Natural Polymer Based Nanomaterials

This presentation delivers about basics of natural polymer based nanomaterials.

1. NATURAL POLYMER -BASED- NANOMATERIALS AROCKIYA NISHA ARUL THOMAS Department Of Nanoscience And Technology Alagappa University, Karaikudi

2. INTRODUCTION Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers. These molecules form long chains, with thousands of monomer units linked together. The process of linking monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. There are various types of polymers, natural polymers synthetic polymers semi-synthetic polymers.

3. Natural Polymers They occur naturally and are found in plants and animals. For example, proteins, starch, cellulose and rubber. Semi-synthetic Polymers They are derived from naturally occurring polymers and undergo further chemical modification. For example, cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate. Synthetic Polymers These are human-made polymers. Plastic is the most common and widely used synthetic polymer. It is used in industries and various dairy products. For example, nylon-6, 6, polyether, etc.

4. NATURAL POLYMERS Natural polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits (monomers) that occur in nature and are synthesized by living organisms. Natural polymers often have complex structures and serve a wide range of functions within organisms. examples of natural polymers includes, that are Chitin, Cellulose, Starch, Proteins, Collagen, etc ,..

5. CONT…. Natural polymers are abundant in nature and have a wide range of applications across various industries due to their unique properties and biocompatibility. Here's how they are utilized in different sectors like, Food Industry Pharmaceuticals and Medical Applications Textiles Packaging and Biodegradable Materials Cosmetics and Personal Care

6. Natural Polymer-Based Nanomaterials They refers to nano-sized structures and materials that are composed primarily of natural polymers or biopolymers. It can include nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanogels, nanocomposites, and other nanostructures formed from natural polymers . These materials can be engineered for various purposes, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, food packaging, water purification, and more. Gelatin Nanoparticles Albumin Nanoparticles Lectins Nanoparticles Alginate Nanoparticles Dextran Nanoparticles Chitosan Nanoparticles Agarose Nanoparticles

7. Chitosan nanoparticle Structure and properties

8. Chitosan STRUCTURE: Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin, found in the shells of crustaceans like shrimp and crabs. SOURCES OF CHITIN - -

9. NANOPARTICLE FORMATION: Chitosan nanoparticles are typically formed through techniques like ionotropic gelation, emulsification, and self-assembly. Manipulating parameters like pH and concentration leads to different nanoparticle sizes and properties MUCOADHESIVENESS: Chitosan nanoparticles exhibit mucoadhesive properties, allowing them to adhere to mucosal surfaces. Useful for drug delivery to mucous membranes and improving bioavailability.

10. SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY: Chitosan nanoparticles vary in size from tens to hundreds of nanometers. They can be spherical, rod-shaped, or other morphologies based on synthesis methods. SURFACE CHARGE AND ZETA POTENTIAL: Chitosan nanoparticles carry a positive charge due to the presence of amino groups. Zeta potential indicates particle stability and their ability to interact with negatively charged surfaces. Biocompatibility and Biodegradability : Chitosan is biocompatible and non-toxic, making it suitable for various applications. Its biodegradability reduces environmental impact and avoids long-term accumulation. Antibacterial Activity : Chitosan's positive charge interacts with bacterial cell walls, disrupting their integrity. Shows promise in wound healing and as an antimicrobial agent.

11. Preparation Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticle Micro emulsion Co-precipitation Reverse miiceller Ionotropic gelation Microfluidic Coacervation Ultrasonication Desolvation method

12. PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES Ionotropic gelation Chitosan is poured into an acetic acid solution or added with a stabilising agent, such as poloxamer Then the tripolyphosphate aqueous solution kept under vigorous stirring. Then anionic particles diffuse into the chitosan molecules and c r oss -linking occurs nanoparticle formation with a size range of 200–1000 nm, After a couple of centrifugations and washing with water . ChNP are collected by  freeze-drying  or oven-drying .

13. Chitosan nanoparticle for drug delivery Drug loading

14. Both water soluble and water – insoluble drug can be loaded

15. 2.Drug Release In vitro release also depends upon pH of media 2. Polarity of particle 3. Presence of enzymes in the dissolution media

16. Schematic illustration of target-drug chitosan nano polymer :

17. Chitosan Nanoparticles-Based Cancer Drug Delivery

18. Alginate nanoparticle Structure and properties

19. Alginate Alginate Structure : Alginate is a natural polysaccharide derived from brown algae. Composed of linear chains of mannuronic acid (M) and guluronic acid (G) units. Nanoparticle Formation Alginate nanoparticles are formed through techniques like ionotropic gelation and coacervation. Ionic interactions between alginate and divalent cations (e.g., calcium ions) lead to nanoparticle formation. Size and Morphology : Alginate nanoparticles can range from tens to hundreds of nanometers in size. Morphology depends on synthesis conditions, including spherical and irregular shapes.

20. Crosslinking and Stability : Alginate nanoparticles are stabilized through crosslinking with divalent cations. Ionic bonds enhance stability and prevent aggregation. Biocompatibility : Alginate is biocompatible and non-toxic, making it suitable for various applications. Alginate-based materials have been used in drug delivery and tissue engineering.

21. Applications of alginate Due to its special properties, alginate is one of the most used polymers in microparticle’s formation. C urrently , alginate is less commonly used in the formation of alginate nanoparticles . Alginates have some common applications, such as in F ood and beverage industry, drinks stabilizers, icecream stabilizers, jelly Stabilizers, ethanol production, pharmaceutical industry, cell culture and transplantation, dental impression material, tablets, and in wound dressing and can also be used in other industries, including fabrics, papers, paints as well as toothpastes

22. 3D cell culture in the biomimetic chondroitin sulfate (CS)-modified alginate hydrogel beads (ALG-CS) and the ALG-CS network. Tumor cells were suspended in a mixed solution of alginate and CS. The mixture was extruded into CaCl2 solution to form beads using a high-voltage electrostatic droplet generator. Beads containing cells were cultured for 7 days. The traditional alginate hydrogel beads (ALG) without CS were prepared as a control via the same procedure. ALG-CS has a novel network that differs from that of the traditional ALG. Alginate chains not only produce the traditional egg-box structures but also can form asymmetric egg-box-like structures with CS chains via the coordination of calcium ions, which creates a CS-modified biomimetic alginate hydrogel that mimics the tumor microenvironment with increased expression of CS.

23. Drug Delivery Alginate nanoparticles can encapsulate drugs due to their porous structure. Controlled release mechanisms based on nanoparticle degradation and diffusion. Biomedical Applications Alginate nanoparticles are used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Scaffold incorporation enhances cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. Food and Nutraceuticals Alginate nanoparticles can encapsulate bioactive compounds for targeted delivery. Used in the food industry for encapsulating flavors , nutrients, and additives.

24. Cellulose nanocrystals Structure and properties

25. Cellulose Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are nanoscale particles derived from cellulose, a natural polymer found in plant cell walls. They exhibit unique properties that make them valuable for various applications. Nanocrystal Extraction CNCs are obtained by breaking down cellulose fibers through acid hydrolysis or enzymatic methods. Hydrolysis removes amorphous regions, leaving behind nanocrystals.

26. Size and Shape CNCs have dimensions in the nanometer range, typically ranging from 5 to 100 nanometers in length. They have a rod-like shape, with a high aspect ratio. Crystallinity CNCs have a high degree of crystallinity due to the removal of amorphous regions during extraction. Crystalline structure contributes to their strength and stiffness. Surface Chemistry CNCs possess hydroxyl groups on their surface, making them reactive and suitable for functionalization. Surface modifications enhance compatibility with other materials and applications.

27. Preparation of CNCs

28. CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL AS A SCAFFOLD

29. Ev aluation of cellulose nanocrystal/poly(lactic acid) in situ nano composite scaffolds for tissue engineering A CNC/PLA in situ nano composite scaffold was developed for tissue engineering. The scaffolds showed excellent mechanical performance and hemocompatibility . Degradability and bio mineralization of the scaffolds were improved with the CNCs. Cell culture studies proved the enhanced cell viability of the scaffolds.

30. Gelatin Nanoparticles Structure and properties

31. Gelatin Gelatin Structure : Gelatin is a protein derived from collagen, found in animal connective tissues and bones. Composed of amino acids like glycine, proline , and hydroxyproline . Nanoparticle Formation : Gelatin nanoparticles are typically formed through techniques like coacervation, crosslinking, and emulsification. Variables like pH, temperature, and concentration influence particle size and properties. Size and Morphology : Gelatin nanoparticles can range in size from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Morphology varies, including spherical and irregular shapes based on synthesis methods.

32. Surface Charge and Zeta Potential : Gelatin nanoparticles carry charges depending on pH and amino acid content. Zeta potential affects stability and interactions with other charged particles. Biocompatibility and Biodegradability : Gelatin nanoparticles are biocompatible, meaning they are well-tolerated by living organisms and their cells. They are biodegradable, meaning they can be broken down into non-toxic byproducts , reducing environmental impact. Antimicrobial activity: Gelatin nanoparticles inhibit the growth of various bacterial species, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Their effectiveness is attributed to the interaction between positively charged gelatin and negatively charged bacterial surfaces.

33. Properties of Ge latin used in anticancer DDnS

34. CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ongoing research and future directions in the field of natural polymer-based nanomaterials focus on expanding their applications. improving their properties, and addressing various challenges in medicine, food, and beyond, while addressing challenges such as safety and scalability

35. Thank you…!