Natural vegetation and wildlife

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1. NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

2. WHAT IS NATURAL VEGETATION? It refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid. When the natural vegetation are left untouched for over long period of time is called VIRGIN VEGETATION

3. FACTORS AFFECTING DIVERSITY IN FLORA AND FAUNA Relief Land Soil Climate Temperature Photoperiod Precipitation Ecosystem

4. RELIEF Land It affects the natural vegetation both directly and indirectly. The nature of land influence the type of vegetation. For, e.g. ; Fertile land is generally devoted to agriculture and the rough terrain areas where grasslands and woodlands develop give shelter to a variety of wildlife. Soil Different types of soil provide a basis for different types of vegetation. For, e.g. ; Sandy soils of desert support cacti and thorny bushes whereas, wet marshy and deltaic soil supports mangroves and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of soil have conical trees

5. CLIMATE Temperature The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature, humidity in air , pressure and soil. An area with high temperature and high humidity supports evergreen forest, while an area with high temperature and low humidity supports thorny forest. Photoperiod {sunlight} Duration of sunlight. It depends on latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Trees grow faster in summer because of longer photoperiod.

6. 3. Precipitation In India almost the entire rainfall is brought in by the advancing monsoon [June to September] and retreating monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall have dense vegetation as compared to other areas of less rainfall.

7. ECOSYSTEM All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other in their physical environment, thus forming an ecosystem. Human beings are also an integral part of the ecosystem. They utilize the vegetation and wildlife. The greed of human beings leads to over utilization of these resources. They cut the tree and kill the animals creating economical imbalance. As a result some plants and animals have reached the verge of extinction. A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation and animal life is called a biome. The biomes are identified on the basis of plants.

8. IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS They influence climate and cause rainfall. They reduce soil erosion. They control wind force and temperature. They provide shelter to various animals species. They support a variety of industries. They offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation. The control flood. They purify the air.

9. Types of vegetation

10. NATURAL VEGETATION OF INDIA

11. TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS These forests are also called TROPICAL RAINFORESTS . 12% of India is covered with this forest. These are found in the region of Western Ghats, both groups of islands{Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands}, upper parts of Assam and some parts of the coasts of Tamil Nadu and Odisha. These areas are warm and wet almost throughout the year. Height of the trees is up to 60 m and they all are creepers and bushes.

12. Vegetation occur in multilayered structure. There is no definite time for the trees to shed their leaves; as such these forests appear green all the year round. Annual rainfall is 200 cm.

13. Plants found here: EBONY MAHOGANY CINCHONA ROSEWOOD RUBBER

14. Animals found here: BATS LEMUR MONKEY DEER RHINOCEROS SCORPIONS SNAILS ELEPHANTS SLOTH

15. Tropical Deciduous Forests These cover around 64% of total forested areas of India. Also called MONSOON FORESTS . Annual rainfall : 70 cm to 200 cm The trees of these forests shed their leaves for about 6 to 8 weeks in dry summer. There are 2 types of tropical deciduous forest Moist deciduous Dry deciduous

16. MOIST DECIDUOUS The moist deciduous forests are found in areas which receive rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm. They cover about 34% of country’s forested areas.  Such forests are found mainly in the eastern part of India; like northeastern states, along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh. They are also found on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.

17. Plants found here: ARJUN BAMBOO KHAIR KUSUM MULBERRY SAL SANDALWOOD TEAK

18. DRY DECIDUOUS The dry deciduous forests are found in those regions which receive rainfall between 7 cm and 100 cm. They cover about 30% of the country’s forested areas. Such forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

19. FLORA AND FAUNA OF DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST: SAL TEAK

20. The Thorn Forests and Scrubs These cover around 5% of total forested area of the country. Thorn forests grow in those regions which receive less than 70 cm of rainfall. This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of India, e.g. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The trees found here are scattered. The plants have long roots, succulent stem and small thick leaves. All these characteristics have developed to minimize evaporation and conserve moisture.

21. FLORA AND FAUNA OF THORNY FOREST EUPHORBIA PALM cactus ACACIA

22. Montane Forests The forests in the mountainous areas are called montane forest. Different types of vegetation are found at different altitudes in the mountains. The wet temperate type of forest is found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metre . Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oak and chestnut abound in such forests. Temperate forests are found between the heights of 1500 and 3000 metre . Coniferous trees; like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar abound in such forests. Alpine vegetation are found are heights of more than 3600 metre . These forests are mainly found along the southern slopes of the Himalayas and at high altitudes in southern and north-eastern India.

23. FLORA AND FAUNA OF MONTANE FORESTS

24. Mangrove Forests These are also called Tidal Forests because these are found in coastal areas influenced by sea tides.  Roots of the mangrove plants are submerged under water.  Hollow roots grow out vertically above water so that roots can breathe. Mangrove forests are found in the deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri.

25. FLORA AND FAUNA OF MANGROVE FORESTS

26. MEDICINAL PLANTS Sarpagandha: It is used for the treatment of high blood sugar. ... It cures insomnia, hysteria and hypertension. ... It is also useful for in the treatment of cataract. It also cures plague and fever. Arjun: The bark of the  tree  has been used for several centuries for treating cardiovascular ailments. It has a host of other therapeutic  benefits  including treating asthma, hypertension and kidney stones.

27. Babool: Treats  Eye  pain For  Toothache Aids in Jaundice Treats Diarrhoea Good for Stomach related problems Cures Throat problems Aids in Eczema Helpful in  Pregnancy Reduces Excessive sweating

28. Neem : Neem  leaf is used for leprosy, eye disorders, bloody nose, intestinal worms, stomach upset, loss of appetite, skin ulcers, diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease), fever, diabetes, gum disease (gingivitis), and liver problems. Tulsi plant: Benefits include oral care, relief from respiratory disorders, as well as treatment of fever, asthma, lung disorders, heart diseases and stress.

29. Kachnar: MOUTH DISORDERS LOOSE MOTION SWELLING OF LIVER DYSURIA DIARRHOEA DUE TO INDIGESTION INTESTINAL WORMS WORM INFECTED WOUNDS STOMATITIS MULTINODULAR TUBERCULOSIS DYSPEPSIA CHRONIC CONSTIPATION DIARRHOEA

30. WILDLIFE India has about 90,000 animal species, 2,000 species of birds which constitute 13% of the world’s total. There are 2,546 species of fish, which account for nearly 12% of the world’s stock. It also shares between 5 and 8 percent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

31. Distribution of WILDLIFE in India   Elephants  are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala.   One-horned rhinoceroses  live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and West Bengal. Rann of Kachchh is habitat of  wild ass  and  camels  are found in Thar desert. Indian bison, nilgai (blue bull), chousingha (four horned antelope), gazel and different species of deer are some other animals found in India. Gir forest in Gujrat is the natural habitat of  lion  whereas  Tigers  are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sundarbans of West Bengal and the Himalayan region. The Himalayas harbour a hardy range of animals, which survive in extreme cold.

32. • Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are a home to yak, the shaggy horned wild ox weighing around one tonne , the Tibetan antelope, the bharal (blue sheep), wild sheep, and the kiang (Tibetan wild ass). The ibex, bear, snow-leopard and very rare red panda are found in certain parts. • In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found. • Birds like Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons are some of the birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of the country.

33. Conservation of Flora and Fauna • The excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human beings, disturbed the ecosystem. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct also few animals are endangered and some have become extinct. • Causes of this threats are: → Hunting by greedy hunters for commercial purposes. → Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste and acid deposits → Introduction of alien species → Reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation and inhabitation.

34. • Governmental steps to protect flora and fauna of country are: → Fourteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna. →  Financial and technical assistance is provided to many Botanical Gardens by the government since 1992. → Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco- developmental projects have been introduced. → 89 National Parks, 490 Wildlife sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of Natural heritage. • The Sunderbans in the West Bengal, Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand, the Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiris (Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) have been included in the world network of Biosphese reserves.

35. List of fourteen bio-reserves in India are: • Sunderbans (West Bengal) • Simlipal (Odisha) • Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu) • Dihang-Dibang (Arunachal Pradesh) • The Nilgiris in South India (in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala) • Dibru Saikhowa (Arunachal Pradesh) • Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand) • Agasthyamalai (Kerala and Tamil Nadu) • Nokrek (Meghalaya) • Kanchenjunga (Sikkim) • Great Nicobar (Bay of Bengal) • Pachmari (Madhya Pradesh) • Manas (Assam) • Achanakmar-Amarkantak (Chhattisgarh)

36. -By JK.GAYATRI Tannishtha Dutta Roma Singh Aabhika Samantaray