Natural resources and Man GOOD Mining.ppt

Natural resources

1. NATURAL RESOURCES

2. Resourcesor natural resourcesare any form of matter or energy
obtained from the physical environment that meet human needs. This
definition of natural resources is not as simple as it appears. Most
resources are created by human ingenuity. Oil was once a useless
fluid until humans learned how to locate it, extract it from the ground,
and separate it by distillation into various components such as
gasoline, home heating oil, and road tar.
Similarly, coal and uranium
were once useless rocks.
Something may become
useful or useless for human
needs as a result of changes
in the technology of resource
extraction and processing
Whether something is classified as a resource depends on technology,
economics, cultural beliefs, and the environmental effects of finding and
using it.

3. Natural resources are often classified :
Renewableresourcesare generally living
resources (fish, and forests, for example), which
can restock (renew) themselves if they are not
overharvested.
Non-renewable resources is anatural resource
that cannot be re-made or re-grown. Oftenfossil
fuels, such ascoal,petroleum andnatural gas are
considered non-renewable resources.

4. Themaximumrateatwhicharenewableresource
canbeusedwithoutimpairingordamagingits
abilitytoberenewediscalleditsmaximum
sustainedyield.Ifthisyieldisexceededa
potentiallyrenewableresourceisthenconverted
toanonrenewableresource.
Recyclinginvolvescollectingandremeltingor
reprocessingaresource,whereasreuseinvolves
usingaresourceoverandoveragaininthesame
form.

5. Onthebasisoftheirstagesofdevelopments,
resourcescanbeclassifiedintobothActualand
Potentialresources:
Theresourcespassthroughvariousstagesof
developmentbeforetheyareactuallyavailable.The
resourcesheldactuallyinstockarecalledActual
resources.Eventheactualsourceofresourcesmay
notbepossibletobeusedtotheirfull.Theportion
thatcanbeusedprofitablywiththehelpofavailable
technologyistermedasPotentialresourcs.Thesize
andquantityofapotentialresourcemaychange
withchangesintechnologyandtime.

6. Resources can also be classifiedon
biotic andabiotic:
Biotic resourcesare derived from animals and
plants (livingworld).
Abiotic resoucesare derived from thenon-
livingworld e.g. land, water, and air. Mineral and
power resources are also abiotic resources some
are derived from nature.

7. Natural capital
Natural resources arenatural capitalconverted
tocommodityinputs toinfrastructural capital
processes. They includesoil, timber, oil, minerals,
and other goods taken more or less as they are
from the Earth.

8. Nations status
Anation'snaturalresourcesoftendetermineitswealth
andstatusintheworldeconomicsystem,by
determiningitspoliticalinfluence.Developednations
arethosewhicharelessdependentonnaturalresources
forwealth,duetotheirgreaterrelianceon
infrastructuralcapital.
For example, the United States used coal as an export in the early
1900s, and also as a main resource fuel in key industries for production.
Eventually, as transportation costs went down with time, minerals used as
resources became commodities and were traded at world prices.

9. Conflicts for resources
Inrecentnears,thedepletionofnaturalcapitaland
attemptstomovetosustainabledevelopmenthave
beenamajorfocusofdevelopmentagencies.Thisisof
particularconcerninrainforestregions,whichhold
mostoftheEarth'snaturalbiodiversity-irreplaceable
geneticnaturalcapital.Conservationofnatural
resourcesisthemajorfocusofNaturalCapitalism,
environmentalism,theecologymovement,andGreen
Parties.Someviewthisdepletionasamajorsourceof
socialunrestandconflictsindevelopingnations.

10. Natural resources
Ecoregion
Geostrategy
Sustainable forestry
Fish
Wood
Metal
Minerals
List of natural gas fields
List of minerals
Petroleum politics
Mining
Mineral exploration
Refining
Prospecting
Soft energy path
Environment
Landscape
Land (economics)
Soil
Causes of war
Pure water

11. DESCRIPTION
An ecoregion, sometimes called a bioregion, is “a relatively
large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct
assemblage of natural communities”.
Geostrategyis a subfield ofgeopolitics. As with allstrategies,
geostrategy is concerned with matching means to ends-in this
case, a country's resources (whether they are limited or extensive)
with its geopolitical objectives (which can be local, regional, or
global).
Sustainable forestryis aforest managementconcept. The basic
tenet of sustainable forestry is that the amount of goods and
services yielded from a forest should be at a level the forest is
capable of producing without degradation of the soil, watershed
features or seed source for the future.

12. Mineralsare natural compounds formed throughgeological
processes. The term “mineral”encompasses not only the
material'schemical composition, but also themineral’s structure.
Petroleum politicshave been an increasingly important aspect
of internationaldiplomacysince the discovery ofoilin the
Middle Eastin the early1900s.
Miningis the extraction ofvaluable mineralsor othergeological
materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from anore
body,vein, or (coal) seam.
Mineral explorationis the process undertaken by companies,
partnerships or corporations in the endeavour of finding
commercially viable concentrations ofore tomine.

13. Refiningis the process ofpurificationof asubstance. The term
is usually used of anatural resourcethat is almost in a usable
form, but which is more useful in its pure form.
Prospectingis the act of physically searching forminerals,
fossils, precious metals or mineral specimens, and is essentially
analagous tofossicking.
The soft energy pathis anenergyuse and development strategy
delineated and promoted by some energy experts and activists,
such asAmory LovinsandTom Bender; in Canada,David
Suzukihas been a very prominent (if less specialized) proponent.
The natural environmentcomprises all living and non-living
things that occurnaturallyonEarth. In its purest sense, it is thus
an environment that is not the result ofhumanactivity or
intervention.

14. A landscapecomprises the visible features of an area of land,
including physical elements such aslandforms, living elements of
flora and fauna, abstract elements such as lighting and weather
conditions, and human elements, for instance human activity or
thebiult environment.
Ineconomics, landcomprises all naturally occurring resources
whose supply is inherently fixed, such as geographical locations
(excludinginfrastructural improvementsand perhapsnatural
capital, which can be degraded by human actions),mineral
deposits, and evengeostationary orbitlocations and portions of
theelectromagnetic spectrum.
Soilis the collection of natural bodies that form in earthy
material on the land surface. The term is popularly applied to the
material on the surface of the earth's moon and Mars, a usage
acceptable within a portion of the scientific community.

15. RESOURCES
Sometimes people have resources and they
don’t use it or they think that they don’t
have!

16. Sun´s type Energy and Impact on
Earth

17. SOLAR POWER
EnergyfromtheSun—intheformofinsolationfromsunlight
supportsalmostalllifeonEarthviaphotosynthesis,anddrivesthe
Earth'sclimateandweather.
Solarpoweristhetechnologyofobtainingusableenergyfromthelightof
theSun.Solarenergyhasbeenusedinmanytraditionaltechnologiesfor
centuriesandhascomeintowidespreadusewhereotherpowersupplies
areabsent,suchasinremotelocationsandinspace.
Highestinsolationareas

18. REMOTE PLACES DEVICES

19. APLICATIONS
Solar energy is currently used in a number of applications:
Heating(hot water, building heat, cooking)
Electricity generation(photovoltaics, heat)
Desalination of seawater
Itsapplicationisspreadingastheenvironmentalcostsandlimitedsupplyof
otherpowersourcessuchasfossilfuelsarerealized.

20. Basic Resource (Sun)
Clean Energy
Necessary to know quantity and quality of solar energy available to install devices
Solar Radiation ( Insolation ) is variable from place to place
Leads to different orientations of devices to intercept solar energy
Check Serpa Portugy
www
SUN ENERGY CAPTING DEVICES
Photovoltaic cells

21. An aerial photograph of 52,000 photovoltaic modules that began generating electricity at one of the world's largest solar power plants in Portugal earlier this year.
Credit: Business Wire

22. TYPES OF TECHNOLOGIES
Solar Hot Water–Use sunlightto heat water
Used to heat domestic water or for space heating
Compose by solar solar thermal collectors and a storage tank
The three basic classificationsof solar water heaters are:
Active systems which use pumps to circulate water or
a heat transfer fluid
Passive systems which circulate water or a heat
transfer fluid by natural circulation. These are also
called thermosiphon systems
Batch systems using a tank directly heated by sunlight

23. HEAT WATER FUNCTIONING

24. SOLAR COOKING
Solarcookingishelpingmanydevelopingcountries,bothreducingthe
demandsforlocalfirewoodandmaintainingacleanerenvironmentforthe
cooks.
Solar Box Cooking–Traps the sun´s energy in a insulated box
used for cooking
used for Pasteurization
used for fruit canning

25. SOLAR LIGHTING
Solar Daylighting–Use natural daylight to provide illumination
offsetsenergyuseinelectriclightingsystems
useofnaturallightalsooffersphysiologicalandpsychological
benifits.Builidingorientation,exteriorshading,sawtoothroofs,
clerestorywindows,lightshelves,skylightsandlighttubesare
amongthemanydaylightingfeatures.Thesefeaturesmaybe
incorporatedinexistingstructuresbutaremosteffectivewhen
integratedinasolardesignpackagewhichaccountsforfactors
suchasglare,heatgain,heatlossandtime-of-use

26. SOLAR LIGHTING FUNCTIONING
Insulation ( light )

27. PHOTOVOLTAICS
NOTE:Untilrecently,theirusehasbeenlimitedbecauseofhighmanufacturingcosts.
Photovoltaics–devices or banks of devices that use the photovoltaic effect of
semiconductors to generate electricity directly from sunlight
usedinverylow-powerdevicessuchascalculatorswith
LCDs.
usedinremoteapplicationssuchasroadsideemergency
telephones,remotesensing,cathodicprotectionofpipelines,
andlimited"offgrid"homepowerapplications.Athirdusehas
beeninpoweringorbitingsatellitesandotherspacecraft.

28. PHOTOVOLTAICS FUNCTIONING
PhotovoltaicsbankcellsPhotovoltaicspanelscellsinayatch

29. POWER TOWERS
PowerTowers–Knowas'centraltower'powerplantsor'heliostat'power
plants(powertowers)useanarrayofflat,moveablemirrors(called
heliostats)tofocusthesun'sraysuponacollectortower(thetarget).The
highenergyatthispointofconcentratedsunlightistransferredtoa
substancethatcanstoretheheatforlateruse.
Usedtogenerateelectricity

30. POWER TOWERS FUNCTIONING

31. CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR WITH STIRLING ENGINE
CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR WITHSTIRLINGENGINE–Solarenergy
convertedtoheatinaconcentrating(dishortroughparabolic)collectorcan
beusedtodriveaStirlingengine*.TheStirlingengineisatypeofheat
enginewhichusesasealedworkinggas(i.e.aclosedcycle)anddoesnot
requireawatersupply
Holdstherecordforconvertingsolarenergyintoelectricity(30percent
at1,000wattspersquaremeter).
Producelittleornopowerinovercastconditionsandincorporatea
solartrackertopointthedevicedirectlyatthesun.
*TheStirlingengineisatypeofheatenginewhichusesasealedworkinggas(i.e.aclosedcycle)anddoesnot
requireawatersupply.

32. COLLECTOR WITH STIRLING ENGINE FUNCTIONING

33. Solar and
diesel
combinated
powered
yacht

34. IMPACT ON EARTH
SolaractivityhasseveraleffectsontheEarth:
BecausetheEarthhasamagneticfield,chargedparticles
fromthesolarwindcannotimpacttheatmospheredirectly,but
areinsteaddeflectedbythemagneticfieldandaggregateto
formthe*VanAllenbelts
Themostenergeticparticlescan'leakout'ofthebeltsand
striketheEarth'supperatmosphere,causingauroras,knownas
auroraeborealisinthenorthernhemisphereandaurorae
australisinthesouthernhemisphere
*TheVanAllenbeltsconsistofaninnerbeltcomposedprimarilyofprotonsandanouterbelt
composedmostlyofelectrons.RadiationwithintheVanAllenbeltscanoccasionallydamage
satellitespassingthroughthem.

35. IMPACT ON EARTH
Vegetationusesphotosynthesistoconvertsolarenergytochemicalenergy
incorporatedinbiomass.Biomassmaybeburneddirectlytoproduceheatand
electricityorprocessedintomethane(naturalgas),hydrogenandotherbiofuels
Hydroelectricdamsandwindturbinesarepoweredbysolarenergythroughits
interactionwiththeEarth'satmosphereandtheresultingweatherphenomena
Oceanthermalenergyproductionusesthethermalgradientspresentacross
oceandepthstogeneratepower.Thesetemperaturedifferencesarebecauseof
theenergyofthesun
Fossilfuelsareultimatelyderivedfromsolarenergycapturedbyvegetationin
thegeologicalpast
Sunlightiscollectedusingfocusingmirrorsandtransmittedviaopticalfibersinto
abuilding'sinteriortosupplementlighting
Indirectsolarpowerinvolvesmultipletransformationsofsunlight
whichresultinauseableformofenergy:

36. Advantages and Disadvantages
The122PW*ofsunlightreachingtheearth'ssurfaceisplentiful
comparedtothe13TW**averagepowerconsumedbyhumans.
Solarpowerispollutionfreeduringuse.Productionendwastesand
emissionsaremanageableusingexistingpollutioncontrols.
Facilitiescanoperatewithlittlemaintenanceorinterventionafterinitial
setup.
Solarelectricgenerationiseconomicallycompetitivewheregrid
connectionorfueltransportisdifficult,costlyorimpossible.Examples
includesatellites,islandcommunities,remotelocationsandocean
vessels.
Advantages :
*Petawatt(10
15
) ** Terawatt(10
12
)

37. Advantages and Disadvantages
Whengridconnected,solarelectricgenerationcandisplacethehighest
costelectricityduringtimesofpeakdemand(inmostclimaticregions),
canreducegridloading,andcaneliminatetheneedforlocalbattery
powerforuseintimesofdarknessandhighlocaldemand.
Gridconnectedsolarelectricitycanbeusedlocallythusminimizing
transmission/distributionlosses(approximately7.2%).
Oncetheinitialcapitalcostofbuildingasolarpowerplanthasbeen
spent,operatingcostsarelowwhencomparedtoexistingpower
technologies.
Advantages :

38. Advantages and Disadvantages
Limitedpowerdensity:AveragedailyinsolationintheE.U.is3-7kWh/m2usableby7-
17.7%efficientsolarpanels.
Intermittency:Itisnotavailableatnightandisreducedwhenthereiscloudcover,
decreasingthereliabilityofpeakoutputperformanceorrequiringameansofenergy
storage.Forpowergridstostayfunctionalatalltimes,theadditionofsubstantialamounts
ofsolargeneratedelectricitywouldrequiretheexpansionofenergystoragefacilities,other
renewableenergysources,ortheuseofbackupconventionalpowerplants
Locationsathighlatitudesorwithsubstantialcloudcoverofferreducedpotentialforsolar
poweruse
Likeelectricityfromnuclearorfossilfuelplants,itcanonlyrealisticallybeusedtopower
transportvehiclesbyconvertinglightenergyintoanotherformofenergy(e.g.batterystored
electricityorbyelectrolysingwatertoproducehydrogen)suitablefortransport.
SolarcellsproduceDCwhichmustbeconvertedtoACwhenusedincurrentlyexisting
distributiongrids.Thisincursanenergypenaltyof4-12%
Disadvantages :