well in good range and show little desire for swimming. It is originated from England from a cross between the Indian Runner and the Rouen duck. Well suited to a tropical climate. Under good conditions this breed is capable of laying up to 250-300 eggs per year which are fairly large, thick-shelled and weigh 70 to 75 grams each.   Khaki Campbell duck

54. Rouen duck Originated from France; a reasonably heavy breed; good layers. The drake (male) is light grey with a green neck and the female is light brown like mallards (wild ducks).

55. Indian Runner this breed originated from the East Indies, but its egg production capability was developed in Western Europe. This duck assumes a very erect normal posture with are almost straight neck. The back is long, straight and narrow An adult male weighs about 2.10 kg while an adult female weighs about 1.80kg. The egg production characteristics of this breed resemble that of the Khaki Campbell Indian Runner

56. This breed was developed in Taiwan. The original color ranges from black neck to pure white. Due to farmers preference, the brown breed was selected and raised as a major variety, while the white variety was developed for the production of mule ducks (hybrid of mallard and Muscovy). An adult female weighs about 1.30kg while the male weighs about 1.40kg. The average age at just egg is 126 days with eggs weighing about 68.9 at 40 weeks of age. They could lay about 207 eggs in 360 days. Tsaiya

57. Commercial Hybrid Duck the world's first hybrid egg-type duck known as CV2000 was developed at Cherry Valley farms, England. It has white white plumage and lays its egg at about 20 weeks of age. The body weight at point of lay is about 1.50kg. On the average, this duck could lay 285 eggs up to 72 weeks of age, with a mean egg weight of 75g. This duck can be distinguished by their pure white feathers. Their eggs are either white or greenish .   Commercial Hybrid Duck

58. Duck Breeds Meat-Type Ducks

59. A Muscovy duck used for fattening can reach a weight of 3 to 5 kg. The Muscovy duck does not grow very quickly and its final weight depends on the way It is kept and the feed it gets. The meat of the duck is fairly lean. In areas where fattier meat is preferred then it is probably better to choose a different breed. The duck starts laying eggs at about 7 months. There are two clear laying periods with a break of 12 weeks, the first lasts 30 weeks and the second 22 weeks. The duck hatch and raise ducklings reliably. Muscovy Duck

60. A completely white duck that originally comes from cool climates in China. This breed is a meat and egg producer like the Muscovy duck. The Peking duck grows quicker than the Muscovy duck. it can reach a weight of 3 kg by the age of 7 -9 weeks. Drakes usually attain a maximum weight of 3.5-4 kg and females 3-3.5 kg. Peking ducks lay eggs from an age of 5-6 months and can lay more than 200 eggs a year It is a quiet breed that tends to walk rather than fly. Peking Ducks

61. Cross-breeds Breeds are regularly crossed in an attempt to obtain a combination of good characteristics of two different breeds. Cross-breeds Ducks

62. Other breeds - In addition to the breeds described above there are many more breeds and crosses. These include: Nageswari (from India ) Chinese duck (from Indochina) Java duck (from Malaysia and Indonesia) Brown and White Tsaiya (from Taiwan)

63. Some Advantages of Raising Duck   Ducks need simple, less expensive, and non-elaborate housing facilities. Ducks require little attention and they thrive well on almost all kinds of environmental conditions. Ducks needs less rearing place and shorter brooding period. Ducks are hardly and highly resistant to common avian diseases, with very low mortality in most duck farms. Ducks can be feed on a variety of foods, such as rice, cassava copra, com, and fruits.

64. Ducks live longer than chickens. Duck raising offers a wide variety of opportunities.

65. Advantages of ducks compared with chickens. Ducks are tougher than chickens, they require less attention than chickens and are less likely to be sick than chicken. Ducks are larger than chickens, so if they are reared for meat there will be more to sell. Duck eggs are also larger than chicken eggs. Ducks do not necessarily need supplementary grain and maize. Chickens normally do need supplementary high quality feed.

66. Disadvantages of ducks compared with chickens Both duck meat and eggs taste different from those of chicken. Ducks are water birds and need water to be able to breed and grow well.

67. Quails Breed

68. Different Quails Breeds found in the Philippines Native Quil Japanese Taiwan Quail

69. Japanese Seattle Quail Negro Quail

70. Tuxedo Quail Silver Quail

71. Brown Cross no.1 Quail Brown Cross no.2 Quail

72. The Japanese Taiwan breed is commonly raised in the Philippines. Japanese Seattle is recommended as it is a heavy egg producer and the male can be easily recognized by the color of its feathers as early as 30 days of age.

73. END…………………..