Nature and scope

It describes the nature scope and importance of environmental studies

1. UNIT 1 UNIT 1 NATURE SCOPE AND NATURE SCOPE AND NATURE SCOPE AND NATURE SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF IMPORTANCE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

2. Environment Environment
Environment literally means Surrounding in which we are living.
Environment includes all those things on which we are direct ly or indirectly
dependent for our survival, whether it is living component l ike animals, plants or
non living component like soil, air water. The word ‘environ ment’is derived from
the old French word ‘environer’ – which means to ‘surround, e nclose, and
encircle’
.
encircle’
. The biologist Jacob Van Uerkal (1864-1944) introduced the term
‘environment’ in Ecology. Ecology is the study of the intera ctions between an
organism of some kind and its environment. As given by Enviro nment Protection
Act 1986, Environment is the sum total of land, water, air, in terrelationships
amongthemselvesandalsowiththehumanbeingsandotherlivingorganisms.

3. All living beings including man and their environment are mu tually reactive,
affecting each other in a number of ways. It is generally equa ted with nature
wherein physical components of the planet earth such as eart h, air, water, etc.
support and affect life in the biosphere. Environment repre sents the physical
components of the earth, wherein man is an important factor a ffecting the
environment.
Environment comprises interacting systems of physical, bi ological, and
cultural elements, which are interlinked individually as w ell as collectively in
variousways.

5. Definition: The complex set of physical, geographic, biological, social, cultural and
political conditions that surround an individual or organism and that ultimately de termines
its form and nature of its survival.
According to Boring, ‘A person’s environment consists of the sum total of the stimul ation
which he receives from his conception until his death.’ Indicating that environm ent
comprises various types of forces such as physical, intellectual, menta l, economical,
political, cultural, social, moral and emotional.
2. Douglas and Holland defined that ‘The term environment is used to describe, in
aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affec t the life, nature,
behaviour and the growth, development and maturity of living organisms’.
1) All factors living and nonliving that affect an individual organism or population at any
point in the life cycle.
2) Set of circumstances surrounding a particular occurrence. 3)All the things that surrounds us.

6. Environmental Science Environmental Science
An interdisciplinary branch of science that investigates questi ons
related to the human population, resources, and damages caused by
pollution and disturbance.
Environmental science is integrative and involves complex bi ology, chemistry, politics, sociology, geology, agriculture, e conomics. chemistry, politics, sociology, geology, agriculture, e conomics.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
It is a interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fie ld, drawing on many
diverse discipline.

8. Multidisciplinary natureof the Environmental Science
1. Environmental studies is the scientific study o f our envi ronment and
our place in it.
2. Definition: “Environmental studies” is the study of environmental
issues.
3.
It
has
border
coverage
than
environmental
science
and
includes
social
3.
It
has
border
coverage
than
environmental
science
and
includes
social
aspects of environment also.
4. It deals with science where necessary and also include thestudy of
physical and biological environment and also cultural, soc ial factors
and their impact on environment.

9. Need of Environment study Need of Environment study
EThe need for information that clarifies modern environmental
conceptssuchastheneedtoconserve
biodiversity
,theneedto
lead more
sustainable
lifestyles and the need to use resources
moreequitably.
EA need to change the way in which we viewour own
environment
by
a
practical
approach
based
on
observation
and
environment
by
a
practical
approach
based
on
observation
and
selflearning.
EThe need to create a concern for our environment that will
trigger pro-environmental action,including activities we can do
inourdailylifetoprotectit.

10. Objective of Environment subject Objective of Environment subject
E
Developaconcernforourenvironment.
E
Begin to act at your own level to protect the
environmentwealllivein.

11. Types of Environment
Since environment is a combination of physical and biological factors, it contain s
both living or biotic and non-living or abiotic components. On the basis of this
basic structure, environment can be divided into physical or abiotic and living or
biotic environment.
Physical orAbiotic Environment
Physical environment is made up of the following states - solid, liquid, and ga s.
These three elements signify lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere
respectively. On the basis of spatial distribution, smaller units are te rmed as coastal
environment, plateau environment, mountain environment, lake environment, river
environment, maritime environment, etc.
Living or Biotic Environment
Biotic environment consists of plants (flora) and animals (fauna) including huma n
beings as a significant factor. Thus, biotic environment can be of two types such a s
floral environment and faunal environment.

12. Apartfromtheabove,therearesocial,cultural,andpsychologicalenvironment.
Social and Cultural Environment
This type of environment includes the varied aspects of soci o-cultural interactions
along with its outcomes such as beliefs, attitudes, stereot ypes etc. The tangible and
intangibleaspectsofenvironmentareincludedinit.
Psychological Environment Psychological Environment Psychological environment deals with the perception and ex periences related to
any environmental setting. Some environment may be stimula ting and exciting for
us, while others may be dull and boring. Psychological envir onment is more often
usedintheorganizationalcontext.

13. Scope and Importance Scope and Importance
E
We live in natural surrounding (forest, river, mountain, etc. ).
Resources: renewable (forest and water) and non-renewable
(minerals and oil).
E
Due to increase in population these resources are getting
depleted gradually.
E
There is a need to understand make ourselves aware of our
E
There is a need to understand make ourselves aware of our natural assets and get concerned about our environment and
sustainable utilize the resources.
E
Scope of environmental studies is very wide and nearly cov ers
some aspects of every major discipline (biology, chemistr y, physics,
geography, resource management, economy, etc.).

14. Interaction between different components of environ ment

15. The environment consists of four segments of the earth namely atmosphere, hyd rosphere,
lithosphere and biosphere:
1. Atmosphere: The Atmosphere forms a distinctive protective layer about 100 km thi ck
around the earth. A blanket of gases called the atmosphere surrounds the earth and protects
the surface of earth from the Sun’s harmful, ultraviolet rays. It sustai ns life on the earth. It
also regulates temperature, preventing the earth from becoming too hot or too c old. It saves
it from the hostile environment of outer space. The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and
oxygen besides, argon, carbon dioxide and trace gases.
The atmosphere has a marked effect on the energy balance at the surface of th e
Earth. It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the
electromagnetic radiation from the sun. It transmits only ultraviolet, vis ible, near infrared
radiation (300 to 2500 nm) and radio waves. (0.14 to 40 m) while filtering out tis sue-
damaging ultra-violate waves below about 300 nm.

16. Stratosphere
It is above Troposphere
and extends up to 50-55
km
Up to about 20km
temperature remains
constant and then increase
with increase in height. with increase in height. Ozone layer is in this
layer.

17. Mesosphere
It is a layer above
stratosphere and extends up
to 80 km.
Temperature decreases slowly
with altitude but then sharply
to about 75
0
C
to about 75
C

18. Thermosphere
Temperature increases
rapidly with increase in
height.
Heating of this layer is due
to absorption of solar
energy. energy. Within the thermosphere
there is a layer of charged
particles known as
ionosphere

19. Exosphere
It exist above the
ionosphere and extend up
to 2000 km above the
earth.
This layer is almost airless
and empty. and empty. Contains hydrogen gas in
ionized state.
Very high temperature.

20. 2. Hydrosphere: The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, s eas,
lakes, rivers, streams, reservoirs, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground water. Oceans
represent 97% of the earth’s water and about 2% of the water resources is locked in the
polar icecaps and glaciers. Only about 1% is available as fresh water as surface water in
rivers, lakes, streams, and as ground water for human use.
3. Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists of mi nerals
occurring
in
the
earth’s
crusts
and
the
soil
e
.
g
.
minerals,
organic
matter,
air
and
water
.
occurring
in
the
earth’s
crusts
and
the
soil
e
.
g
.
minerals,
organic
matter,
air
and
water
.
4. Biosphere: Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their intera ctions with
environment, viz atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
The scope of environmental studies is very wide and it deals with many areas li ke i)
Conservation of natural resources, ii) ecological aspects, iii) pollution of t he surrounding
natural resources, iv) controlling the pollution, v) social issues connected t o it, and vi)
impacts of human population on the environment.

21. Elements of Environment
Environment is constituted by the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural
elements inter-related in various ways, individually as well as coll ectively. These elements
are:
(1) Physical elements
Physical elements are space, landforms, water bodies, climate, s oils, rocks and minerals.
They determine the variable character of the human habitat, its opportunitie s as well as
limitations
.
limitations
.
(2) Biological elements
Biological elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and men constit ute the
biosphere.
(3) Cultural elements
Cultural elements such as economical, social and political elements ar e essentially man-
made features, which make the cultural background.

22. U
Water, air, soil, forests are all part of our life suppor t systems.
Without them life itself would be impossible.
U
Natural resources are limited in nature and continue to shri nk
and may be get depleted if not utilized in a sustainable manner .
U
Almost every act of human beings cause some effect on environment: solid waste, water pollution, air pollution, s oil
Importance
environment: solid waste, water pollution, air pollution, s oil pollution , etc. And these have ill-effect on human health.
U
Individual efforts together with the public and also government
actions are needed to protect our environment from further
more degradation and safeguard it.

23. The environment studies make us aware about the importance of protection and
conservation of our mother earth and about the destruction due to the release of polluti on
into the environment. The increase in human and animal population, industrie s and other
issues make the survival cumbersome. Agreat number of environment issues have grown i n
size and make the system more complex day by day, threatening the survival of m ankind on
earth. Environment studies have become significant for the following reasons:
1.Environment Issues are being of Global:
It has been well recognised that environment issues like global warming and o zone
depletion, acid rain, marine pollution and biodiversity are not merely nationa l issues but are
global issues and hence require international efforts and cooperation to solve them.

24. 2.Development and Environment:
Development leads to Urbanization, Industrial Growth, Telecommunication and
Transportation Systems, Hi-tech Agriculture and Housing etc. However, i t has become phased
out in the developed world. The North intentionally moves their dirty factories to South to
cleanse their own environment. When the West developed, it did so perhaps in ignoranc e of
the environmental impact of its activities. Development of the rich countries of the world has
undesirable
effects
on
the
environment
of
the
entire
world
.
undesirable
effects
on
the
environment
of
the
entire
world
.
3.Explosive Increase in Pollution
World census reflects that one in every seven persons in this planet lives i n India. Evidently
with 16 per cent of the world's population and only 2.4 per cent of its land area, th ere is a
heavy pressure on the natural resources including land. Agricultural experts ha ve recognized
soil health problems like deficiency of micronutrients and organic matter, soil salinity and
damage of soil structure.

25. Need for anAlternative Solution
It is essential, specially for developing countries to find alternativ e paths to an alternative
goal.We need a goal as under:
1.A true goal of development with an environmentally sound and sustainable
development.
2.A goal common to all citizens of our planet earth.
3.
A goal distant from the developing world in the manner it is from the ove r
-
consuming
3.
A goal distant from the developing world in the manner it is from the ove r
-
consuming
wasteful societies of the “developed” world.
It is utmost important for us to save the humanity from extinction because of our
activities constricting the environment and depleting the biosphere, in the na me of
development.