natural vegetation class 9

natural vegetation class 9 study material
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1. NATURAL
VEGETATION
ANDWILDLIFE

2. WtfAT IS NATURAL VEGETATION?
It referstoa plant community which has
grown naturally without humanaid.
When the natural vegetation are left untouched
for over long period of time is calledVIRGIN
VEGETATION
Virginvegetation
Endemic Vegetation : Plant species originated
inside thecountry
Exotic vegetation: Plant species originated
outside thecountry

3. FACTORS AFFECTING DIVERSITY IN
FLORA ANDFAUNA
a.Relief
•Land
•Soil
b.Climate
•Temperature
•Photoperiod
•Precipitation
c.Ecosystem

4. RELIEF
1.Land
It affects the natural vegetation both directlyand
indirectly.
The nature of land influence the type ofvegetation.
For, e.g. ; Fertile land is generally devoted to agriculture
and the roughterrainareaswhere grasslands and
woodlands develop give shelter to a variety ofwildlife.
2.Soil
Different types of soil provide a basis for different types of
vegetation.
For, e.g. ; Sandy soils of desert support cacti and thorny
bushes whereas, wet marshy and deltaic soil supports
mangroves and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with
some depth of soil have conicaltrees

5. CLIMATE
1.Temperature
The character and extent of vegetation are mainly
determined by temperature, humidity in air , pressure
andsoil.
An area with high temperature and high humidity
supports evergreen forest, while an area with high
temperature and low humidity supports thornyforest.
2.Photoperiod{sunlight}
Duration ofsunlight.
It depends on latitude, altitude, season and durationof
theday.
Trees grow faster in summer because of longer
photoperiod.

6. 3.Precipitation
In Indiaalmost the entire rainfall is brought in by the advancing
monsoon [June to September] and retreating monsoons.
Areas of heavy rainfall have dense vegetation as compared to other
areas of lessrainfall.

7. ECOSYSTEM
All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and
interrelated to each other in their physical environment, thus forming an
ecosystem.
Human beings are also an integral part of the ecosystem. They utilize the
vegetation andwildlife.
The greed of human beings leads to over utilization of these resources.
They cut the tree and kill the animals creating economical imbalance. As
a result some plants and animals have reached the verge ofextinction.
A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation and
animal life is called a biome. The biomes are identified on the basis of
plants.

8. ‘India’s natural vegetation has
undergone many changes due to
various factors ‘ what arethey?
•The growing demand for cultivatedland
•Development of industries &mining
•Urbanization
•Over-grazing ofpastures.

9. IMPORTANCE OFFORESTS
They influence climate and causerainfall.
They reduce soilerosion.
They control wind force andtemperature.
They provide shelter to various animalsspecies.
They support a variety ofindustries.
They offer panoramic or scenic view forrecreation.
The controlflood.
They purify theair.

10. Difference between Flora andFauna?
Flora : Plants ofa particular region
or period, listed by species and
considered as a group.
Fauna:Speciesofanimalsofa
givenarea.

11. The five principle Biomes of
theworld
Listed in order of availability of soil, water and
heat,
the five principal biomes of the world are:
•Forests.
•Savanna.
•Grassland.
•Desert.
•Tundra.

12. Types ofvegetation
Tropical evergreenforests
Tropical deciduous forests
Tropical thorn forests andscrubs.
Montaneforests.
Mangroveforests

13. NATURAL
VEGETATION
OFINDIA

14. TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS
These forests are also called TROPICALRAINFORESTS.
12% of India is covered with thisforest.
These are found in the region of Western Ghats, both groups
of islands{Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands},
upper parts of Assam and some parts of the coasts of Tamil
Nadu andOdisha.
These areas are warm and wet almost throughout theyear.
tfeight of the trees is up to 60 m and they all are creepers
andbushes.

15. Vegetation occur in multilayeredstructure.
There is no definite time for the trees to shed their leaves;
as such these forests appear green all the yearround.
Annual rainfall is 200cm.

16. Plants foundhere:
EBONY
MAHOGANY
CINCHONA
ROSEWOOD
RUBBER

17. Animals foundhere:
DEER
SCORPIONS
LEMUR
ELEPtfANTS
SLOTtf

18. Tropical DeciduousForests
These cover around 64% of total forested areas ofIndia.
Also called MONSOON FORESTS.
Annualrainfall:70 cm to 200cm
The trees of these forests shed their leaves for about 6 to 8
weeks in drysummer.
There are 2 types of tropical deciduousforest
1.Moistdeciduous
2.Drydeciduous

19. MOISTDECIDUOUS
The moist deciduous forests are found in areas whichreceive
rainfall between 100 cm and 200cm.
They cover about 34% of country’s forestedareas.
Such forests are found mainly in the eastern part of India;
like northeastern states, along the foothills of the tfimalayas,
Jharkhand, West Orissa andChhattisgarh.
They are also found on the eastern slopes of theWestern
Ghats.

20. Plants foundhere:
ARJUN
BAMBOO
KtfAIR
KUSUM
MULBERRY
SAL
SANDALWOOD
TEAK

21. DRYDECIDUOUS
The dry deciduous forests are found in those regionswhich
receive rainfall between 70 cm and 100cm.
They cover about 30% of the country’s forestedareas.
Such forests are found in the rainier parts of thepeninsular
plateau and the plains of Bihar and UttarPradesh.

22. FLORA AND FAUNA OF DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST:
SAL
TEAK

23. The Thorn Forests andScrubs
These cover around 5% of total forested area of thecountry.
Thorn forests grow in those regions which receive less than
70 cm ofrainfall.
This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of
India, e.g. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh andtfaryana.
The trees found here arescattered.
The plants have long roots, succulent stem and small thick
leaves.
All these characteristics have developed tominimize
evaporation and conservemoisture.

24. FLORA AND FAUNA OF THORNYFOREST
EUPHORBIA
PALM
cactus
ACACIA

25. MontaneForests
The forests in the mountainous areas are called montaneforest.
Different types of vegetation are found at different altitudesin
themountains.
1.The wet temperate type of forest is found between a height of 1000
and 2000 metre. Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oak and chestnut
abound in suchforests.
2.Temperate forests are found between the heights of 1500 and3000
metre. Coniferous trees; like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce andcedar
abound in suchforests.
3.Alpine vegetation are found are heights of more than 3600metre.
Theseforestsaremainlyfoundalongthesouthernslopesofthe
tfimalayasandathighaltitudesinsouthernandnorth-eastern
India.

26. FLORA AND FAUNA OF MONTANE FORESTS

27. MangroveForests
These are also called Tidal Forests because these are found in
coastal areas influenced by seatides.
Roots of the mangrove plants are submerged underwater.
tfollow roots grow out vertically above water so that roots
canbreathe.
Mangrove forests are found in the deltas of the Ganga, the
Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and theKaveri.

28. FLORA AND FAUNA OF MANGROVE
FORESTS

29. MEDICINALPLANTS
Sarpagandha:
1.It is used for the treatment of high blood sugar....
2.It cures insomnia, hysteria and hypertension....
3.It is also useful for in the treatment ofcataract.
4.It also cures plague andfever.
Arjun:
1.The bark of the tree has been used for several centuries for treating
cardiovascularailments.
2.It has a host of other therapeutic benefits including treating
asthma, hypertension and kidneystones.

30. Babool:
1.TreatsEyepain
2.ForToothache
3.Aids inJaundice
4.TreatsDiarrhoea
5.Good for Stomach relatedproblems
6.Cures Throatproblems
7.Aids inEczema
8.Helpful inPregnancy
9.Reduces Excessivesweating

31. Neem:
1.Neem leaf is used for leprosy, eye disorders, bloody nose, intestinal
worms, stomach upset, loss of appetite, skin ulcers, diseases of the
heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease), fever, diabetes,gum
disease (gingivitis), and liverproblems.
Tulsi plant: Benefits include oral care, relief from
respiratory disorders, as well as treatment of fever,
asthma, lung disorders, heart diseases andstress.

32. Kachnar:
1.MOUTHDISORDERS
2.LOOSEMOTION
3.SWELLING OFLIVER
4.DYSURIA
5.DIARRHOEA DUE TOINDIGESTION
6.INTESTINALWORMS
7.WORM INFECTEDWOUNDS
8.STOMATITIS
9.MULTINODULAR TUBERCULOSIS
10.DYSPEPSIA
11.CHRONICCONSTIPATION
12.DIARRHOEA

33. WILDLIFE
•India has about 90,000 animal species,
2,000 speciesofbirdswhich constitute 13%
of the world’s total. There are 2,546 species
of fish, which account for nearly 12% of the
world’s stock. It also shares between 5 and 8
percent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles
andmammals.

34. DistributionofWILDLIFEinIndia
•Elephantsare found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka
andKerala.
•One-horned rhinoceroseslive in swampy and marshy landsof
Assam and WestBengal.
•Rann of Kachchh is habitat of wild assand camelsare found in
Thar desert.
•Indian bison, nilgai (blue bull), chousingha (four horned antelope),
gazel and different species of deer are some other animals found in
India.
•Gir forest in Gujrat is the naturalhabitat
of lionwhereas Tigersare found in the forests of MadhyaPradesh,
the Sundarbans of West Bengal and the tfimalayanregion.
•The tfimalayas harbour a hardy range of animals, which survive in
extremecold.

35. •• Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are a
home to yak, the shaggy horned wild ox
weighing
around one tonne, the Tibetan antelope,
the bharal (blue sheep), wild sheep, and
the kiang (Tibetan wild ass). The ibex,
bear, snow-leopard and very rare red
panda are found in certainparts.
•In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas,
turtles, crocodiles and gharials arefound.
•Birds like Peacocks, pheasants, ducks,
parakeets, cranes and pigeons are some of
the birds inhabiting the forests and
wetlands of thecountry.

36. Conservation of Flora andFauna
•• The excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resourcesby
human beings, disturbed the ecosystem. About 1,300 plant species
are endangered and 20 species are extinct also few animals are
endangered and some have becomeextinct.
•Causes of this threatsare:
→tfunting by greedy hunters for commercialpurposes.
→Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste and acid
deposits
→Introduction of alienspecies
→Reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation
andinhabitation.

37. •• Governmental steps to protect flora and fauna of countryare:
→Fourteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the countryto
protect flora andfauna.
→Financial and technical assistance is provided tomany
Botanical Gardens by the government since1992.
→Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustardand
many other eco-developmental projects have beenintroduced.
→89 National Parks, 490 Wildlife sanctuaries and Zoological
gardens are set up to take care of Naturalheritage.
•The Sunderbans in the West Bengal, Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand,
the Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiris (Kerala,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) have been included in the world
network of Biosphesereserves.

38. Listoffourteenbio-reserves in Indiaare:
•Sunderbans (WestBengal)
•Simlipal(Odisha)
•Gulf of Mannar (TamilNadu)
•Dihang-Dibang (ArunachalPradesh)
•The Nilgiris in South India (in the states of TamilNadu,
Karnataka andKerala)
•Dibru Saikhowa (ArunachalPradesh)
•Nanda Devi(Uttarakhand)
•Agasthyamalai (Kerala and TamilNadu)
•Nokrek(Meghalaya)
•Kanchenjunga(Sikkim)
•Great Nicobar (Bay ofBengal)
•Pachmari (Madhya Pradesh)
•Manas(Assam)
•Achanakmar-Amarkantak(Chhattisgarh)

40. -By
SOCIAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT