Natural adsorbents in effluent treatment

Environmental engineering

1. PANDIAN SARASWATHI YADAV ENGINEERING COLLEGE
EFFECTIVE REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONCENTRATION OF
TEXTILE EFFLUENT BY USING NATURAL ADSORBENTS
GUIDEDBY:
Dr.SMEENAKSHI SUDARVIZHI,M.E.,
Ph.D.
HeadoftheDepartment
DepartmentOfCivilEngineering
PandianSaraswathiYadavEngineering
College
PRESENTEDBY:
S.KRISHNAVENI
RegNo:912022416007
MEEnvironmentalengineering
DepartmentOfCivilEngineering
PandianSaraswathiYadavEngineering
College

2. INTRODUCTION
•Effluentfromthetextileindustrycontainstoxiccompounds.
•Thesecompoundscontaminatethesurfacewater,therebymakingitunfitfor
irrigationanddrinking.
•Sincefarmersusewaterfromtheriversforagriculturalpurposesandthe
residentsofthetown,useboththesurfaceandundergroundwaterfromthe
sameareaaspotablewater,itisquiteunsafetodischargethiseffluentinto
waterbody.

3. •Therefore,propertreatmentofeffluentwaterandenforcementofpollution
controlbytheregulatoryauthorityontheindiscriminatedischargeoftextile
wastewaterintowaterbodiesshouldbedone.
•Batchadsorptionexperimentsusingalowcost,locallyavailable
biomaterialasanadsorbenthasbeenusedforremovaloforganic
concentrationsfromeffluentoftextileindustry.

4. LITERATUREREVIEW
•S.D.Khatrietal2017Neemsawdust(Azadirachtaindica)wasusedasan
adsorbentfortheremovalofmalachitegreendyefromanaqueoussolution.
•Thestudieswerecarriedoutundervariousexperimentalconditionssuchas
agitationtime,dyeconcentration,adsorptiondose,pHandtemperatureto
assessthepotentialityfortheremovalofdyefromwastewater.
•Agreaterpercentageofdyeremovalwasobservedwithdecreaseinthe
initialconcentrationofdyeandincreaseinamountofadsorbent.

5. •BVigneshetal2017studiedremovalofcolourusingadsorbentprepared
fromactivatedcarbonofCalotropisgigantealatex.
•Thepresenceofcolourandotherparameterscontaminantsinaqueous
streams,arisingfromthedischargeofuntreatedwatercontainingeffluents
intowaterbodies,isoneofthemostimportantenvironmentalissues.
•Thepresenceofcolourintheenvironmentcanbeharmfultoavarietyof
livingspecies,ground,andgroundwatertable.

6. •Adsorptiontechniqueisoneofthemostimportanttechnologiesforthe
treatmentofpollutedwaterfromcolour,butseekingforthelow-costadsorbent
isthetargetofthisstudy.
•Batchadsorptionexperimentsperformedbyvaryingadsorbentdosage,pHof
effluentandcontacttime.
•Comprehensivecharacterizationofparametersindicatesthatactivatedcarbon
ofCalotropislatexisanexcellentmaterialforadsorptionofcolourtotreat
wastewatercontaininglowerconcentrationofthecolour.

7. •E.ShanmugaPriyaetal(2018)PhytoremediationthroughAquatic
MacrophytesTreatmentSystem(AMATS)fortheremovalofpollutantsand
contaminantsfromvariousnaturalsourcesisawell-establishedenvironmental
protectiontechnique.
•Waterhyacinth(Eichhorniacrassipes),aworstinvasiveaquaticweedhasbeen
utilisedforvariousresearchactivitiesoverthelastfewdecades.
•Thebiosorptioncapacityofthewaterhyacinthinminimizingvarious
contaminantspresentintheindustrialwastewateriswellstudied.

8. •Thisstudyfocusedonthebiosorptioncapacityofthewaterhyacinthin
reducingtheconcentrationofdyestuffs,heavymetals,andminimising
certainotherphysiochemicalparameterslikeTSS,TDS,CODandBODin
textilewastewater.
•AngelicaMarquetottietal(2018)usedMoringaolifera(MO)asan
inexpensiveandeffectivesorbentfortheremovaloforganics,and
coagulantforwatertreatment.

9. •ThemainobjectiveofthisworkwastousetheMOseedsasanatural
adsorbentforthetreatmentofDairyIndustrywastewater(DIW).
•Moringaolifera(MO)isamultipurpose,medium-orsmall-sizedtree,
fromregionsofnorth-westIndiaandindigenoustomanypartsofAsia,
Africa,andSouthAmerica.
•ThestudyconcludedthattheMObiomasshasthepotentialtobeusedin
thedairyindustrywastewatertreatmentinanefficientwayandwithlow
cost.

10. OBJECTIVES
•Tocomparetheefficiencyofdifferentnaturaladsorbentsinremovingorganic
concentrationfromtextileeffluent.
•Todevelopacost-effectiveandsustainablemethodfortheremovaloforganic
pollutantsfromtextileeffluent.
•Toreusethetreatedwaterforotherpurposesmainlyforindustrialpurposeand
non-potableuses.

11. POLLUTANTFROMTEXTILEINDUSTRY
•Intextileindustrywastewatervariesintermsofamountandcomposition
dependinguponthesizeofthemill.
•Thefirstsourceofpollutantisduetothenaturalimpurityinfibers.
•Thesecondisthechemicalmaterialsthatareusedintheprocesses.
•Dissolvedsolidscontainedintheindustryeffluentsarealsoacritical
parameter.

12. •Presenceofcolourinthewastewaterisoneofthemainproblemsintextile
industry.
•Wastewateroftextilesisnotfreefrommetalcontents.Therearemainly
twosourcesofmetals.
•Firstly,themetalsmaycomeasimpuritywiththechemicalsusedduring
processingsuchascausticsoda,sodiumcarbonateandsalts.
•Secondly,thesourceofmetalcouldbedyeingstuffslikemetalizedmordent
dyes.

13. METHODOLOGY
•Effluentcollection
•Analysis
•Proposedmethod
•Analysis
•Getresult
•Graph

14. FILTRATIONPROCESS
•Filtrationisanyofvariousmechanical,physical,orbiologicaloperations
thatseparatesolidsfromfluids(liquidsorgases)byaddingamedium
throughwhichonlythefluidcanpass.
•Thefluidthatpassesthroughiscalledfiltrate.
•Filtrationprocessisemployedforremovingcolour,bacteria,odoursand
suspendedimpurities.

15. FILTRATION MECHANISM
•Mechanicalstraining
•Sedimentation
•Electrolyticaction
•Biologicalaction

16. TYPESOFFILTERS
•Slowsandfilter.
•Rapidsandfilterorgravityfilters.
•Pressurefilter.

17. PROPOSEDMETHOD
BySlowSandFiltrationmethod
•Slowsandfiltersareusedinwaterpurificationfortreatingrawwaterto
produceapotableproduct.
•Itusedfortheremovalofsuspendedmatteraswellasfloatingandsinkable
particles.
•Thesandusedforthefiltrationisspecifiedbytheeffectivesizeand
uniformitycoefficient.

18. MATERIALS
Samplesaretreatedthroughfiltrationprocessbyusingdifferentmaterialssuch
as
•Naturaladsorbents
•Activatedcarbon
•Gravel
•Sand

19. NATURALADSORBENT
1.Neemleaves.
2.Chinaclay.
3.Barkplantainplant.
4.Partheniumspecies.

20. NEEMLEAVES
•Neemisafast-growingtreethatcanreachaheightof15–20metres(49–
66ft),andrarely35–40metres(115–131ft).
•Theneemleavescanbecollectedfromaneemtreeandgetdriedforseven
daysatroomtemperature.
•Afterthat,theleavesweregrindedandformedinapowder.Itispassedin
asievesizeoflessthan90microns.
•Itremovestheorganicpollutantsfromtheeffluent.

21. CHINACLAY
•ItisnaturalclayandisavailableinabundanceinalmosteverystateofIndia.
•ChinaClayisalsoknownaskaolinandwhiteclay.
•Thiscanbeobtainedinapowderyform.
•Itpassesinasievesizeoflessthan90microns.
•ThisremovestheBODandCODfromatextileeffluent.

22. BARKPLANTAINPLANT
•Bananas,nativetotropicalSoutheastandSouthAsia,arerenownedworld
overfortheirnutritiousfruit.Banana“tree”isreallyanon-woodyplant,and
its“bark”istheexternalcoveringofitsuprightstem.
•Thebarkplantainplantcanbecutintoasmallpieceand50gmofbarkisused
asanaturaladsorbent.
•ItistoremovethepH,TDSandcolourfromatextileeffluent.

23. PARTHENIUM SPECIES
•Partheniumspeciesaninvaderaffectslivestock,cropproduction,and
humanhealth.
•Theleavesandstemscanbecollectedfromyoungplantsofparthenium,
anditiswashedthoroughly.
•Itisdriedforsevendaysatroomtemperatureandgrindedtopowder.
•Itpassesthroughthesieveoflessthan90microns.
•Thiscanbeusedinremovingthechlorinefromatextilewastewater.

24. ACTIVATEDCARBON
•Activatedcarbon,alsocalledactivatedcharcoal,isaformofcarbon
processedtohavesmall,low-volumeporesthatincreasethesurfacearea
availableforadsorptionorchemicalreactions.
•Activatedcarbonisusuallyderivedfromcharcoalandissometimesutilized
asbiochar.
•Thiscanbeusedinremovingcolourfromthetextilewastewater.

25. SANDANDGRAVEL
•Sandofvaryinggradeisusedasthefiltermedium.
•Ithelpsinremovingthesolidparticlesandbacteriafromtheeffluent.
•Gravelisusedasasupportmediatofiltertoenhancetheefficiencyofthe
filter.

26. EFFLUENT COLLETION
•Thesampleiscollectedfromatextileindustry,Tirupur.
•Textileeffluentsareoftencontaminatedwithnon-biodegradableorganics
termedasrefractorymaterials.
•Detergentsaretypicalexampleofsuchmaterials.
•Thefirstsourceofpollutantisduetothenaturalimpurityinfibers.
•Thesecondisthechemicalmaterialsthatareusedintheprocesses.

27. PARAMETERS TOBETESTED
•pH
•Alkalinity
•Totalsolids
•Totaldissolvedsolids
•Colour
•BODandCOD
•Chlorides

28. PHYSIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
TEXTILEEFFLUENTSAMPLE
S.NO PARAMTERS VALUE DOE STANDARD
1 Clarity Indistinct Transparent
2 Natureofsample Liquid Liquid
3 Colour Brown/LightgreenColorless
4 Odour Unpleasant Nonoticeableodour
5 pH 12.02 5.5–9

29. 6 Totalsolids 580mg/lt 250mg/lt
7 Totaldissolvedsolids3098mg/lt 2100mg/lt
8 Totalalkalinity 410mg/lt 250mg/lt
9 Sulphate 25.86mg/lt 2mg/lt
10 Chloride 304.32mg/lt 100mg/lt
11 Chromium 1.05mg/lt 2mg/lt
12 BOD
5(20°C) 321mg/lt 50mg/lt
13 COD 1007mg/lt 250mg/lt

30. TREATEDEFFLUENTCHARACTERISTICS
S. NoNATURAL
ADSORBENTS
pH TS TDS BOD COD CHLORIDE
1 Neem Leaves 6.2 249.1 1662.13 80.78 583.43 168.63
2 China Clay 7.5 312.8 1805.3 48.4 246.14 192.01
3 Bark Plantain7.3 237.19 1504.7 96.47 406.18 147.3
4 Parthenium
Species
7.9 293.61 1569.12103.75 512.27 113.2

31. OPTIMIZATION
•TheoptimizeddosagelevelofpH,BOD,COD,andTDSbyusinganatural
absorbentmaterialsuchas
1.Neempowder
2.Chinaclay
3.Barkplantain,and
4.Partheniumspecieswerestudiedanddiscussed.

32. EFFECTOFpH
•Theapplicationofnaturaladsorbentsshowsagreatresultinminimizingthe
pHvalueoftheeffluent.
•ThepHvalueoftheeffluentbeforetreatmentwasfoundtobe12.22which
werehighlyalkalineandnotsuitablefordischargetotheenvironment.
•Afterthetreatmentoftheeffluent,thepHrangeisreducedupto6.2.
•TheRemovalEfficiencyoftheadsorbentiscalculatedas
•RemovalEfficiency=ሼ
ሽ
initialconcentration−finalconcentration÷
initialconcentratio∗100

33. pHSTATUSOFTHEEFFLUENTBEFOREAND
AFTERTREATMENT
12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2
6.2
7.5 7.3
7.9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species
Before Treatment After Treatment

34. •ThepHremovalefficiencyofNeempowderwasfoundtobehigherat49.18%
comparedtootheradsorbentsfiltrate.
•OfalltheadsorbentsNeemplantshowedbetterefficiencyandgreater
influenceinpHminimization.
•ThepHofthetreatedwaterwaswithinthepermissiblelimit.

35. pHREMOVAL EFFICIENCY(%)OFNATURAL
ADSORBENT
49.18
38.52
40.16
35.24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species

36. EFFECTOFTOTALSOLIDS
•Thecollectedeffluenthastotalsolidsat580mg/Lwhichisveryhigh
comparedtothestandardlimit.
•Thenumberoftotalsolidspresentinthetextileeffluentafterthetreatmentis
237.9mg/L.
•TheTSremovalefficiencyoftheBarkplantainwasfoundtobehigherat
58.98%comparedtootheradsorbentsfiltrate.

37. TOTALSOLIDSOFTHEEFFLUENTBEFORE
ANDAFTERTREATMENT
580 580 580 580
249.1
312.8
237.9
293.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species
Before Treatment After Treatment

38. TSREMOVAL EFFICIENCY(%)OFNATURAL
ADSORBENT
57.05
46.06
58.98
49.41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species

39. EFFECTOFTOTALDISSOLVEDSOLIDS
•Theamountoftotaldissolvedsolidspresentsinthetextileeffluentafterthe
treatmentwas1504.7mg/L.
•TheTotaldissolvedsolidswerereducedwiththehelpofthefiltrateBark
PlantainPlant.
•TheTDSremovalefficiencyoftheBarkplantainwasfoundtobehigherat
51.42%comparedtootheradsorbentsfiltrate.

40. TDSOFTHEEFFLUENTBEFOREANDAFTER
TREATMENT
3098 3098 3098 3098
1662.13
1805.3
1504.7
1569.12
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Neem Leaves China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species
Before Treatment After Treatment

41. TDSREMOVALEFFICIENCY(%)OFNATURAL
ADSORBENT
46.34
41.72
51.42
49.35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species

42. EFFECTOFBIOCHEMCIAL OXYGENDEMAND
(BOD)
•TheBODintheeffluentcarriedoutbythemeasurementofthedissolved
oxygencontentofthesamplesbeforeandafter5daysofincubationat20°C.
•TheamountofBODpresentinthetreatedeffluentis68.4mg/L.
•TheBODisreducedontheeffectofChinaClaypowder.
•TheBODremovalefficiencyoftheChinaClaywasfoundtobehigherat
78.69%comparedtootheradsorbentsfiltrate.

43. BODOFTHEEFFLUENTBEFOREANDAFTER
TREATMENT
321 321 321 321
96.47
68.4
103.47
121.75
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species
Before Treatment After Treatment

44. BODREMOVALEFFICIENCY(%)OFNATURAL
ADSORBENT
69.99
78.69
67.73
62.07
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species

45. EFFECTOFCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
(COD)
•TheamountofCODpresentinthetreatedeffluentis246.14mg/L.
•TheCODisreducedontheeffectofChinaClaypowder.
•TheCODremovalefficiencyoftheChinaClaywasfoundtobehigherat
75.54%comparedtootheradsorbentsfiltrate.

46. CODOFTHEEFFLUENTBEFOREANDAFTER
TREATMENT
1007 1007 1007 1007
583.43
246.14
406.18
512.27
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Neem Leaves China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species
Before Treatment After Treatment

47. CODREMOVALEFFICIENCY(%)OFNATURAL
ADSORBENT
42.06
75.54
59.66
49.12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Neem Leaves China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species

48. EFFECTOFCOLOUR
•Inthecaseofcolorremovalallthenaturaladsorbentshaveshowna
remarkableresult.
•Accordingtotheobservation,aftertreatingwithadifferentnaturaladsorbent
thecoloroftheeffluentchangedfrombrownandlightgreentocolorless.
•ThefiltrateobtainedfromtheadsorbentsofBarkplantainandNeempowder
showedbettercolorremovalefficiencythantheothers.

49. EFFLUENTTREATEDWITHBARKPLANTAIN

50. EFFECTOFCHLORIDE
•Optimalremovalofchloridefromtextileeffluentisessentialtoensuresafe
dischargeoftreatedwaterintotheenvironment.
•Thenumberofchloridespresentinthetreatedeffluentis113.2mg/lt.
•ThechloridecontentisreducedontheeffectofPartheniumspeciespowder.
•ThechlorideremovalefficiencyofthePartheniumspecieswasfoundtobe
higherat62.78%comparedtootheradsorbentsfiltrate.

51. CHLORIDE CONTENT OFTHEEFFLUENT
BEFOREANDAFTERTREATMENT
304.2 304.2 304.2 304.2
168.63
192.01
147.3
113.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species
Before Treatment After Treatment

52. CHLORIDE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY (%)OF
NATURALADSORBENT
44.56
36.88
51.57
62.78
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Neem China Clay Bark Plantain Parthenium Species

53. CONCLUSION
•Thetreatmentoftextilewastewaterbeforedisposalintotheenvironmentis
importantandensuressafetytotheenvironmentwithoutaffectingthequality
ofwateroflakes,riversetc.
•Butthemainbarriertothetreatmentoftextilewastewaterishighcost.Natural
adsorbentsarecheapandeasilyavailablesourceforthetreatmentoftextile
effluent.

54. •Theusednaturaladsorbentswere–Neemleavespowder,Chinaclaypowder,
BarkPlantainpowder,andPartheniumspeciespowder.
•ThefiltrateobtainedfromNeemadsorbentwaseffectiveinminimizingthepH
withremovalefficiencyof49.18%andshowedhighefficiencyinremovalof
TSandBOD.
•TheTSandTDSofthetextileeffluentwasreducedbytheBarkPlantain
filtratewithefficiencyof58.98%and51.42%.

55. •TheBODandCODoftheeffluentwashighlycontrolledbyChinaclay
adsorbentwithremovalefficiencyof78.69%and75.54%.
•ThePartheniumspeciespowderwaseffectiveinreducingthechloridecontent
ofthetextilewaterwithanefficiencyof62.78%.
•Thecoloroftheeffluentchangedfrombrowntoalmostcolorlessbymeansof
Barkplantainpowderasadsorbent.
•ThismethodisEcofriendlywithouttheuseofspecialequipment’sand
electricity,withminimumoperationalandmaintenancecost.

56. FUTURESCOPE
•Combiningnaturaladsorbentswithbioremediationtechniquescanenhance
thedegradationoforganicpollutants.
•Microbialconsortiacoupledwithadsorbentscanbiodegradecomplex
pollutants.
•Utilizingnaturaladsorbentswithinconstructedwetlandsystemscanimprove
watertreatmentefficiency,promotingtheremovaloforganiccontaminants
throughbothadsorptionandbiologicalprocesses.

57. •Developingmethodsfortheregenerationandreuseofnaturaladsorbentscan
minimizewasteandpromotesustainability.
•Raisingawarenessabouttheenvironmentalbenefitsofusingnaturalmaterials
intextileeffluenttreatmentcanleadtomoresubstantialsupportforsustainable
practices.
•Throughcontinuousresearch,technologicalinnovation,sustainability
assessments,andcollaborationwithindustries,naturaladsorbentscanplaya
criticalroleincreatingefficient,eco-friendlywastewatertreatmentsolutions.

58. REFERENCES
•S.D.KhattriaandM.KSingh(2017)‘RemovalofMalachiteGreendye
fromwastewaterusingNeemsawdustasadsorbent’,JournalofHazardous
Materials,Vol.167.
•B.Vignesh,M.Sowmiya,M.MeenaandP.Balaji(2017)‘RemovalofColour
fromTextileEffluentusingNaturalAdsorbent-Calotropisgingantea’,
InternationalJournalofInnovationsinEngineeringandTechnology,Vol.5.

59. •E.ShanmugaPriya,andP.SenthamilSelvan(2018)‘Waterhyacinth
(Eichhorniacrassipes)–Anefficientandeconomicadsorbentfortextile
effluenttreatment–Areview’,ArabianJournalofChemistry,Vol.10.
•AngelicaMarquetottiSalcedoVieira,MarceloF.Vieira,andGabrielF.Silva
(2019)‘UseofMoringaoliferaSeedasaNaturalAdsorbentforWastewater
Treatment’,JournalonWaterandSoilPollution,Vol.19,pp.263-270.
•N.U.Yuvasri,JBVeeramalini,MadeshK,SiddharthandVignesh(2023)
‘EffectivecolourRemovalinTextileEffluentusingNaturalAdsorbent’,
JournalofEmergingTechnologiesandInnovativeResearch,Vol.10.