NCLEX RN REVIEW EXAM CONTENT BLUE BOOK PDF

THE NURSES CORNER

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pharmacology & Need to Know Medications................Page 3-13
Fundamentals & Delegation..........................................Page 14-17
Ethical Principals & Law..................................................Page 18-20
Integumentary.................................................................Page 21-23
Respiratory Disorders & Nursing Considerations.......Page 24-32
Disorders of the Heart & Circulation...........................Page 33- 44
Musculoskeletal Disorders.............................................Page 45-47
Diabetes & Insulin.................................................................Page 48
Contact Precautions & Infectious Disease....................Page 49-53
Renal Disorders & Nursing Considerations..................Page 54-58
GI Disorders......................................................................Page 59-60
Spinal Cord Injuries..........................................................Page 61-62
Neuro & Brain..................................................................Page 63- 68
Visual/Auditory & Nursing Considerations...................Page 69- 71
Psychiatric Nursing..........................................................Page 72- 75
Endocrine Disorders........................................................Page 76- 79
Reproductive & Sexual Health........................................Page 80- 81
Maternal- Antepartum.....................................................Page 82- 88
Labor & Delivery................................................................Page 89- 92
Postpartum & Newborn...................................................Page 93- 95
Pediatric Nursing............................................................Page 96- 100

PHARMACOLOGY
Vitamin k is the antagonist
used to prevent blood clots in clients with atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valves, or a
history of thrombosis
Intake of vitamin k rich foods can decrease effect ( broccoli, spinach, liver)
Monitor INR levels
Pregnant women should not take
Avoid aspirin, NSAIDS, and alcohol If recovering from a PE,
Warfarin is usually taken for 3-6 months
Antibiotics can affect INR levels
INR level 3.0-3.5
contraindicated in pregnancy
First line drug therapy for SVT
Administer over 1-2 minutes then flush with saline
Find a line closest to the heart
End with -il, controls high blood pressure
Check blood pressure before administering
Check potassium levels before administering because these medications increase
potassium levels
Can cause a dry cough and reflex tachycardia
Can have severe adverse effects of angioedema
Do not take while pregnant
Can cause orthostatic hypertension
If a client cannot tolerate ACE inhibitor then they are prescribed ARBS (-an) drugs
CCB are like valium to your heart
Help control atrial fibrillation
End in -em like diltiazem
Also end in -ine (Amlodipine)
Most severe adverse effect is dizziness
Do not drink grapefruit juice while taking this or statins
Measure blood pressure before administering, if systolic is under 100 then you hold CCB
Warfarin
Adenosine
ACE Inhibitors
Calcium Channel Blockers

Clients with hypertension should not take over the counter medications for colds, these
medications have decongestants and can cause vasoconstriction
Calcium channel blocker vasodilator
Brings blood pressure down, usually after stroke and patients get extremely hypertensive
(systolic over 240)
The nurse should bring the blood pressure down but not below 170 (systolic)
Priority nursing interventions are to monitor for hypotensive effects of this drug
Helps control heart rate and blood pressure (mainly heart rate)
Side effects may be bronchospasms
Do not give to people with asthma
The nurse should assess for any wheezing
May mask signs of hypoglycemia
End with - an like Losartan (sartans)
Should not be taken while pregnant
Helps lower blood pressure
Can cause hyperkalemia
Do not take with salt substitutes
Increases cardiac contractility and slows the heart rate and conduction (slows the rate of
conduction through the AV node)
NOT a vasodilator
Decreases workload of the heart It is used in heart failure and atrial fibrillation
Excreted exclusively by the kidneys so need to check kidney function (creatinine and BUN)
Digoxin toxicity: N/V, GI symptoms are the earliest sign, confusion, weakness,
Toxic level above 2
visual symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias
Hypokalemia can cause digoxin toxicity
Treats A fib and heart failure
Increased risk for bleeding
Helps prevent platelet aggregation
Clients should be assessed for black tarry stools, bleeding gums, hematuria, bruising,
monitor platelets
Should not be taken with Ginko
Inhibits platelet aggregation, prevents thrombus formation, and reduces heart
inflammation
Clients can receive this when they do not have signs of bleeding or low platelet levels
Nicardipine
Beta Blockers
ARBS
Digoxin
Antiplatelet Therapy Drugs

plavix , antiplatelet medication that should be discontinued 5-7 days before surgery
Can increase risk of bleeding so the HCP should be notified if low platelet levels (<150000)
Helps prevent blood clots
Decreases preload
Nitrate that causes vasodilation
At risk for hypotension
Can cause headache
The nurse should follow up of the client feels dizzy or lightheaded
1 pill every 5 minutes and up to 3 doses EMS should be called if pain is not alleviated by 5
minutes after the first pill
Headache and flushing are common side effects
Sit or lie down before taking the pill
Store away from heat and light
Helps lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
Reduces LDL levels, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels
Taken at night with evening meals
Muscle aches are a serious side effect
Report muscle pains or weakness, could be a sign of rhabdomyolysis
Liver function test should be assessed before giving
Lower LDL lipid levels
Monitor for muscle pain or weakness
All NSAIDS are associated with: GI bleeding, black tarry stools, stomach pain can be
reduced if taken with food
Kidney injury, long term use is associated with this
Hypertension and heart failure
Increase risk for bleeding
Should be avoided in clients with kidney disease, nephrotoxic, COPD
Long term use can cause peptic ulcers and chronic kidney disease, exacerbate
hypertension and cardiac problems
Ibuprofen
NSAID
Commonly prescribed to relieve joint pain and inflammation
Clopidogrel
Nitroglycerin
Statin
Atorvastatin
NSAIDS
Naproxen

Toradol
Highly potent NSAID
Subcutaneous or IV anticoagulation medication
Administer at 90 degrees or 45 degrees depending on how much adipose tissue they have
Administer 2 inches away from umbilicus
Works immediately
Cannot be given for longer than 3 weeks (accept for lovenox)
Antidote is protamine sulfate
Lab test that monitors heparin is PTT
PTT time should be 1.5 - 2.0 times the normal clotting time of 25-35 seconds
Too long could cause spontaneous bleeding
Can be given to pregnant women
Risk is HIT (drop in the number of platelets) Heparin should be held when there is a drop
in platelet
Must be administered in 3-4.5 hours
Surgery within 2 weeks is contraindicated
Platelet less than 100000 or coagulation disorders should not receive it
muscle relaxer
Side effects: Fatigue and muscle weakness
Teach: don't drink, don't drive, and don't operate heavy machinery for patients
Muscle relaxer
Flex = muscle
Iron supplement, avoid giving with calcium supplements and antacids because that
decreases absorption
Client should increase intake of fluids because these cause constipation
Taking with vitamin c like orange juice enhances absorption
Administer 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals
Keterolac
Heparin
TPA
Baclofen
Flexeril
Ferrous Sulfate

Medication for hypothyroidism
Used to replace thyroid hormone
Safe to take during pregnancy
Do not take with antacids, calcium or iron (avoid over the counter
multivitamins)
Take on an empty stomach, in the morning, separately from other
medications
Lifelong therapy, blood test needed
This medication will improve mood, higher energy levels, take up to 8 weeks to
work, normal heart rate
Takes 3-4 weeks for effect
Prednisone
Given to combat inflammation in the lungs to COPD patients
These medications can cause in increase in sugar
If the patient is a diabetic, anticipate giving more insulin
Started high dose then tapered slowly
Treats diabetes insipidus
Mimics ADH
Increases renal water absorption and concentrates urine
Clients receiving this must have their electrolytes closely monitored for water
intoxication/ hyponatremia (headache, mental status, weakness)
Severe hyponatremia may cause seizures, neurological damage, or death
Treats rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis
Can cause bone marrow suppression, clients are at risk for infection
They should avoid large crowds and receive killed immunizations (flu,
pneumonia)
Avoid alcohol (can cause hepatotoxicity) and pregnancy with these drugs
Endocrine Medications
Levothyroxine
Corticosteroids
Desmopressin
Methotrexate

Keppra
Anticonvulsant prescribed for seizures
Depresses the CNS and can cause drowsiness, this improves after a few weeks
Associated with suicidal ideations and should be reported to the HCP
Can trigger steven johnsons syndrome
No driving until approved by HCP
Treats migraine headaches
Work by constricting cranial blood vessels
Contraindicated in clients with coronary artery disease and uncontrolled
hypertension
For motion sickness
Apply 4 hours before
Keep on for 72 hours
Apply behind ear
Dilantin, is an anti seizure medication with a therapeutic index of 10-20
Tube feedings decrease phenytoin absorption which can reduce the drugs
effect and produce seizures
The nurse should pause tube feedings for 1-2 hours before and after
administration of these drug to increase absorption
Early signs of toxicity include: horizontal nystagmus and gait unsteadiness
Commonly taken at bedtime
Antianxiety drug
Do not ever stop abruptly
Versed
Benzodiazepine commonly used to induce conscious sedation
Flumazenil ( Romazicon) is the antidote to reverse benzo effects
Neurological Medications
Levetiracetam
Sumatriptan
Scopolamine
Phenytoin
Benzodiazepine
Midazolam

Patients are usually prescribed Flagyl ( Metronidazole)
For severe C Diff vancomycin may be used
For treatment of TB
Can experience neurological effects due to the decrease in the body's ability to
utilize B6
The patient needs additional doses of B6
Zyvox
Should not be taken with SSRI because can cause serotonin syndrome
Azithromycin
These can cause prolonged QT intervals in patients
ECG should be monitored
Can also cause hepatotoxicity
Draw trough prior to administration, 10-20 is a therapeutic level Infuse
medication over at least 60 minutes
Monitor blood pressure
Assess for hypersensitivity (red man syndrome)
Monitor for anaphylaxis
Check IV site every 30 minutes CVC catheter is preferred
Creatinine levels are the most important value to monitor because
vancomycin can cause nephrotoxicityIf creatinine is high this is a complication
of nephrotoxicity
Helps fight bacterial infections of the skin
Take on an empty stomach
Avoid taking with dairy products, iron supplements, or antacids
Take with a full glass of water
Wear sunblock because risk of photosensitivity
Use additional contraceptive medications
Infectious Disease Medications
Medications for CDiff
Isoniazid (INH)
Linezolid
Macrolide Antibiotics
IV Vancomycin
Tetracycline

Stool softener that reduces straining during bowel movement, puts less stress on heart
Straining can also cause bradycardia due to vagal response
Most commonly used drug for heart failure
Lasix
Can increase risk of bleeding
COX- 2 I inhibitor
Black box warning with increased risk for cardiovascular complications
Back pain, nausea, vomiting, would need to be assessed immediately
Decreases cardiac workload
Pain treatment and terminal dyspnea
Decreases cardiac irritability
Avoid intake of alcohol and limit use of acetaminophen
Take vitamin B6 to prevent leg tingling
Avoid aluminum containing antacids
Report changes in vision
Report jaundice, dark urine
Does not change color or urine, that is Rifampin
Adverse effects: hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy
Rifampin: reduced the efficiency of oral contraceptives, changes the color of the urine,
used for TB
Codeine
Opioid and is smaller doses is a cough suppressant
Can cause constipation just like opioids do
Take medicine with food
Drink lots of water
Sit on side of bed before getting up because it can cause hypotension in patients
Never shave before placing patch
Antihypertensive patch that is reapplied every 7 days
Do not remove patch if dizziness occurs
Rotate site with each use
Miscelleneous Drugs
Docusate Sodium
Furosemide
Ginko
Celecoxib
Morphine
Lidocaine
Isoniazid INH
Transdermal Patches
Clonidine

Available in many forms
If a patient has difficulty swallowing, the nurse should consult with the pharmacist to see
if there is other forms
Maybe liquid
Fold when discarding
Change every 72 hours
Not cutting patches
Do not apply heat over the patch (does not aid in absorption)
Over 3 years years pull ear up and back
Less than 3 pulled down and back
Children should be placed prone or supine
Warm ear drops to room temperature
Drop medication against wall of the canal
Age appropriate distraction
Toddlers and infants toys
Preschool and older children deep breaths or count
Infant placed supine with knees and and feet raised
Other children side lying with knees bent
Use water soluble jelly
Insert using 5th finger with children under 3
Hold buttocks together after insertion
Y tubing
Connected with normal saline to keep vein open
Continuous IV fluids used PCA pumps
Children can use as long as they understanding of the device
10-20, above 20 is toxic
Helps relax bronchioles
Seizures in toxicity
Do not take vitamin A supplements, can cause toxicity
Do not give blood on this medication
For severe or cystic acne
Most important to use 2 forms of contraception
KCL
Fentanyl Patch
Ear Drops
Rectal Suppository
PCA PUMP
Aminophylline
Isotretinoin

May cause ototoxicity, especially in patients with kidney disease
High doses should be administered slowly to prevent this ototoxicity in patients
Viagra
Nitrates and viagra are contraindicated with each other as it can cause life threatening
hypotension
The use of these should be reported to HCP
Glucose should be monitored in those receiving this
End in -ide and -one
Treats hypertension and edema
Major side effects: hypokalemia (muscle cramps and dysrhythmias)
hyponatremia (AMS and seizures)
Hyperglycemia
Used to prevent gout attacks
Inhibits uric acid production and improves solubility
Should be taken with a full glass of water and increase fluids (most important teaching)
Used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Adverse effects: bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal irritation
Can lead to thrombocytopenia (small purple dots)
Anticonvulsant for seizures
Never stop taking abruptly
Exception is the development of a rash that may indicate steven johnsons syndrome (flu
like symptoms and a painful rash)
Good dental care is a must, can cause gingival hyperplasia
Can cause suicidal ideation and depression, this an adverse effect
-micine ending
(azithromycin, zithrominine, and clarithromycin)
Treat serious
Think “mice” think ears think ototoxic, tinnitus, vertigo, equilibrium, ringing of the ear,
dizziness
Another toxic effect is nephrotoxicity (monitor creatinine)
IM or IV PO, does not absorb
Oral micines will sterilize the bowels before surgery (neomincine and canominice)
IV Furosemide
Sildenafil
Prednisone
Thiazide Diuretics
Allopurinol
Methotrexate
Phenytoin
Aminoglycosides

IV Fluids
Iv should not exceed 10 mEq/ hr
Iv should be diluted and never given at a concentrated amount, high risk
Can cause hypotension, this side effect is not as noticeable when the client is sitting
down but when they stand up they can have orthostatic hypotension
Those at highest risk for respiratory depression due to administration: the elderly, those
with underlying pulmonary disease, snoring, obesity, smokers
Adverse effect is paralytic ileus (absent bowel sounds) also can happen with potassium
is low
Itching is a normal side effect
Hydromorphone, morphine
Control moderate to severe pain
Side effects: sedation, respiratory depression, hypotension, constipation
Client is at risk for falls and should not get out of bed unless with assistance
Administer daily stool softeners
Administer slowly over 2 to 3 minutes
Recheck pain 15-30 minutes after administering the medication
Can take up to 72 hours for full effect
Not prescribed to patients 1 day post op or for acute pain because of the time it takes
to reach full effect
KCL
Opioids
Opioid Analgesics
Transdermal Fentanyl Patch

FUNDAMENTALS & DELEGATION
Always take it off in alphabetical order
Gloves, goggles, gown, mask OFF
ON reverse for alphabetical for G but mask comes second
Gown, mask, googles, gloves
Hold the cane on the strong side
Close clients eyes
Replace dentures
Disconnect all tubes and lines
Straighten the body and limbs
Place pad under perineum
Wash body
Allow family members to assist with care
Place pillow under the head
Fold towel to put under the chin to close mouth
Address client directly
Speak in short sentences
Pre conference with interpreter
Use qualified interpreter when possible
Avoid translation through family members
The nurse should be mindful to choose interpreter with the patients prefered
age, gender
PPE
Canes
Postmortem Care
Speaking with an Interpreter

Can perform passive range of motion exercises
Take and document vital signs
No trach care or cleaning
Can collect urine specimen
Cannot document color and characteristic of it
They cannot offer orange juice to a client with hypoglycemia
Can assist 1 day post op out of bed to the bathroom
Cannot reinforce teaching
Can remind client to use incentive spirometer
Pick up blood products from the blood bank
Can take vital signs before blood transfusion and after the first 15 minutes of the
transfusion
Can perform oral suctioning (not sterile)
Report patient behavior but not monitor
Can transport body to morgue
Can give topical over the counter barrier creams
Can do vitals and accuchecks
Can delegate ADL’s Measure output in a drainage collection bag
Should be assigned stable clients with expected outcomes
Cannot perform initial teaching, assessments, or evaluate a client’s condition
Can do teaching reinforcement
Can administer anticoagulant medications
Can suction
Can perform sterile procedures (catheterizations)
Can auscultate lung sounds but cannot use that information to evaluate
Can monitor RN findings
Can monitor for bleeding
Cannot start an IV, hang or mix IV meds, push IV meds
They can maintain an IV and document the flow
They cannot administer blood or mess with central lines
Cannot plan care , the LPN can implement it
Cannot perform or develop teaching, they can reinforce it
Cannot take care of unstable patients
They cannot do the very first of anything
They can do tube feedings, but not the first
They can change dressings, but not the first
Cannot do admission, discharge, transfer, or the first assessment after a change
Can not administer or monitor blood transfusions/ products
UAP
LPN

Age is not a criteria for prioritization
Gender is not a criteria for prioritization
Acute beats chronic (higher priority than)
Post op is within 12 hours, beats medical or other surgical
Stable patients: indicate they are stable, chronic illness, post op greater than 12 hours,
regional anesthesia, experiencing the typical, expected signs and symptoms of the disease
with which they were diagnosed
Unstable: suspected, acute, post op less than 12 hours, general anesthesia, patient is
unstable if they are experiencing unexpected signs and symptoms
Always Unstable:Hemorrhage High fevers over 105 Hyperglycemia pulselessness/
breathlessness
Prioritizing Organs :Brain, lung, then heart, then liver, kidneys, pancreas
Prioritization
Assessment is the first step in the nursing process, the nurse should assess and
then intervene
when in doubt, ASSESS FIRST
The breast, axillary nodes, and superior apical nodes are removed, but the
muscles are preserved
Complication of this is lymphedema, can prevent by positioning each joint higher
than the proximal one
Can cause bone marrow suppression and tumor lysis syndrome
Filgrastim stimulate neutrophil production
Assessment
Modified Radical Mastectomy
Chemotherapy

Place client in semi fowler's position
Affected side’s arm needs to be placed on several pillows to promote drainage
Never ignore inappropriate behavior by staff
Ask yourself if what they are doing is illegal?If yes, tell supervisor No, then ask if anyone is
in any immediate danger, if yes, then confront immediately because you don’t want to
delay to put someone at risk If behavior is legal, no harmful, but simply inappropriate,
then speak with them later on
Client allergies and history are confirmed
Assessment
Confirming Informed consent has taken place
Ensuring the client has been NPO
Client voids before surgery
Witnessing that the correct surgical site has been marked
Occurs when doctor does not sign order
Doctor puts wrong amount or unit
The handwriting is not legible
High fowlers for paracentesis
Trendelenburg position and on the left lying side if suspected air embolism
Position client with arms raised above head for chest tube placements
After a liver biopsy the client should lay on the right side for at least 2 hours and then
supine for an additional 12-14 hours
Thoracentesis the patient is upright sitting position on the side of the bed leaning over on
side table with pillow
Teaches activities of daily living (bathing, dressing, cognitive or perception issues)
Focuses on mobility, ambulation, ability to walk, use the walker or other assistive devices
Physical therapy focuses on “below the waist” rehabilitation
Do most good for the most people
Start with victims farthest away from the radioactive explosion
These victims are the most salvageable
Do not accept blood components of any type
DO accept normal saline, Lactated Ringer’s etc., DO accept Epoetin alfa
Mastectomy
Staff Management
Nursing Responsibilities Prior to Surgery
Error in Transcription
Positioning Clients
Occupational Therapy
Physical Therapy
Radioactive Disasters
Jehovah witness

ETHICAL PRINCIPALS/ LAW
Veracity: being truthful
Justice: treating every client equally regardless of background
Accountability: accepting responsibility for actions and admitting errors
Nonmaleficence: do no harm, it also relates to protecting clients who cannot
protect themselves due to mental or physical condition
Fidelity: fulfilling commitments and showing loyalty to one's self and others
Beneficence: the action of promoting good will
“Let’s talk about it”
Surgeon explains the diagnosis and procedure (not the nurse)
Client indicates understanding
The client is competent and gives voluntary signature
The nurse is responsible for witnessing the signature
If the surgery requires additional procedures after the surgery has already
begun and the consent has been signed for specific procedures, then medical
power of attorney, next in kin, or legal guardian should be contacted to
discuss
Nurses role: witness client has signed, voluntarily and competently, document
in medical record that client has signed with date and time,
Physician is responsible for: explaining procedure, answering questions about
procedure, offering alternative options, reinforcing right to refuse
Assault and injury
Failure of treatment or intervention
Hospital equipment fail
Falls
Never document an incident report was filed
Failure to report an important lab value
Mislabeled laboratory specimens
Ethical Principle
Informed Consent
Incidence/ Occurrence Report

Prevents civil action when helping individuals off the job
Cannot receive payment
Essential for the nurse to perform in the same way as on the job (applying
pressure if bleeding)
Must act competently
Universal criteria that are used to determine if appropriate, professional care
has been delivered
Sources used to define standards of care include statements from
professional organizations, agency policies and procedures, textbooks, current
literature, the Nurse practice act, and regulatory organizations
Does not depend on good intentions
Nurse has obligation to report abuse
Child abuse is common in all children ages
Most child abusers have low self-esteem
Abusers have history of growing up in a domestic violence
Abusers have substance abuse problems
When child is dying and parents don’t want treatment, priority is to assess
parents knowledge of situation
This helps clients determine treatment plans and decision makers when or if
the client is unable to do so
Documents include: health care proxy (durable power of attorney or medical
power of attorney) and living will (advance directive)
Providing oxygen via nasal cannula is not considered resuscitation and can be
given
Notified for every clinical death per hospital protocol
Cardiac and respiratory support continue as organ donation is discussed or
performed
Consent is not needed by family if patient has signed to be organ donor
Organ donation does not leave the body disfigured
Good Samaritan Law
Standards of Nursing Practice and Care
Abuse
Advance Care Planning
Local Organ Procurement Services

Practicing outside of scope
Abandonment (leaving patients)
Stealing narcotics
Falsifying documentation
An act that threatens the client and makes them feel harm but they are not
touched
Physical contact with a client without consent
Assesses process standards (guidelines, systems, and operations)
Assesses clinical issues that affect delivery of client care and client outcomes
Implements processes to improve performances
Unanticipated event in the healthcare setting that results in death serious
injury
Radiation damages DNA, which causes cell destruction
Early manifestations of radiation contamination include: oral mucosa
ulcerations, vomiting, diarrhea, and low blood cell count
PPE should be put on before decontamination
Victims should be decontaminated outside the facility
Reportable Instances to the Board of Nursing
Assault
Battery
Quality Improvement Committee
Sentinel Event
Radiation Contamination
Chemical Contamination Emergency

INTEGUMENTARY
Avoid antihistamines for 2 weeks before test and corticosteroids
Can take albuterol
Inflammatory rash caused by an immune response
Milk, wheat, and egg whites can trigger
Pressure Injuries
- Assess risk for pressure injuries using the Braden Scale
- To prevent pressure injuries:
- Use barrier creams
- Foam pads to reduce pressure on bony prominences
- Keep skin clean and dry
- Reposition client with a turn sheet every 2 hours
- Avoid pulling or dragging client
- NO MASSAGES on bony prominences
Unstageable wounds: Full thickness skin loss with slough or eschar
Skin Cancer
Skin Cancer Screening
- Full medical workup of every mole is unnecessary
- Rapid changing mole should be evaluated immediately
- Melanomas can be any color
- Melanomas don’t always occur as a new mole
Risk factor for skin cancer:
- immunosuppressant agents,
- celtic ancestry traits
- aging
- high number of moles
Tinea Corporis (Ringworm)
- Teach about spreading the condition more
- Wash hands
- Very contagious
Allergy Skin Testing
Eczema

Exposure to sun can help slow and decrease exacerbations
Most important is to wash skin and get off any excess resin
Linear appearance
Complication when solutions infuse into the surrounding tissues
Discontinue the IV
Assess the sight for swelling, redness, pain
Elevate the affected extremity
Apply cool or warm compress depending on the solution infiltrated
Difference between infiltration and extravasation is the fluid infusing
Infiltration of drug into surrounding tissues
Pain, blanching, swelling, redness
Stop infusion immediately
Elevate the extremity above the level of the heart
Remove clothing and jewelry to prevent constriction
Do not massage, rub or squeeze the area
Immerse affected area in warm water
Provide pain relief as the rewarming process is extremely painful
Allow wounds to dry and then apply loose, nonadhesive dressings
Monitor for signs of compartment syndrome
Skin can appear mottled, blue or waxy yellow
- Wash clothes/ bedsheets in hot water
Burns
- Urine output best indicator of fluid replacement therapy
- Lactated Ringers given for fluid volume replacement
- Administer pain medication IV
- Burns result in largest fluid shift first 24-72 hours (hypovolemia)
- Hyperkalemia occurs, Muscle weakness, EKG tall peaked T waves, Cardiac arrhythmias
hematocrit/ hemoglobin will be elevated because of fluid changes, Sodium is lost due to fluid
shift so they will be hyponatremic
- Providing proper nutrition through enteral feeding is highest priority when bowel sounds
come back and they start peeing
Psoriasis
Poison Ivy
Infiltration
Extravasation
Treatment of Frostbite

Dependent on a child’s age and muscle mass
Vastus lateralis muscle is preferred for newborns less than 1 month old and infants age
1-12 months
Vastus lateralis preferred for children less than 7 months
Infants require 1 inch needles for IM injections
Ventrogluteal not recommended until adult
IM injection needle needs to be 22-25 in size
Large bore needles for fluid resuscitation are 18
26 gauge is for subQ injections
Can develop from repeated exposure (healthcare workers)
Food allergies such as avocados, bananas, tomatoes can signal latex allergy
IM Injection Sites
Latex Allergy
CAUTION MNEMONIC
Change in bowel or bladder habits movement (blood)
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge from body
Thickening or lump in breast
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing that does not go away
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness (persistent cough vs. seasonal)
Inflammation from bacterial infection
Characterized by redness, edema, fever, and pain
Affected extremity should be elevated
Flat or dependent position may worsen edema
Applying a warm compress will promote circulation to the area
Warning signs of Cancer
Cellulitis

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Post op complication
Clients may have difficulty breathing, hypoxia, and basal crackles
The elderly, post op thoracic and abdominal surgery clients are at increased risk
Encourages clients to breath deeply with maximum inspiration
Pulse ox does not correctly reflect oxygen saturation because carbon monoxide has a
stronger bond to hemoglobin
The nurses primary action is to deliver 100% oxygen through a non rebreather mask at
15 mL/hr
May have symptoms of headache, dizziness, nausea
Inflammation of the upper airway after viral infection
Rhonchi are heard (low pitched wheeze)
The sound resembles snoring or moaning
Primarily heard during expiration but can be heard on inspiration
Also heard in cystic fibrosis
Encourage clients who are losing weight and having loss of appetite to avoid drinking
fluids during meals, eat small frequent meals, perform oral hygiene before meals
Chronic air trapping and reduced gas exchange in these patients by decreasing
ventilation
Avoid codeine because it is a cough suppressant
Client education:Get vaccinated for the flu
Seek medical attention for increased sputum production
Use albuterol if short of breath
Characterized by acute or worsening of patients baseline symptoms
NIPPV is often prescribed short term to support gas exchange in those who have
hypercapnia ( PACO2 >45) and acidosis (pH < 7.3)
It is most important for the nurse to monitor mental status changes in these clients
Long acting, 24 hour inhaled medication used to control COPD
Most commonly inhaled with a capsule inhaler
The capsule should not be swallowed, but placed in the inhaler
Atelectasis
Incentive Spirometer
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Bronchitis
COPD
Exacerbation of COPD
Tiotropium (Spiriva)

Priority for a newly admitted patient with suspected pneumothorax is
covering the wound with a 3 sided petroleum gauze tape
This prevents inward air flow, while allowing air to escape the space
Never place in a client with suspected head trauma
Postoperative bleeding is uncommon but can last for up to 2 weeks
This can be indicated by continuous swallowing and cough
These patients may even develop restlessness
Teaching instruction include: avoid coughing, clearing the throat or blowing
the nose, limit physical activity, avoid milk products, avoid harsh brushing and
gargling and oral mouth rinses
Suctioning only should be applied when taking the catheter out, not inserting
it Pre oxygenate client for 30 seconds on 100% oxygen before suctioning
Limit suction time to 10-15 seconds
Paradoxical chest movement At risk for respiratory failure
Can be caused by trauma, rib fractures
Used to measure peak expiratory flow rate
For patients with moderate to severe asthma
The client should exhale as quickly and forcefully as possible
The client moves the indicator to the lowest number on the scale before using
the device
Repeat 3 times
The peak flow meter is used after a short acting bronchodilator rescue MDI
Applies a given amount of pressure at the end of mechanical ventilation
PEEP is usually kept at 5 but for ARDS it can be kept at a higher rate
A high level of PEEP (10-20) can cause rupture of the alveoli and overdistention
and can cause barotrauma, leading to pneumothorax and subcutaneous
emphysema
Pneumothorax
Nasopharyngeal Airway
Tonsillectomy
Suctioning
Flail Chest
Peak Flow Meter
PEEP

High pressure alarm is triggered by increased resistance to airflow, means the
machine has to push too hard to push air into the lungs, so alarm with sound
Obstruction may be from obstructions: kinks in the tubing, water condensing
in the tube, mucus secretions in the airway
If mucus is the cause, then you would change position, if that doesn't work
then you would suction
Low level alarm: decreased resistance, could be caused by disconnection of
main tubing, and oxygen sensing tubing
Disconnection Could signal hypotension
Nurse should assess lung sounds to check for proper endotracheal tube
placement (best way to check for tube placement)
Characteristics: activity intolerance, barrel chest, hyperresonance on
percussion, purse lipped breathing, tripod position (progressed)
Fourth intercostal space at the midaxillary line, midway of the AP diameter
Anatomical point at the level of the chest and the heart
Used for correct placement of transducer when measuring BP, CVP, and/or
cardiopulmonary pressure invasively
Abnormal collection of fluid >15 mL in the pleural space that prevents the
lungs from expanding
Diagnosed by a chest x-ray or CT scan
Clinical manifestations: dyspnea, non productive cough, pleural chest pain
with respirations, on assessment clients have diminished breath sounds,
dullness to percussion, decreased tactile fremitus, and decreased movement
over affected lung, chest pain during inhalation
No wheezing
Dislodgement of tracheostomy tube is a medical emergency If a mature stoma
is dislodged (>7 days) then the nurse should attempt to open the airway with a
curved hemostat If the stoma cannot be opened then cover with sterile
dressing and begin ventilation with a bag valve mask
Ventilators
Emphysema
Phlebostatic Axis
Pleural Effusion
Tracheostomy

The priority care for a new tracheostomy is to prevent accidental
dislodgement of the tube, ties should be checked for appropriate tightness, 1
finger should be able to fit between the ties
Do not change inner cannula until 24 hours after insertion
A cuff is deflated when the patient is awake and alert, determined not to be at
risk for aspiration
Before the cuff is deflated the client is asked to cough then suction is applied
to remove any secretions
Suctioning, the catheter should be advanced even if coughing and once
resistance is met, pull back 1 cm before applying suction
Use strict sterile technique while suctioning
Humidifier should not be removed, helps facilitate secretions, even if there is
more secretions, it should not be removed
Always carry 2 tracheostomy tubes, a big and small one
Wait at least 1 minute between suction passes
Provides positive pressure oxygen and help expel CO2
COPD patients Hypercapnic respiratory failure
Increase salt intake during hot weather
Give pancreatic enzymes with meals or snacks
Aerobic exercise is recommended
Encourage sports
(pleural friction rub) characterized by stabbing chest pain that increases with
inspiration or cough
Complication of pneumonia
Visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi while under sedation
This patient should be immediately assessed upon returning from surgery
The client must be kept NPO until positive gag reflex returns
Blood tinged sputum is common but bright red blood mixed with sputum
could indicate hemoptysis and needs to be reported to HCP
Client is under mild sedation
BIPAP
Cystic Fibrosis
Pleurisy
Bronchoscopy

Signs and symptoms usually present within 2-3 days of starting mechanical
ventilation
Characteristic clinical manifestations include: purulent sputum, positive
sputum culture leukocytosis, elevated temperature, or new or progressive
pulmonary infiltrates suggestive of pneumonia on a chest X ray
Best indicator would be positive sputum culture
Lung infection where lungs fill with thick debris and mucus which may cause
impaired oxygenation and ventilation
Interventions to facilitate secretions removal include:
Chest physiotherapy
Huff coughing
Increase oral fluid intake and IV fluids to thin secretions
Fowler's position If patient has difficulty breathing and has left lobar
pneumonia then place them on the unaffected side to help with
oxygenation (right lateral)
People that are over the age of 65, younger than 2, central nervous system
depression, ALOC, immunosuppressant, chronic disease, inadequate nutrition,
immobility, smoking, upper airway infections, tracheal intubation are at
increased risk
Upper airway obstruction with multiple events of apnea and shallow breathing
CPAP is an effective treatment for OSA
It involves using a nasal or full face mask that delivers positive pressure to the
upper airways
Findings with OSA include: loud snoring, waking up gasping, sleepiness during
the day, witnessed sleep apnea, morning headaches
Can develop following a pulmonary insult (aspiration, pneumonia) or non
pulmonary insult (trauma, sepsis, blood transfusion) to the lungs
Fluid leaks into the alveoli causing a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Lungs become stiff and non compliant which makes ventilation and
oxygenation difficult
Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
ARDS

Profound hypoxia despite oxygenation, high concentrations of oxygen is a key
sign of ARDS and most important (refractory hypoxemia)
Priority nursing diagnosis is: impaired gas exchange
Can be put in the prone position: this helps to mobilize secretions, decrease
pleural pressure, decrease atelectasis
Exhale for 4 seconds through pursed lips
Inhale for 2 seconds through the nose with mouth closed
Removal of excess fluid in the lungs
After this the nurse assesses for pain and difficulty breathing, monitors vital
signs and oxygenation, looks for symmetrical chest expansion If any
abnormalities are reported then client will undergo a chest x ray
Complications from this include: pneumothorax, hemothorax, infection
Chest tube reestablishes negative pressure in pleural space
The collection chamber is where drainage from client will accumulate, the
nurse will assess amount and color
Suction control chamber it is expected to find gentle bubbling that is
continuous, this means the suction is working properly, should not be
intermittent
Air bubbles in the water seal chamber would be abnormal and would indicate
a leak and require immediate intervention (continuous)
Water seal chamber you will see tidling (up and down movement) when the
client breathes (intermittent bubbling) this is normal
Drainage should be 50-500ml first day, it is expected to be sanguineous (bright
red) then change to serosanguineous (pink) then serous (yellow) over a few
days
Bright red drainage would be of concern after 24 hours or more than
100ml/hr of drainage after the first 24 hours
When removing the patient is asked to hold breath and bear down
Post procedure chest x ray is done to ensure no fluid or air in pleural space
If drainage stops abruptly the nurse should assess for breath sounds to
determine if the lung has re expanded, have the patient cough and deep
breath, change position
Pursed Lip Breathing
Thoracentesis
Chest Tube Drainage System

Covered with sterile, airtight petroleum jelly gauze
If drainage tube becomes disconnected from the plastic chamber, place distal
part of tube in sterile saline water
Do not clamp chest tube unless checking for air leaks or told so by the HCP
Removed when chest tube drainage is less than 200 ml/24hrs, air leak
resolved, lung expanded, absent drainage
Apical- remove air
Basilar- remove blood
Pneumonectomy - no chest tubes, trick question
If knock over collection chamber, have them take deep breaths
What if the water seal breaks? CLAMP FIRST, cut tube, put in sterile water,
unclamp it
Ambulate within 8 hours of surgery
Pain management
Coughing and splinting every hour
Deep breathing and the use of an incentive spirometer
Place in fowler's position
Turn client every 2 hours
Mouth care
100-120 per minute allowing complete chest recoil after each
Defibrillation pads are placed on the right upper chest just below the clavicle
and on the left lateral chest below nipple line
During CPR, compressions are paused every 2 minutes to check pulse for 10
seconds
Manual breaths are delivered at a rate of 2 breaths for every 30 chest
compressions
Stand clear with each shock of the defibrillator
Correct placement of hands is on the lower half of the sternum in the center
of the chest
Begin CPR before calling 911 if a home health nurse
Strategies to prevent post op pneumonia
CPR

Evaluates oxygenation and ventilation
ABG
If the ph and bicarb are in the same direction it is metabolic(up or down)
If they are in different directions it is respiratory
Bicarb normal: 22-26
pH: 7.35-7.45
If bicarb is normal then respiratory
When ph goes up the patient gets irritable, hyperexcitable (K GOES DOWN)
When ph goes down the patient does too (K GOES UP)
Borborygmi = increased bowel sounds
Hyperventilating: alkalosis
Hypoventilating: acidosis
Caused by NG tube, vomiting, prolonged suctioning
Everything that isn’t lung or vomiting or suctioning is metabolic acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis Increase in the production or retention of acid and the
depletion of bicarb via kidneys or GI tract
Common causes: diarrhea, diabetes, alcoholism, starvation, sepsis,
hypoperfusion, renal failure pH less than 7.35,
Bicarb less than 22
Hyperkalemic
Acid/ Base Imbalances
Metabolic alkalosis

NSAIDS sensitivity
Beta blockers are contraindicated
Severe asthma exacerbation: tachycardia (>120), tachypnea (>30), saturation
<90%, use of accessory muscles to breathe, and peak expiratory flow of <40
the nurse should give oxygen, SABA inhaler(Albuterol) , and nebulizer
treatment anticholinergic (ipratropium) every 20 minutes, systemic
corticosteroids
Albuterol side effects: palpitations, tremors, difficulty sleeping, N/V
Do not give NSAIDS or beta blockers to people with asthma
Asthma

DISORDERS OF THE HEART
Inflammation of the membranous sac surrounding the heart
Can cause pericardial effusion, this is excess fluid in the pericardium and it places pressure
on the heart
This can lead to cardiac tamponade- signs of this include; muffled or distant heart tones,
jugular vein distention, hypotension, narrowing pulse pressure
This requires emergency pericardiocentesis
Pericardial friction rub is an expected finding with pericarditis
invasive diagnostic study of the coronary arteries, heart, and chambers, and function of the
heart, patient is awake but mildly sedated
Do not eat or drink anything for 6-12 hours
Lie flat for several hours following procedure
Client may feel warm or flushed when contrast dye is injected
Femoral or radial artery are used
Produced by turbulent blood flow across diseased or malformed cardiac valves, sound like
musical, blowing, swooshing sounds
IV iodine contrast
No Metformin before surgery
Creatinine should be in normal range, or risk of contrast dye not being excreted by kidneys
(normal is less than 1.3)
after procedure, lay flat in low fowler's position with affected extremity straight for 4-6 hours
Assess pulses hourly
Keep leg straight, not elevated
Encourage client to cough and deep breathe
Refrain from lifting the affected arm until healthcare provider approves it
Enlarged spleen needs immediate intervention
If having sickle cell crisis and vasoocclusion, adequate oxygenation and hydration can reverse,
the priority intervention is high flow IV fluids
Bleeding disorder , Joint destruction is a long term complication
Monitor for bleeding
Pericarditis
Coronary Arteriogram
Murmurs
Cardiac Catheterization
Femoral Popliteal Bypass
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Sickle Cell Disease
Hemophilia

Wash incisions daily with soap and water
No baths
Tingling, itching, and numbness around site is NORMAL
No powders or lotions
Report any redness, swelling, increase in drainage
Wear elastic compression socks when, and elevate the legs when sitting
Symptoms include: tachycardia to maintain cardiac output, dyspnea,
shortness of breath, pallor
Cardiac and respiratory drive maintained during severe anemia to maintain
CO and respirations
Inflammation of the membranous sac surrounding the heart
Can cause pericardial effusion, this is excess fluid in the pericardium and it
places pressure on the heart
This can lead to cardiac tamponade- signs of this include; muffled or distant
heart tones, jugular vein distention, hypotension, narrowing pulse pressure)
This requires emergency pericardiocentesis
Pericardial friction rub is an expected finding with pericarditis
Teach clients to relieve pain by sitting up and leaning forward, this reduces
pressure on inflamed pericardium
invasive diagnostic study of the coronary arteries, heart, and chambers, and
function of the heart
Awake but mildly sedated
Do not eat or drink anything for 6-12 hours before procedure
Lie flat for several hours following procedure
Client may feel warm or flushed when contrast dye is injected
Femoral or radial artery are used
IV iodine contrast
No metformin before surgery
Creatinine should be in normal range, check this lab and BUN
Nursing priority after is check distal pulses
CABG Care
Severe Anemia
Pericarditis
Coronary Arteriogram
Cardiac Catheterization

Large anterior wall: affects pumping ability of ventricle
This patient at risk for heart failure and shock so monitor for pulmonary congestion
Clinical Manifestations: S3 heart sound, crackles, JVD
Meds you see post MI: Aspirin (antiplatelet), -statin(lipid lowering), docusate sodium (stool
softener reduce straining), ACE inhibitor (Prevent ventricular remodeling and HF), beta
blocker (reduce reinfarction and HF)
Nitro can worsen hypotension and cause headache
These patients are at huge risk for life threatening dysrhythmias
ALWAYS have them on cardiac monitoring
If they become hypokalemic, potassium replacement becomes priority
Complication: Pulmonary Edema: S&S: Acute onset dyspnea and productive cough with
frothy, pink sputum
You would hear bilateral crackles at lung bases
If they ask about sexual activity: they need to be able to climb 2 flights of stairs without
symptoms, and HCP needs to approve
Chest pain brought on by myocardial ischemia (decreased blood flow to heart muscle)
Can be caused by exercise, sexual activity, anxiety, fear, hypothermia, stimulants
(amphetamine) usage, tobacco usage
Teaching:Report fever or any signs of redness, swelling, or drainage at incision site
Carry pacemaker identification card and wear medical alert bracelet
Take the pulse daily and report to HCP if below rate
Avoid carrying a cell phone in the pocket over the pacemaker, and when talking on cell
phone hold it in ear opposite pacemaker
Notify airport security of pacemaker
Avoid MRI scans
Clients need to be assessed for electrical capture (ECG) of heart rhythm and mechanical
capture of heart rate (apical pulse)
Radial artery is preferred site for ABG blood draws
Allen's test needs to be performed to determine the patency of the artery and ulnar artery
and sufficient circulation in the hand
Apical pulse - 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line (mitral)
Pulmonic - 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal border
Mitral valve - 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
Erb's point - 3rd intercostal space at
Myocardial Infarction
Angina Pectoris
Pacemaker Placement
Allen’s Test
Heart sounds and Locations

Inability of the leg veins to efficiently pump blood back to the heart
Can lead to venous stasis, increased hydrostatic pressure, and venous leg
ulcers on inside of ankle
S&S: Edema, thick skin with brown pigmentation, varicose veins, and large
ulcers are expected findings
COMPRESSION stockings are crucial treatment for healing ulcers
These patients have decreased sensations from nerve ischemia or coexisting
diabetes
S&S: intermittent claudication, hair loss, decreased peripheral pulses, cool,
dry, clammy skin, gangrene, thick, brittle nails, ulcers
Teaching: Smoking cessation, no heating pads, regular exercise, ideal body
weight, low-sodium, glucose control, antiplatelet meds, limb and foot care
(lotion)
Leg will be cold and mottled
Leg pain not relieved by rest
Chronic Venous insufficiency
Peripheral Arterial Disease

Blood clot formed in large veins of lower extremities
S&S: unilateral edema, localized pain/calf pain, tenderness to touch, warmth,
erythema, and sometimes a fever
Risk factors: Trauma, major surgery, immobilization, pregnancy, oral
contraceptives, smoking, old age, malignancies, obesity and varicose veins,
myeloproliferative disorders
At risk for pulmonary embolism (cesarean birth)
Patients should NEVER massage the site- could trigger pulmonary embolism
Virchow’s Triad: Flow/stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulable state
Teaching: If sitting for a long time, >4 hours, use preventative measures
(compression stockings, exercise), plenty of fluids and limit alcohol, elevate
legs when sitting and flex foot often, resume normal exercise pattern, avoid
restrictive clothing, consult with dietitian if overweight
Preventing Thrombophlebitis Administer LMH (heparin)
Instruct client to flex and point toes every 2 hours
Encourage the client to drink fluids while on bedrest
Can see redness, warmth
NSAIDs contraindicated, no ibuprofen or naproxen or celecoxib
They increase the risk of thrombotic events
Aortic Valve Replacement Post-Op Chest drainage >100mL/hr should be
reported to hCP immediately
Teach this client they need prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental procedures
to prevent infective endocarditis
IE causes the formation of vegetations on valve and endocardial surfaces.
Embolization to various organ sites can occur
Sudden onset of painful, pale, cold foot/leg could indicate embolism and
should be reported to HCP immediately
Which step is most important in a patient with SVT? Synchronize button
This delivers a shock during the R-wave of the QRS complex
If the client were to become pulseless, the synchronize button should be
turned off
Deep Venous Thrombosis
Coronary Artery Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Cardioversion

Clients should lay supine for 5-10 minutes and then measure BP and HR
The nurse should have the client stand for 1 minute, measure BP and HR, and
repeat measurements at 3 minutes
Findings are significant if systolic BP drops greater than 20mmHg or diastolic
drops greater than 10mmHg
Usually caused by air embolism
Client will be in respiratory distress: diaphoretic, cyanotic, tachypnea
Apply occlusive dressing over the site to prevent entry of additional air into
bloodstream
Administer 100% oxygen via non-rebreather mask to improve oxygenation
Position patient in left lateral trendelenburg position to promote venous air
pooling in heart apex
Continuously monitor vitals and respiratory effort
Notify HCP immediately
Client should be at semi-fowler’s: 30-45 degrees
Nurse observes for distension and prominent pulsation of neck veins If
present in client with heart failure, may indicate exacerbation and possible
fluid overload
Back flow of blood through left ventricle through mitral valve into left atrium
Leads to reduced cardiac output and pulmonary edema
Often asymptomatic, but many clients develop heart failure
Teach to report any new symptoms of heart failure: dyspnea, orthopnea,
weight gain, cough, fatigue
Clients will have palpitations, be dizzy, and lightheaded
Beta blockers commonly prescribed for palpitations
Teaching: Healthy eating habits, stay hydrated, avoid caffeine, reduce stress,
avoid alcohol, exercise regularly
Nitrates are not effective for chest pain in people with MVP
Orthostatic Hypotension
Central Venous Catheter Dislodgment
Assessing for JVD
Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Mitral Valve Prolapse

Narrowing of aortic valve, which obstructs blood flow from left ventricle to aorta this
worsens, the heart can’t overcome worsening obstruction, and ejects a smaller fraction
of blood volume each systole
Decreased ejection fraction, narrowed pulse pressure
Blood being pumped out insufficient to meet metabolic demands
Patients will have exertional dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope
Tear in the inner lining of the aorta that allows blood to surge between layers of arterial
wall
Before surgical repair, the priority is maintaining pressure in the aorta
Administer IV beta blocker
Always assess BNP in these patients
Elevated BNP indicates increased ventricular stretch and correlates with severity of heart
failure and fluid volume overload. (increased HR, Hypertension, edema, crackles)
Elevated BNP is an expected finding in HF patients
These patients will have DECREASED urine output
Patient teaching: Daily weight, sodium restriction, take own pulse if taking digoxin or
beta blockers, take BP and keep record of it, increase activity gradually, plan rest periods,
consider cardiac rehab program, avoid extreme hot/cold
Report these symptoms: weight gain of 3 lb in 2 days, or 3-5lbs in a week, difficulty
breathing when lying flat/exertion, waking up breathless at night, dry, hacky cough,
fatigue, dizziness, swelling of feet, ankles, abdomen, face
To assess for presence of this, nurse would listen with bell of stethoscope in epigastric
area slightly left of midline
Renal perfusion status monitored closely
Monitor for hypotension, dehydration, blood loss, embolism
Check BUN and creatinine, and urine output (at least 30mL/hr)
Manifestations of graft leakage: ecchymosis of the groin, penis, scrotum, or perineum,
increased abdominal girth, tachycardia, weak pulses, decreasing hct and hgb, pain in
pelvis, back, or groin, and decreased urinary output
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Dissection
Heart Failure
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

After AAA repair, pulses can be absent for 4-12 hours after surgery due to vasospasms
But a decrease from baseline after this time could mean an occlusion
Light palpation
TeachingThis filter will trap blood clots from lower extremity vessels
Promote physical exercise, report symptoms of pulmonary embolism (chest pain, SOB),
and impaired lower extremity circulation (pain, numbness), and notify the health care
team prior to having MRI’s
Beck’s Triad: hypotension, muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, narrowing pulse
pressure
Often caused by a clot in a chest tube that causes excess fluid buildup in pericardium
Warning sign: decrease in chest tube drainage
Normal MAP is between 70-105
If MAP falls below 60, vital organs can be underperfused and become ischemic
Systolic blood pressure + (diastolic blood pressure x 2)/ 3
Life-threatening emergency due to the possibility of severe organ damage
If not promptly treated, can lead to intracranial hemorrhage, heart failure, myocardial
infarction, renal failure
IV Vasodilators: nitroprusside sodium
Lower BP slowly
Initial goal: decrease MAP by no more than 25% or maintain MAP at 110-115mmHg
Prioritize neurological assessment because decreased LOC can signal a hemorrhagic
stroke
Associated with hypomagnesemia
It causes prolonged QT interval Magnesium sulfate is treatment
Inferior Vena Cava Filter
Cardiac Tamponade
MAP
Hypertensive Crisis
Torsades de pointes

Surgical connection from an artery to a vein to provide vascular access for
hemodialysis
Client should perform hand exercises to mature the fistula
Thrill (vibration) needs to be palpable and an auscultated bruit
Aseptic technique
Sterile dressing changes every 48 hours with gauze or every 7 days with as
transparent dressing
Line should be flushed before and after medication administration
Blood pressure and venipunctures on opposite arm of PICC
All medications should be paused when blood draw occurs (except
vasopressors)
Scrub the hub for 10-15 seconds
Femoral access sites should be removed first because they have the highest
risk of infection
Preferred access sites for adults are subclavian vein or jugular veins because
less chance of infection
Priority after placing subclavian cvc is to check placement in the superior vena
cava with a chest x ray
A filter should also be used when administering TPN through this site
Increased respirations (dyspnea), increased pulse, increased blood pressure
May be a normal finding in young adults
In older adults, it could indicate fluid volume overload or heart failure so this
is a significant finding
Arteriovenous Fistula
PICC Care
Central Venous Access
Subclavian Central Venous Catheter
Fluid Volume Overload
S3 Heart Sound

Blood should not be left out for more than 30 minutes, if the start of the
transfusion is delayed, then the blood should be returned to the blood bank-
hemolytic reaction: destruction of red blood cells, can see hematuria in the
urine, cyanotic, pale, back pain, hypotension
Dyspnea can indicate circulatory overload
Blood must run slowly for the first 15 minutes, no more than 2-5 ml/min
Never warm the blood and blood should be transfused within 4 hours
first 15 minutes run slow, watch for reaction, nurse should stay with patient
Do not discard blood products, keep to investigate what occurred
administer with filter tubing and normal saline
If a suspected transfusion reaction is occurring, the first thing to do is to stop
the transfusion
Normal saline infusion is typically started and it is important that it is
transfused through a different port
Notify HCP
Assess the client
Automated external defibrillator should be used as soon as possible
AED pads for children up to 8 years, place one on chest and one on back if
only have adult AED pads (sandwich the heart)
Pads should never touchIf client is wet, dry them, remove anything on them
that may be in the way and apply the pads
Most common type of shock when blood volume decreases because of
hemorrhaging or third spacing from burns
Treatment: restoring fluid and preventing further fluid loss, improving
hemodynamic stability through vasoactive medications (norepinephrine,
dopamine)
Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction and improves heart contractility and
cardiac output but the effects end quickly, this should be tapered slowly and
never stopped abruptly
Isotonic solutions are used to restore fluid (0.9% NS, Lactated Ringers)
Blood Transfusion
Transfusion Reactions
AED
Hypovolemic Shock
Ventricular Tachycardia

Can be pulseless or with a pulse
Stable client with a pulse: treat with medication (Amiodorone)
Unstable client without a pulse: CPR and synchronized cardioversion
Positive pressure ventilation delivers positive pressure to the lungs using a
mechanical ventilator
Adverse effect of this is hypotension because it causes decreased cardiac
output and decreased venous return to the heart
Twisting pattern dysrhythmia First line treatment is IV Magnesium
Short, frequent attacks are first treated with vagal maneuvers
They can bear down like having a bowel movement
Regular tachycardia with a rate of 150-220
Best treatment is vagal maneuvers and Adenosine IV push
(Intropin) Used to improve hemodynamic status in those with shock and heart
failure
Enhances cardiac output by increasing myocardial contraction, increasing
heart rate, and elevating blood pressure through vasoconstriction Increases
renal perfusion which increases urinary output
Adverse effects: tachycardia, dysrhythmias, myocardial ischemia
Given to people with hypotension
Needs adequate fluid volume replacement
Ventricular trigeminy
Occur every third heartbeat
MI predisposes to PVC
PVC are caused or exacerbated by hypoxia, electrolyte imbalances, stress,
stimulants, fever, and exercise
Potassium replacement if low
Cannot shock this rhythm If a patient has this rhythm, the first thing the nurse
should do is verify the monitor reading by palpating the pulse (ASSESS!)
PPV
Torsades De Pointes
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
Dopamine
PVC
Asystole

Priority is to provide continuous CPR and epinephrine
Phentolamine is the antidote
Used to increase rate of heart and CNS
Should be given through a central line
Avoid IM injections to reduce client injury
Monitor neurological changes
Takes longer for these clients to clot so at risk for bleeding
Check BUN and Creatinine to make sure they don't become elevated with
use of diuretics, also check Potassium and blood pressure
Produced by turbulent blood flow across diseased or malformed cardiac
valves, sound like musical, blowing, swooshing sounds
Plasma protein with normal range: 3.5-5.0
Ontonic pressure component that helps PULL water back into the
circulatory system
Plays a role in maintaining intravascular oncotic pressure and prevents
fluid from leaking out of the vessels
Liver makes albumin
Hypoalbuminemia is common in people with liver disease, can lead to
pitting edema if albumin levels are low because can not pull fluid back into
circulatory space
If a patient has protein in the urine, could indicate kidney dysfunction
Protein in the urine could be an early sign of kidney disease in patients
Can occur 24-72 hours after trauma or surgery and it is where fluid shifts
from the intravascular space to the space between cells (interstitial space)
Leads to decreased circulating volume (hypovolemia) and decreased
cardiac output, weight gain, decreased urinary output, tachycardia,
hypotension
If this is suspected the FIRST thing the nurse should do is assess vital signs
Epinephrine
Thrombocytopenia
Administering diuretics
Murmurs
Albumin
Third Spacing

MUSKULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Clean limb by washing it daily with soap and water
Assess skin for redness or skin breakdown
Clean and dry socks and wraps
Perform daily range of motion exercises
Lie on stomach for 30 minutes several times each day and avoid sitting in
Do not apply lotion/ powder
Should not be elevated, use ace wrap bandage instead to help with edema
Reversible bone disorder caused by lack of vitamin D
Characterized by weak, soft, and bones that hurt
These bones can easily fracture or become deformed
Nurse should clean pin sites with sterile solution to prevent infections
Keep the vest cool and dry and using low cool blow dryer to dry
Place foam inserts at pressure points
Placing a small pillow under clients head when supine
Only health care provider can adjust loose pins, keep wrench at bedside
though and contact HCP if pins are loose
Do not hold frame of device when moving the client
Pain and paresthesia in the hand caused by the compression of the medial
nerve
IMMOBILIZE THE WRIST with a splint
Do not do repetitive wrists movements
Happens when muscle fibers are released in the blood after trauma or injury
This can cause acute renal failure
The nurse’s priority action is to prevent kidney failure by filtering the kidneys
so the nurse should provide a bolus of NS
Residual Limb Care
chair for more than 1 hour to avoid hip flexion contractures
Osteomalacia
Halo Device Fracture
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis

Clinical features: leg abducted, shortening of the affected limb, ecchymosis
and pain over groin and hip area and pain when weight bearing, muscle
spasms, externally rotated
Report foul odors or hot areas in the cast because this may indicate infection
Avoid getting the cast wet
Elevate the affected extremity above heart level for first 48 hours
Perform isometric and ROM exercises regularly
Never put anything inside of cast to itch, use air dryer
Cane length should be from greater trochanter to the floor
Hold cane on strong side to provide maximum support
Put can several inches in front of and to the side of unaffected foot
Move cane first then affected leg
These patients will expect to have confusion, restlessness, petechiae over
chest, hypoxic, mental status, respiratory distress, fever NOT EXPECTED would
be pain in affected limb and numbness and tingling
To help prevent this from happening it is important to stabilize and immobilize
the fracture immediately , minimize movement of the fractured extremity to
help reduce the risk of FES
Client should be supine or in semi fowler's position
Do not elevate the head of the bed more than 30 degrees
Weights should be free hanging at all times and should never be placed on the
bed or floor
Never remove the weights, could be life threatening
Monitor neurovascular and skin integrity
Body should be aligned at all times
Immobilize knee, keep in straight position
Do not place anything under the knee, can put pillow on foot/heelJoint flexion
with increase the risk of fractures
Hip Fractures
Cast Care
Cane Use
FES
Bucks Traction
Knee Replacement Surgery

Weight should be placed on the upper arms and hand grips, not axilla of
crutches
Hand grip is right when elbow flexion is 30 degrees
Swing through - non weight bearing, amputation 2 point and 4 point gates
bilateral weakness (2 legs affected)
Odd number gate when one leg is affected
Up with the good, down with the bad Upstairs- lead with good foot, then
crutches Downstairs- lead with the bad
Positive orthostatic vital signs
Osteoarthritis
IV therapy
Gait abnormality
Medications
Ambulatory aid
Over age 65
Exercise programs
Wearing needed glasses
Well lit rooms
No rugs
Handrails
Non skid shoes and socks
Staff hourly rounding
Rare but life threatening inherited muscle abnormality that is triggered by
inhaled anesthetic agents
Leads to sustained muscle contraction and rigidity (early sign) then can lead to
a dangerously high temperature due to increase metabolic demands and
oxygen demands (late sign)
If the patient has never had anesthesia before, you can ask if any of their
family members have had a bad reaction to general anesthesia
Crutches
Increased Risk for falls
Prevent Falls
Malignant Hyperthermia

Can administer insulin through a continuous dose or or bolus administered at meal time
The client will experience fewer swings in blood glucose levels and hypoglycemic episodes
Still need to check blood sugar 4-8 times a day
Assess mental status to see if clients with insulin pumps can manage it safely
The diabetic client with hypokalemia is at risk for severe cardiac dysrhythmias
Before administering insulin to a client with hypokalemia, the nurse should contact the HCP
Insulin can worsen effects of hypokalemia, they may need supplemental potassium
Only insulin that can be administered IV Push
Regular insulin injection peaks 2-5 hours
Clients that receive IV contrast dye for a CT procedure and receive Metformin are at
increased risk for lactic acidosis, therefore the HCP may discontinue metformin for 24-48
before the CT
Long acting insulin has no peak and may last 24 hours or longer
Should not be mixed in same syringe with any other insulin, use seperate site
Insulin Pump
Hypokalemia
Regular Insulin
Metformin
Glargine

DIABETES & INSULIN

CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
Airborne Precautions
TB
Measles
Varicella
Chickenpox (incubation 2-3 weeks)
Confirm with chest x ray before placing client in isolation
room
>15 is positive TB test in a healthy client
Latent TB infection are not contagious
Active TB are infectious and can transmit through air
TB treatment can be anywhere from 6-9 months long, crucial
for patient to finish medications
Clinical manifestations: Night sweats, weight loss, purulent or
blood tinged sputum, fatigue, low grade fever
Airborne precaution
Negative pressure room
Shingles lesions that are open may be transmitted airborne
and contact
The client with disseminated lesions that are not crusted over
well should be put in a private room with negative airflow
pressure, contact precautions and airborne precautions
Localized shingles requires only contact precaution
Airborne
TB
Shingles

When client has open active lesions they should be on airborne precaution
Negative pressure room
N95If in contact with body fluid then contact precautions
Varicella
Droplet Precaution
Meningitis
H flu B - can cause epiglottitis
Private room, mask, gloves, no gown, no eyeshield, no negative airflow
Highly contagious and requires droplet precautions
Rapid coughing and vomiting
whooping cough
monitor for signs of airway obstruction
Droplet precaution
Care for this client includes:
Droplet precaution
Seizure precaution
Reduced stimulus environment
Bed rest, head of the bed elevated 10-30 degrees
Does not need a negative pressure room
Droplet
Pertussis
Meningitis

Private room preferred, gloves, gown
RSV
C diff
Hep A
Staph infections
Herpes Infections
Clients with this infection should be bathed with pre moistened cloths or warm clothes with
chlorhexidine
This can reduce spread of infection
Place MRSA client in a private room or semi private with a client that has the same infection
Dedicate equipment for client
Wear gloves when entering the room
Hand hygiene when exiting the room, can be soap and water or alcohol based
Wear gown with client contact
Post notification on door
Ensure client only leaves room for essential test etc.
No need to wear a mask
Clients should be put on contact precautions (gowns and gloves) in private rooms to eliminate
spread of infection
Hand hygiene using soap and water (not alcohol based)
Diluted bleach solution must be used to clean surfaces
Manifestations:
watery diarrhea ,fever/nausea , abdominal pain
C-Dif can lead to hypovolemia (hyponatremia, hypokalemia, elevated BUN)
Steps to prevent UTI in clients with urinary catheters include:
Wash hands
Wash perineal area with soap and water each shift and after bowel movement
Catheter bag below the level of the heart
Use sterile technique when collecting urine sample
To reduce the risk of infections, the best IV sites would be in the forearm or hands
Overwhelming response to infection that causes impaired organ function
Septic shock occurs when sepsis causes cardiovascular collapse and/ or the body cannot
maintain normal metabolic function
Fever or hypothermia, Hypotension , Prolonged cap refill , Tachycardia
Contact Precaution
MRSA
CDiff
Preventing HCAUTI
Peripheral IV Sites
Sepsis
Septic shock manifestations:
Increased WBC count (over 11000) , Decreased urine output

Infection of the CD4 Helper T cell
Low counts can increase chance of infection
To reduce the risk of infection patients should:
Get influenza vaccine
Avoid eating undercooked meals
Drink bottled water
Use condoms
Avoid cat litter
Avoid large crowds
Develops after bit from infected tick
Bulls eye rash
Flu like symptoms
migraines
Usually bacterial in origin
Classified as upper or lower depending on where the infection is
Inflammation and infection in the kidneys and ureters (pyelonephritis)
Become very ill
nausea/ vomiting
fever/ chills
Flank pain
Inflammation and infection of bladder (cystitis)
Most common type of UTI
Burning with urination
urgency/ frequency
Hematuria , Suprapubic discomfort
Infection of the mucous membranes caused by yeast like fungus
The fungus causes pearly milk curled lesions orally
Clients who are immunocompromised are at increased risk for developing thrush,
especially those taking corticosteroids orally
Transmitted through fecal- oral route
Priority is hand hygiene to prevent transmission
HIV Infection
Lyme Disease
UTI
Upper UTI
Manifestations:
Lower UTI
Manifestations:
Thrush
Hep A

Sputum culture and sensitivity test nursing considerations: teach client to rinse mouth out
with water before collecting, morning is best time to collect, inhale deeply several times
then cough forcefully, assume a sitting or upright position
Always clean wound first before taking a wound culture
Clean gloves and hand hygiene to remove old dressing
Sterile gloves and hand hygiene to swab from wound center to outer margin
Intradermal injection
1 mL tuberculin syringe with a 27 gauge ¼ inch needle
Pull skin downward so that it is taut
Insert needle at a 10 degree angle
Outline of bevel should be visible under the skin
Inject the medication slowly and form a small bleb under the skin
Circle border
Avoid rubbing site after injection
Done in forearm
Life threatening complication of cancer treatment, considered an oncological emergency
When cancer treatment kills cells, it releases different intracellular components causing a
life threatening imbalance
Clinical manifestations: hyperkalemia, large amounts of nucleic acids can cause acute
kidney disease, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia
Sputum Culture Collection
Wound Culture
TB Testing
Tumor Lysis Syndrome

RENAL / URINARY
Measure of glomerular function and indicator of renal disease process
24 hour urine collection is needed for this test
First urine sample is discarded and time is noted
All other urine samples for the next 24 hours are collected and kept cool
At the end of the 24 hours the client should attempt to void one last time and
add to collection container
Blood is also drawn to collect creatinine level
Obtaining tissue sample to determine the cause of certain kidney diseases
Bleeding is the major complication for this procedure
Before the procedure the client must give informed consent and discontinue
all anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications for at least one week
The client should have well controlled blood pressure and be crossed
matched just in case of infusion
After the procedure the nurse should monitor the vital signs for the first hour
every 15 minutes and assess puncture site for bleeding
Position the client on the affected side for 30-60 minutes and bed rest for the
first 24 hours
Inserted through the urethra to directly visualize the bladder wall and
urethra
Burning sensation upon urination is normal after procedure
Complications associated include: urinary retention, hemorrhaging, infection
Notify the HCP immediately if blood clots, blood tinged urine, inability to
urinate, chills, abdominal pain or fever are present
Radiologic test to visualize renal blood vessels
Contrast medium is injected into the femoral artery
Teach client to increase fluid intake after the exam to flush dye from the
body Increased urination after exam is expected outcome because want to
flush fluids
Creatinine Clearance
Kidney Disease
Cystoscope
Renal Arteriogram

Abnormal prostate enlargement most commonly affecting males over the age
of 50 The prostate gradually enlarges and compresses the urethra
Clinical manifestations include: urinary urgency, frequency, and hesitancy,
dribbling urine after voiding, nighttime frequency, and urinary retention,
intermittent or weak stream, incomplete emptying sensation, straining or
difficulty starting stream
The nurse should teach about ways to control and manage these:
medications, lifestyle changes, voiding schedule, avoidance of caffeine and
antihistamine
These patients have an increased risk of UTI
If the patient is experiencing burning while urination, it could mean a UTI is
present and further assessment is required
Nursing care plan for this includes: teaching kegel exercises, bladder training,
incontinence products, and lifestyle changes, avoid smoking, drinking,
caffeine, use of pessary
The highest priority with a client newly diagnosed with stress incontinence is
preventing skin breakdown, and UTI through bladder training, the nurse
should teach the patient to void every 2 hours
Pessary can remain in place while sexually active
Happens when there is increased abdominal pressure, from coughing,
sneezing etc
The peritoneum is used as a semipermeable membrane to dialysis clients
The tubing is clamped to let the fluid work for a specific period
Clients are closely monitored for respiratory distress while the fluid is inside
Crackles in the lungs require immediate intervention
Essential to use sterile technique when spiking the bag
Bacterial peritonitis is a potential complication and can lead to sepsis
Place the catheter bag below the client (below abdomen) and the client should
be in fowlers or semi fowler's position
Cloudy outflow, tachycardia, low grade fever are signs of peritonitis
Bloody fluid could indicate intestinal perforation
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Stress Incontinence
Peritoneal Dialysis

Brown fluid could indicate fecal contamination insufficient outflow may result
from constipation, if outflow becomes sluggish, the nurse should reposition
the client (side lying), check for distention, and check for kinks in the tubing or
assist with ambulation
Never flush the tubing or pull on it
Can gently rotate the check for kinks
Hallmark finding is painless hematuria
Primary cause is cigarette smoking
Opioids may cause urinary retention because they relax the bladder muscle
The nurse should assess the clients subprubic area for retention
Often occurs in older men with BPH
If a man is having trouble urinating after surgery, the initial action is to get
them out of bed and see if that helps, second intervention would be to
bladder scan
At risk for uncontrolled hypertension and hypertensive emergencies
Hypertensive encephalopathy is a type of hypertensive crisis characterized by
nausea, vomiting, and headache Immediate assessment and intervention
required within one hour
Are at risk for hyperkalemia and fluid overload
Clients should avoid salt substitutes which typically contain potassium
chloride
Fluid restriction, potassium restriction, sodium restriction, low protein diet,
low phosphorus diet
Upper urinary tract infection Clinical manifestations: chills, fever, vomiting,
flank pain, costovertebral tenderness
Blood and urine cultures should be obtained prior to antibiotic administration
Bladder Cancer
Urinary Retention
Chronic Kidney Disease
Acute Pyelonephritis

Rapid, complete, bladder decompression is done
This can be associated with hematuria, hypotension and postoperative
diuresis
Complications the nurse should assess for: hypotension and bradycardia
Some medications should be held prior to receiving dialysis including:
antihypertensives because it could lead to hypotension also vitamins B and C,
digoxin and antibiotics
No need to give heparin before dialysis because it is given during
rare but life threatening complication that occurs during the initial stage of
dialysis creating increased intracranial pressure, slowing the rate can prevent
Symptoms include: nausea, vomiting, seizures, headache, restlessness, change
in mentation
If this is suspected the HCP should be called immediately and dialysis should
be slowed or stopped
Check weight from previous dialysis and current weight/ VS
3 way catheter usedInfusion rate should be sufficient to eliminate obstruction
of flowThe nurse should assess tubing and make sure there are not clots
blocking the flow
Best indicator of of productive flow rate is the output urine color (light pink)
Never pull foreskin back can cause swelling and paraphimosis
Can use elastic adhesive to spiral around to secure
Leave 1-2 inch space in catheter
Take all antibiotics
Increase fluid intake
Wipe from front to back
Cotton underwear
Void after intercourse
Avoid douching and using feminine perineal products
Avoid spermicidal contraceptive jelly
Acute urinary Retention
Dialysis
Dialysis equilibrium syndrome:
Continuous Bladder Irrigation
Condom Catheters
Preventing UTIs

Occurs due to compression of the urethra or impairment of the bladder muscles this can
lead to incomplete bladder emptying and urinary retention this can lead to urine dribbling
Nursing care includes:
scheduling a voiding pattern (every 2 hours) to prevent distention
instruct client to bear down and applying gentle pressure to the lower abdomen to
facilitate bladder emptying
assess skin for breakdown
encourage client to void 30 seconds after voiding, and check residual volume
If there is leakage then the nurses first action is to assess the catheter tubing
Dislodge visible obstruction by milking the tubing
Irrigation is usually avoided because puss or sediment can flow back into the bladder
Fill balloon with 5mL of saline
For males it is recommended that the catheter be inserted 7-9 inches then an additional 1
inch after urine is seen in the collection bag
Reversible neurological complication of cirrhosis caused by primarily increased levels of
ammonia in the blood
Lactulose is the most common treatment for hepatic encephalopathy, it is a laxative but it
helps excrete ammonia
It can be given on an empty stomach and it can be given with juice, milk or water
Low serum Albumin, high ammonia levels, elevated INR/ PT, increased bilirubin levels, low
platelets
May take Lactulose to excrete ammonia
Given dark jug to preserve urine
Uncontrolled hypertension is contraindicated in these patients
Elevated creatinine is an expected finding in someone with kidney disease
Decrease hemoglobin level is expected in someone with kidney disease
At risk for hyperkalemia
Overflow Urinary Incontinence
Bladder Catheterization
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Liver Failure
Urine Collection
Kidney Biopsy
Acute Kidney Injury

GI DISORDERS
At least 3000 ml of fluid a day
Avoid eating foods that cause gas (broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts,
beans)
Empty the pouch when it becomes one-third full
Acute inflammation of the pancreas that results in autodigestion
Most common causes are cholethiasis and alcoholism
Signs include severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, amylase and lipase
are ELEVATED
Complications: hypovolemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, latent hypoxia,
ARDS, cardiac arrhythmias Barium Enema Uses fluoroscopy to visualize colon
with dye
Contraindicated in patients with diverticulitis
Preprocedure instructions include: take cathartic (magnesium citrate etc.) to
empty stool from colon, Follow a clear liquid diet the day before the
procedure to aide in bowel preparation and to prevent dehydration, Do not
eat or drink anything 8 hours before the test, May experience abdominal
cramping and urge to defecate during the procedure Expect passage of chalky
white stool after procedure
Take a laxative to get rid of excess barium
Drink fluids
Keep daily record of symptoms
Exercise
Limit gas producing foods
Reduce daily caffeine intake
Do not fast, do not go on clear liquid diet when symptoms are bad
Care of Stoma
Pancreatitis
IBS
Peptic Ulcer Risk factors: H. pylori infection, stress, smoking, diet, alcohol use,
NSAID use, genetic predisposition, avoid eating meals before bedtime

When administering bolus enteral feedings, the nurse should raise the head of the bed
and keep it elevated for 30-60 minutes afterwards to decrease aspiration risk
Feeding tubes should be flushed before and after feedings to keep the tubes patent
Gastric residual volumes are checked every 4 hours with continuous feeding and before
each bolus feeding
Gastric pH should be acidic (less than 5)
A pH over 6 requires chest x ray placement check of the NG tube
Newly placed tubes also require placement check
Do not remove stylet before x ray is performed
These patients can develop respiratory complications due to the release of cytokines and
pancreatic enzymes that cause systemic inflammation
ARDS is most serious complication
If crackles are heard in these patients, immediate action needs to be taken
Healthy stoma should be pink to bright red and moist
If the stoma is dusk or any color blue the HCP should be informed
Medical emergency
GI absorption of neurotoxin
Organism found in soil and can grow in any food contaminated with the spores
Clinical manifestations: muscle paralysis, descending flaccid paralysis (starting with the
face), dysphagia, and constipation
Main source is improperly canned food or stored foods
LOOK FOR CANNED FOODS WITH SWOLLEN ENDS
No raw honey for children under age 1
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Highest priority for a vomiting/ nauseous patient with this is NPO status so the gallbladder
is not stimulated more
Also maintain low suction for NG tube, semi-fowler position, IV fluids
Tube movement of 0.5 cm when the client coughs
Should rest loosely above the skin
Resistance shouldn’t be felt when moving around
Performed through an orogastric tube to remove ingested toxins and irritants to the
stomach
Done if the ingested toxins are considered lethal and if it can be initiated within 1 hour
Nasogastric Feeding Tubes
Acute Pancreatitis
Stoma
Botulism
Cholelithiasis
PEG Tube
Gastric Lavage

SPINAL CORD INJURIES
Vasodilation will occur due to loss of innervation from the spine
This will decrease venous return to the heart , signs of neurogenic shock
include: hypotension, bradycardia, and pink and dry skin from the vasodilation
Usually occurs in cervical or T6 or higher spinal injuries
Priority nursing care is administering normal saline to increase blood pressure
and perfusion to vital organs
Removing the posterior of spinous process
Relieves compression of nerve root
Pain, paresthesia, paresis(muscle weakness) these are signs that the nerve
root is being pressed on so then would get a laminectomy
The location will determine the symptoms, prognosis and symptoms 3
locations: cervical, thoracic, lumbar
LOG ROLL AFTER SURGERY
Anterior thoracic will have chest tubes
Laminectomy with fusion- take bone from hip
Do not dangle, no sitting
Do not sit for longer than 30 minutes
They may walk, stand, or lay without restrictions
Discharge teaching: 6 weeks no sitting for more than 30 minutes, lie flat and
log roll for 6 weeks, no driving for 6 weeks, do not lift anything over 5 lbs for 6
weeks, cervical lams cannot lift anything over the head
Trauma should follow ABC
Especially true with suspected head and neck injuries
Until the spin is appropriately addressed, the patient should be placed on a
backboard
The nurse should use the jaw thrust maneuver
NSAIDS
N, neurological damage
Neurogenic Shock
Laminectomy
Jaw Thrust Maneuver
Acronym to help determine spine immobilization

S, significant traumatic injury
A, alertness
I, intoxication
D, distracting injury
S, spinal examination
Treatment: want stomach to empty slower, so lay down after eating, meals
should be small, low fluids, low carbohydrate, get fluids before or after meals,
NEVER with meals, high protein, high fiber
Kalemias do the same as the prefix accept for heart rate and urine output
This is a helpful sentence to remember the symptoms of hyper and
hypokalemia
Calcemias and magnesiums do the opposite of the prefix (
everything goes down when calcium goes up)
Earliest sign of any electrolyte disorder is numbness and tingling (paresthesia)
Circumoral paresthesia (numb and tingling lips)
Fastest way to lower high potassium (give D5W with regular insulin)
tpn and parenteral are IV feedings
Indicated for malabsorption
Enteral are tube feedings like NG
Stomach is pushing through the diaphragm GERD Heartburn, indigestion
Treatment: sit up after eating, want stomach to empty faster
Keep head of the bed in high position, high carb diet, fluids high and carbs
because we want things to go fast
Low protein
Brace should be worn 23 hours a day
Lateral deviation
Wear shirt under
Dumping Syndrome
Electrolytes
TPN VS ENTERAL VS PARENTERAL
Hiatal Hernia
Scoliosis

NEURO & BRAIN
normal things that happen when clients age are decreased sphincter reflexes, increased
frequency, decreased peristalsis
Incontinence is not normal in the aging process, GI neurological changes are NOT normal
Rupture of blood vessel in brain causing bleeding into brain tissue or subarachnoid space
Nursing considerations: Patient is on seizure precautions because risk of IICP
They may develop dysphagia so NPO for these patients until swallow function test is
performed
Frequent neuro checks
The nurse should prevent activities that increase ICP
How to decrease ICP:
reduce stimulation
maintain quiet and dim environment
limit visitors
stool softeners to reduce straining
strict bed rest,
assist with ADLs
maintain head in midline position to improve jugular venous return to the heart
NO anticoagulants
Inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord
Clinical manifestations:
N/V
Fever
Severe headache
Nuchal rigidity
Photophobia
AMS (altered mental status)
IICP
Stiff neck
Pain with flexion
Patient should be put on droplet precautions
No negative pressure room
Client aging:
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Meningitis

Peripheral, unilateral facial paralysis characterized by inflammation of the facial nerve
(CN7) in the absence of a stroke or other diseases
Flaccidity of affected side
Clinical manifestations:
Inability to close eyes of affected side
Cannot smile symmetrically
Lacrimation of the eye is decreased on affected side
Flattening of the nasal labial fold
Facial drop
Cannot close eye correctly
Expressive , Impaired speech and writing
May be able to speak short phrases but has difficulty with word choice
The nurse should listen and give time for patient to speak
Easily frustrated when attempting to speak
Clients speech is limited to short phrases that require effort
Receptive Impaired comprehension of speech and writing
May speak full sentences but the words do not make sense
Ask simple yes or no questions
Loss of the ability to perform a movement due to neurological impairment
Neurodegenerative disease with no cure
Degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Clinical manifestations:
Fatigue
Muscle weakness that is progressive
Twitching and muscle spasms
Difficulty swallowing, difficulty speaking
Respiratory failure
Clients usually survive 3-5 years and there is no cure
Part of a focused neurological exam assessing vestibular function and body in space
Used to determine the reason for loss of coordination
Clients are asked to stand with the feet together and eyes closed
If loss of balance occurs then ataxia is considered to be sensory
These patients will have loss of balance and need assistance with ambulation
Bell Palsy
Aphasia Syndrome
Broca
Wernicke
Apraxia
ALS
Romberg Test

Induced in clients who suffer neurological injury due to cardiac arrest or in comatose or
clients who do not follow commands after ressecutation
Induce 6 hours after arrest up to 24 hours
Improves neurological outcomes and decreases mortality rates
Look for signs with Cushing’s Triad as it is related to IICP
Change in LOC
Bradycardia
Widening pulse pressure
Cheyenne stokes respirations
Cushing's triad is a late sign and signals that the brain stem is compressed
Keep head of the bed at 30 degrees
Usually occurs in children
Daydreaming like episodes, usually 10 seconds and staring
No memory of the seizure
During seizure activity, priority is client safety
Assist to lie down from a chair or whatever they are doing
Loosen restrictive clothing
Administer oxygen as needed
Never restrain and never insert anything into the mouth
During seizure activity need to stop, administer IV or rectal benzos (diazepam,
lorazepam)
Loss of half of the visual field on the same side
May lose left side of visual field in both eyes
High risk for self neglect
Change in LOC
Amnesia
Headache
Rest and light diet are encouraged
No strenuous activities for 1-2 days
Autoimmune disease involving a decreased number of acetylcholine receptors and leads
to skeletal muscle weakness
Clinical Manifestations:
ptosis/ diplopia
Therapeutic Hypothermia
IICP
Absence Seizures
Seizures
Homonymous Hemianopsia
Concussion
Myasthenia Gravis

Bulbar signs (difficulty speaking or swallowing)
Difficulty breathing
Muscles are stronger in the morning and weaker in the evening
Treatment: anticholinesterase drugs before meals
Semi solid foods
Need to teach about the importance of the flu vaccine (anyone with an autoimmune
disease)
Involved in coordinating voluntary movement and balance and posture
Assessed with gate testing (heel to toe)
Finger tapping, touching nose with finger
Immediate CT or MRI
Thrombolytic therapy within 4.5 hours (contraindicated in bleeding, hypertensive,
aneurysm)
Neuro assessment
Highest score 15
Lowest score 3
Best indicator of decline is score decreasing in small amount of time vs. individual
component or answer
chronic , progressive, neurodegenerative disease of the dopamine producing neurons
Characterized by:
Slow movement (bradykinesia)
Increase muscle tone (rigidity)
Resting tremor
Shuffling gait
Short steps
Stooped posture,
Masked facial expression
Caused by low levels of dopamine in the brain
Levodopa Carbidopa (Sinemet) is a medication that can help in treating
bradykinesia
Once this medication is started, it should never be stopped because it can lead to
complete loss of movement
This medication takes several weeks to reach effect
The client’s urine and saliva may turn a reddish-brown color but this is not harmful
Testing Cerebellar Function
Ischemic Stroke
GCS
Parkinson Disease

Engaging in regular exercise decreases the risk of AD
Genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors
Family history is a risk factor
Trauma to head is a risk factor
Usually over 65
Healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of AD
Caring for clients with AD
Use distraction and redirecting to manage agitation (go for a walk)
Speak slowly, simple words, yes or no questions
No open ended questions
Break down complex activities into steps with simple instructions
Decrease client’s anxiety by limiting number of choices
Sharp pain along trigeminal nerve
Primary prevention is consistent pain control
Carbamazepine is the drug of choice
This is a seizure medication and is highly effective in controlling neurological pain
This medication is associated with infection risk and leukopenia so the patient should
report any fever or sore throat
Evaluate brain electrical activity
Hair needs to be washed before procedure
Avoid caffeine, stimulants, and CNS depressants
The test is not painful and no analgesia is required
No chocolate before
Foods and liquids are not restricted before test
Not painful and not sedated
Increased ICP
Increased head circumference, sunset eyes, bulging fontanelles
Open spina bifida
Open area in lumbar spine
Risk for infection
Priority intervention it to cover with a sterile, moist dressing
Alzheimer’s Disease
Trigeminal Neuralgia
EEG
Hydrocephalus
Myelomeningocele

The patient with be in the lateral recumbent position or sitting upright, these positions
allow for widening of the space inbetween the spinal vertebrae
Before the Procedure: Client will be asked to empty the bladder
Needle will be inserted between L3/L4 or L4/L5
Pain may be felt radiating down the leg, temporary
After the Procedure: Lie flat with no pillow for at least 4 hours to reduce the chance of
spinal fluid leak and resulting headache Increase fluid intake for the next 24 hour to
reduce dehydration
Chronic seizure activity
Seizure triggers include:Avoid alcohol in excess, sleep deprivation and stress
Practice relaxation techniques
Medical alert bracelet
Phytenin may decrease oral contraceptive effectiveness so use non hormonal birth
control
Phytenin may cause fetal abnormalities Do not stop medication abruptly
Sign of severe brain injury
Arms and legs will be straight out, toes pointed down, and head and neck arched back
These assessment findings indicate that severe injury has occured
CSF fluid leak from nose and ears, racoon eyes,
Battle’s sign (bruising around the ears)
Dextrose testing can be done on the fluid to confirm it is CSF
This CSF leak puts the client at risk for infection
No NG or oral tubes should be placed unless with fluoroscopic guidance
Coagulated blood surrounded by halo ring of CSF can be a positive sign (halo ring sign)
Hyperventilate before suctioning
Maintain dark, quiet environment
Maintain the head of the bed in a neutral, midline position
Elevate head of the bed to 30 degrees
Administer stool softeners to decrease straining
Manage pain
Manage fever
Lumbar Puncture
Epilepsy
Decerebrate Posturing
Basilar Skull Fracture
What can the nurse do to decrease IICP
Administer stool softeners to decrease straining
Manage pain
Manage fever

VISUAL/ AUDITORY
Speak directly to client, facing client, Use facial expressions and gestures
Post a hearing impaired sign on clients door
The nurse should ensure hearing aids are functionable and in place
Speak at a normal volume (no yelling)
Encourage client to repeat back teaching
Require emergency care to prevent permanent vision loss
Copious eye irrigation for all types of ocular chemical burns
Sterile saline or water irrigation should begin immediately
IV tubing used or a morgans lens, continues until the pH of eye is normal (6.5-7.5)
Activities that may increase intraocular pressure should be avoided to decrease risk of
damage to suture site
These included: bending over, lifting more than 5lbs, sneezing, coughing, constipationIf
constipated, the nurse should encourage fluids, fiber intake, and over the counter stool
softeners
After cataract surgery it is common for the person to feel itching in the affected eye and
blurred vision
Sleeping on 2 pillows will decrease intraocular pressure
Eye Injuries If a person gets something stuck in eye (splinter, or injury) they should first
COVER BOTH EYES (since the eyes work in synchrony)
Do not flush eye is there is splinter lodged in it, may cause further injury
When a foreign body becomes lodged in the eye, both should be shielded
Separation of the sensory retina from the underlying pigment epithelium
Clients experiencing retinal detachment may experience a gradual, curtain like, loss of
visual field
Retinal detachment is a medical emergency and interventions should happen immediately
to reduce the chance of vision loss
The injured person could have the perception of lights flashing, floaters, gnats/hairnet,
cobweb vision
Traumatic retinal detachment may result in sudden vision loss
Retinal detachment requires emergency surgery
Post Op teaching:
Avoid activities that increase intraocular pressure
No rubbing eyes (this increases intraocular pressure)
Speaking with the Hearing Impaired
Ocular chemical burns
Cataract Surgery
Retinal Detachment

R eport sudden pain, flashes of light, vision loss or bleeding
Avoid focused activities like reading and writing
Wear eye patch
Ensure appropriate positioning instructed by the HCP
Results from excess fluid accumulating inside the inner ear
Clients have episodic attacks of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and aural
fullness, N/V, and feeling of being pulled to the ground (drop attacks)
During an attack the client is treated with sedatives such as benzodiazepines
like diazepam, antihistamines, and anticholinergics
Priority nursing care is fall precautions
Also the nurse can place patient in quiet, dark room and salt restricted diet
Progressive, incurable disease where the center of the eyes vision begins to
deteriorate
This deterioration causes distortion (blurred or wavy visual disturbances) or
the loss of the center field of vision, but peripheral vision remains intact
They may see a blurry spot in the middle of their visual field
To decrease macular degeneration a patient can:
Stop smoking
Intake of specific supplements (carotenoids, vitamin C and E)
Laser therapyInjections of antineoplastic medications
Characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure and gradual loss of
peripheral vision (tunnel vision)
Signs and symptoms develop slowly, it is painless and peripheral vision loss
with normal central vision, difficulty with vision in dim lights, increased
sensitivity to glare, and halos observed around bright lights
Can lead to blindness if left untreated
Immediate medical intervention
Characterized by increased intraocular pressure
Signs of this can include: sudden onset of eye pain, reduced central vision,
blurred vision, ocular redness, reports of seeing halos around light
Meniere Disease
Macular Degeneration
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma

Cloudiness of the lens that may occur at birth or more commonly in older
adults
Signs and symptoms include: painless, gradual loss of visual acuity with
blurred vision, scattered light on the lens producing halos and a glare
Cataract
Retinal Detachment
(curtain loss)
Macular
Degeneration
Open Angle Glaucoma
(tunnel vision)
Cataract

PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
Establish a trust relationship
The nurse will examine their own feelings about…
Don't accept or give gifts
Don't give advice, rather say “what do you think you should do”
Don’t give guarantees in psych “if you cry you will feel better”
It’s never wrong to get your patient to talk
Don’t use slang
Don’t tell an upset patient to chill out
Respond to how the patient feels, not what they say
Don't ever step out of the room so they can grieve
Phobias: gradual exposure, do not take away the phobias immediately
Displacement: acting out on someone or self due to something else, cutting
self, throwing a book at a nurse
Give client finger foods, foods that they can take on the go
Reduce stimulus of environment (calm, quiet environment)
One on one interactions
No group therapy
Limit number of people that come in contact with client
Low light
Structured activities and schedules
Physical activities
Private room
Choose clothing for a client
Clinical manifestations: shaking, hyperventilating, heart palpitations
The nurse should stay in the client’s room to offer support and ensure safety
Advanced age, underlying neurodegenerative condition, acid/base imbalances,
infection, surgery, impaired mobility, inadequate pain control
Need To Know NCLEX Facts
Manic Bipolar Episode
Panic Attack
Delirium

Catatonic schizophrenia: does not move, remains mute, etc.
These types are unable to meet their basic needs of fluid and food intake and
are at high risk for dehydration and malnourishment
If client says the voices are saying bad things, important for the nurse to ask
what they are saying, to assess if anyone is in danger
Delirium is a positive symptom of schizophrenia
Delusion of reference believe that songs, newspapers etc. are personally
about them
Important to reinforce reality and acknowledge feelings
May exhibit an irritable or cranky mood rather than sad
Signs: sleeping, low self esteem, withdrawal from activities, angry outburst,
inappropriate sexual behavior, weight gain or loss
Normal for clients to voice and ask questions about appearance
Psychomotor retardation: slowed speech, decreased movement, and impaired
cognitive function
Fear of being in certain situations or physical spaces Ex: train ride
Belief that others desire or want to harm you (poison)
Management of this focuses on building trust and grounding the client in
reality
When the client believes food has been poisoned, the nurse can provide
unopened foods, individually packaged things
Paranoid patients that may become violent should not be put near the nurses
station, this may cause more anxiety and fear
Explain all activities clearly and calmly while facing the client
Hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and inattention
Low self esteem and impaired social skills
Giving a written list of activities vs. explaining them is a better option for the
client
Methylphenidate is prescribed and stimulates the CNS
Schizophrenia
Depression in Adolescents
Agoraphobia
Paranoia
Violence
ADHD

Priority is to remove spouse from immediate danger
Suspected clients should be assessed alone
Abuse begins or intensifies during pregnancy
Common in all socioeconomic classes
Not rare in same sex marriages
Most important is to assess risk to determine intervention
Difficulty concentrating
Detached
Flashbacks
Anger
Encourage client to talk about the trauma
Denial
Never attack person when confronting
When dealing with problems with staff, use I, not you DABDA for death (denial,
anger, bartering,depression, acceptance)
Patient in denial about loss - support, Abuse- confront
Alcohol intoxication can cause hypoglycemia, especially in clients with
diabetes, important for nurse to assess blood glucose levels
Disulfiram - aversion therapy, therapy that promotes abstinence from alcohol,
if client consumes alcohol while taking, there are unpleasant side effects,
makes them very sick, onset and duration is 2 weeks before it starts to work, 2
weeks off drug before they can safely drink again
Teach them to avoid mouthwash,aftershaves, perfumes and colognes Insect
repellents, an over the counter that ends in the word elixir, hand sanitizers,
uncooked icings
If in emergency room, should administer thiamine IV or IV Glucose
Withdrawal symptoms: anxiety, insomnia, tremors, palpitations, diaphoresis,
hallucinations, tachycardia AWS: semi private, anywhere, no restraints
Delirium tremens: rapid onset of confusion, are dangerous, NPO, or clear
liquids, seizures, private room, near nurses station, unstable, can be fatal,
starts a few days after withdrawal , must be restrained, bedrest
Domestic Abuse Victims
Suicide Idealation
PTSD
Alcoholism

Anorexia and Bulimia
Clinical manifestations: fear of weight gain, fluid and electrolyte imbalances,
amenorrhea, decreased metabolic rate, lanugo, cold intolerance
TC encourages the client and family to express feelings and thoughts, increase the
nurses understanding, and conveys support
Reflecting is a form of therapeutic communication
Then nurse provides support by expressing empathy, actively listening, and
encouraging open communications
Avoid questions that change the subject
Avoid ‘why’ questions
Avoid false assurance
Therapeutic communication will help facilitate further assessment
Poor nutrition
Poor thiamine can lead to Wernicke encephalopathy
AMS
Oculomotor dysfunction
Ataxia (tremors)
Critical these patients get Thiamine replacement
Desensitizing to specific stimulus or situation
Relaxation techniques
Self observing and monitoring
Teaching new coping skills and techniques to reframe thinking
Anorexia Nervosa
Therapeutic communication
Chronic alcohol abuse clients
Clinical manifestations of Wernicke encephalopathy:
Cognitive behavior therapy

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
Low circulating T3/T4 and high TSH
Clinical features: low metabolic state features, fatigue, weakness, weight gain,
cold intolerance, bradycardia, hair loss, constipation, slow cognitively, coarse,
dry skin, hoarseness
Insufficient production of ADH
ADH helps retain fluid
Polydipsia, polyuria, dilute urine (low specific gravity) Desmopressin and fluid
replacement is the preferred treatment.
Too much ADH
complication of a head injury
Causes body to retain fluid
These patients have low urine output, high specific gravity, low serum
osmolarity, low serum sodium
Due to prolonged exposure to corticosteroids, most common cause is the
administration of corticosteroids such as prednisone
Clinical manifestations expected with CS: Hyperglycemia, hypertension,
truncal obesity, muscle wasting, moon face, striae in stomach area,
supraclavicular fat pads, buffalo hump, acne, muscle weakness, easy bruising
and bone loss, gynecomastia (female breasts on men), atrophy of arms and
legs, retaining sodium and water, low potassium, bruises easily, irritable,
immunosuppressed
High glucose!!!!! Hyperglycemic If you are on a steroid and diabetic, You need
more insulin because steroids increase the blood glucose
Adrenalectomy is treatment
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes Insipidus
SIADH
Cushing Syndrome

Adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones
Clinical Manifestations: weight loss, muscle weakness, low blood pressure,
hypocalcemia, hyperpigmentation, fluid volume deficit Hyperpigmented
They do not adapt to stress because their adrenal gland is under secreting
When they go into stress their glucose goes down, they can go into shock
Give them glucocorticoids (all steroids in sone)
Increase dose during times of stress
Diet high in calcium and protein and low in fat
Do not take on an empty stomach
Assess for cataracts, make necessary doctor appointments
Low circulating T3/T4 and high TSH
Clinical features: low metabolic state features, fatigue, weakness, weight gain,
cold intolerance, bradycardia, hair loss, constipation, slow cognitively, coarse,
dry skin, hoarseness
Insufficient production of ADHADH helps retain fluid
High serum osmolality
Polydipsia, polyuria, dilute urine (low specific gravity)
Desmopressin and fluid replacement is the preferred treatment
Dehydration due to low ADH
Too much ADH, complication of a head injury or small lung cancer
Causes body to retain fluid
These patients have low urine output, high specific gravity, low serum
osmolarity, low serum sodium
Not thirst because they are retaining water
Gains weight suddenly
Addison’s Disease
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes Insipidus
SIADH

HYPER METABOLISM
Irritable
Heat intolerance
Cold tolerance
Exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
Graves disease is hyperthyroid
Treat with radioactive iodine (patient should be alone for 24 hours when given this, be
careful with urine, cannot touch, pregnancy test before giving)
Can also do a thyroidectomy
Do not treat all thyroid questions the same, total or sub
Total- lifelong hormone replacement, at risk for hypocalcemia (paresthesia will happen
first)
Subtotal thyroidectomy does not need lifelong hormone replacement
Subtotal are at risk for thyroid storm (thyrotoxicosis)
Thyroid storm symptoms: super high temperatures of 105 and above, hypertension,
severe tachycardia, psychotic delirium, medical emergency (treat with temperature down
and oxygen up)
Top priority is airway
Second big problem is hemorrhage
12-48 hours patient then pay attention to what type of thyroidectomy was done totals get
tetiny and subs get storm
Never pick infection in the first 72 hours
Low metabolic rate
Obese, lethargic, cold intolerance, dull, hypotension, heat tolerance, bradycardia
Myxedema Treatment: not enough hormone, so give them thyroid hormone, synthroid
levothyroxine
Do not sedate these people because they already super slow
Myxedema coma: sedating them can cause
Do not give sleeping pill before surgery because will decrease them more
They need to get thyroid pills before surgery or they could die never hold thyroid meds
unless they told them to do it
Usually type 2 diabetes, older age
Altered mental status
Glucose over 600
Little to no ketones
Bicarb over 18
Osmotic diuresis
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Treats hyperthyroidism by killing part of the thyroid
Treatment for Grave’s Disease
Requires 3 months for maximal effect Use precautions for up to1 week: stay away from
children and pregnant women, use separate bathroom, use different utensils from others
Need a negative pregnancy test
Do not discontinue abruptly (could lead to addisonian crisis)
Report signs of infection
Can cause hyperglycemia, report this to the HCP
Corticosteroids can cause osteoporosis and muscle weakness, instruct patient to have a
diet high in calcium and protein but low in fat
Cataracts are a side effect so go to yearly optometrist
Do not take on an empty stomach
Long term use of corticosteroids can mimic the the effects of cushing’s syndrome (buffalo
hump, weight gain, high blood pressure, moon shaped face, hypokalemia)
Chronic autoimmune disorder, inflammation and damage to synovial joints, progressive
fibrosis causing pain, stiffness, and deformity
Patients should do daily ROM exercises
Apply heat to stiff joints and ice to painful joints
Plan frequent rest periods between activities
Take Methotrexate even when joints are not in pain
Take a warm shower or bath if joints are stiff, best intervention for stiff joints
Morning joint stiffness that last for more than 60 minutes
Prolonged contractions can cause contractors
Keep body aligned
Degenerative disorder of the synovial joints, cushions between bones break down
Pain is exacerbated by weight bearing activity
Creptius can be heard with joint movement
Morning stiffness with subside with movement
Decreased joint mobility and range of motion
Atrophy of the muscles
Morning stiffness lasting 10-15 minutes
Radioactive Iodine
Long Term Corticosteroid Replacement
Rheumatoid Arthritis
OA

REPRODUCTIVE & SEXUAL HEALTH
Female sex and age over 50
First degree relative (mother or sister) with history of breast cancerBRCA1 or BRCA2 gene
mutation
Personal history of endometrial or ovarian cancer
Menarche before age 12 or menopause after age 55
Modifiable Risk Factors:
Hormone therapy with estrogen or progesterone
Postmenopausal weight gain or obesity
History of smoking and alcohol consumption
Dietary fat intake
Sedentary lifestyle
Gonorrhea and chlamydia are leading causes of PID and infertility
These are referred to as silent infections
CDC recommends annual chlamydia and gonorrhea screenings for all sexual active
woman over ager 25 with risk factors
Permanent male sterilization
They can still ejaculate
After procedure it can take several months for remaining sperm to ejaculate
They should use alternative methods of birth control until cleared by HCP
Most common STI
Genetial warts and cervical cancer
Often asymptomatic
Prevention: vaccine before sexual activity (age 11-12)
Transmitted vaginally, anally, orally
Clients with HPV should have annual papanicolaou test
Pap test usually initiated at age 21
Women age 21-29 should have pap test every 3 years
Form of long acting, reversible contraceptive
Highly effective
Insertion causes mild discomfort, light bleeding
Heavy bleeding and increased cramping & Check for string monthly
Clients will have their period on this, Backup contraceptive is not required
Who is that risk for developing breast cancer
STDs
Vasectomy
HPV
Copper IUD

Emergency care
Nurse should tend to patients physical and psychosocial needs, initiate preventative and
therapeutic treatments, collect and preserve evidence
Priority nursing actions:
Determine if client has bathed, showered, or douched since the incident (evidence
compromise)
Educate on need for pelvic exam Identify birth control methods and last menstrual
cycle
Head to toe assessment
Provide prophylactic antibiotics for treatment
Do not remove the cap right away after intercourse, wait more than 6 hours for sperm to
die
Can insert it several hours before intercourse
Apply spermicide to the cap before each use
Do not use during period
First line treatment for infertility by stimulating ovulation
May increase chances of twins or triplets
Frequent sexual intercourse 5 days after the medication
Perform during warm shower or bath
Report if there is a hard mass over the testis
Use both hands to feel each testis & perform monthly on the same day
Most common form of cancer in patient males age 15-35
High risk for developing tumor if have a history of undescended testis
Consult dietitian for healthy weight management
Cholesterol monitoring
Daily weight bearing exercise program
Eat green leafy vegetables and dairy products
Seek emotional support if so
frothy , yellow, green discharge
Oral metronidazole (flagyl) is most common antibiotic
Abstain from intercourse for about 1 week after cleared
May temporarily turn urine dark
Avoid drinking alcohol for at least 3 days
Sexual Assault Victim
Cervical Cap
Clomiphene
Testicular Self Exam
Testicular Cancer
Health Promotion Strategies for Postmenopausal Women
Trichomoniasis

MATERNAL - ANTEPARTUM
The nurse should monitor blood pressure in a client that is pregnant
Normal findings is the blood pressure gradually decreases and comes back up
to normal during the third trimester
An increase of more than 15 in diastolic BP and more than 30 in systolic is a
concern before 32 weeks
On adequate treatment is IM penicillin injection
If patient is allergic to penicillin, then they will need to be desensitized to it
Take the first day of the last menstrual period, add 9 months, add 7 days
OR take the first day of last menstrual cycle, minus 3 months, add 7 days
1 lb each month for 1st trimester
1 lb per week second and third trimester
Week of gestation and subtract by 9 is ideal weight gain
Common discomfort of pregnancy is due to the increase hormone
progesterone, which causes decreased gastric motility Iron supplements may
also cause constipation
Can help constipation with high fiber diet, high fluid intake, regular exercise,
bulk forming fiber supplements
Do not decrease daily dairy intake, but do not take it at the same time as iron
because it decreases absorption
AVOID TEA AND SODA AND CAFFEINE this can make more
No amount of alcohol during pregnancy is safe
The nurse should educate the client to stop drinking while trying to get
pregnant to avoid potential exposures to the embryo
Condition with low amniotic fluid volume
Ultrasound confirms diagnosis
Antepartum
Syphilis During Pregnancy
Naegele's Rule
Weight Gain
Constipation
Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy
Oligohydramnios

Common complication of pregnancy, sometimes due to iron deficiency
Hemoglobin below 11 and 10.5 is considered low and will need iron
supplements
Or if hematocrit is below 33%
The abnormal craving for and consumption of things that may not be edible
or digestible
Pica is often accompanied by iron deficiency anemia
The HCP will order hematocrit and hemoglobin to screen for anemia
Folic acid foods, whole grains, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids
Pregnant clients should AVOID unpasteurized milk products, unwashed fruit
and vegetables, deli meats and hot dogs and raw fish/ meat, avoid fish high in
mercury, liver
New onset of high blood pressure that occurs after 20 weeks gestation
>140/90
New onset of hypertension after 20 weeks gestation AND proteinuria or signs
of end stage renal disease
Patient may have headache, facial swelling, and visual disturbances
Fetal demise and patients with with placental abrupto are at high risk
Can cause bleeding
Signs of DIC: IV site bleeding, signs of internal bleeding like petechiae and
ecchymosis
Baseline laboratory test are priority to determine clotting factors
Require emergency surgical intervention
Referred shoulder pain and abdominal pain
Hypotension, dizziness, tachycardia
Detected 10-12 weeks
Anemia
Pica
Foods to eat While Pregnant
Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy
Preeclampsia
DIC
Ectopic Pregnancy
Fetal Heart Rate

Sudden onset, vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, tender uterus, hyper
contractions
Placenta separates from the uterine wall causing hemorrhaging
Painless vaginal bleeding, ultrasound finding placenta covering cervical os
Large bore IV access in case of fluid resuscitation
No vaginal exams with active bleeding
Cesarean section is scheduled for after 36 weeks and prior to the onset of
labor
Additional ultrasounds are performed to see if the placenta has moved and
assess its location
Pelvic rest (no douching, no vaginal exams, no intercourse)
Preterm birth is defined by birth before 37 weeks
Biggest risk factor is previous preterm birth
Previous cervical surgery
Tobacco or drug use
Age less than 17 and over 35 is a risk factor
Black women
Periodontal disease
Infections such as UTI
Can receive inactivated virus, no live viruses or become pregnant within 4
weeks of receiving the vaccine
Pregnant women can get: Flu vaccine, Tdap (between 27th and 36th week)
Influenza spray, Measles, mumps, varicella and rubella are NOT suggested
because they are live
Severe, persistent nausea and vomiting
Clinical features: weight loss, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes,
hypotension, tachycardia
Laboratory values: hypokalemia, hyponatremia, ketonuria, increased urine
specific gravity, hemoconcentration, metabolic alkalosis
Placenta Abruptio
Placenta Previa
Preterm Birth Risk Factors
Vaccines and Pregnancy
Hyperemesis Gravidarum

HCP visits once a month until week 28
Then every 2 weeks until 37
Then every week
Week 42 c section or induction
Normal hemoglobin low11 normal for first trimester 2nd trimester it can drop
to 10.5 and be normal In the 3rd trimester it can drop to 10.5 but normal
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Liver disorder in pregnant women that results in intense itching but no rash
Involves hands and feet and worsens at night
Requires priority assessment
Performed to screen for Rh sensitive Rh negative mother (o negative blood)
and an Rh positive fetus could have complications if a trauma occurs and the
blood supplies mix
Rh immune globulin is administered to all Rh negative pregnant clients at 28
weeks and within 72 hours postpartum and trauma to prevent the
development of Rh antibodies
Women who are planning to become pregnant should consume 400-800 mcg
of folic acid daily
Food rich in folic acid: fortified grain products, cereals, bread, pasta and green
leafy vegetables
Prenatal Teaching
Indirect Coombs Test
Folic Acid

After 20 weeks, the fundal height should be the same (in cm) with the number
of weeks pregnant
Empty the bladder before measuring fundal
12 weeks, right above the symphysis pubis
16 weeks, fundus is halfway between symphysis pubis and umbilicus (belly
button)
The fundus reaches the umbilicus at 20-22 weeks
Approaches the xiphoid process at 36 weeks
After 20 weeks the fundal height, measured from the symphysis pubis to the
top of the fundus, correlates the the weeks of gestation
Measuring Fundal Height
Palpating The Fundus
18-20 weeks in primigravida
14-16 weeks in multigravida
First step to address supine hypotension
The client should be tilted laterally
This is the first thing for trauma pregnant patients who may become
hypotensive, pale
Pregnancy category C in the first and second trimester and pregnancy
category D in the final trimester
NSAIDS must be avoided in final trimester
Quickening
Uterine Displacement
NSAIDS

Delivery is the only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia
Hypertension, proteinuria, AND seizures after 20 weeks gestation in clients
Magnesium sulfate helps prevent/ control seizures
Therapeutic magnesium level is 4-7 mEq (2.0-3.5 mmol)
Seizure precautions should be taken
Turn client on left side during seizure
Deep tendon reflexes should be assessed
Calcium gluconate is the antidote for Magnesium toxicity
Due to rising hormone levels in the first trimester
Eat dried carbohydrates Initial intervention focuses on diet management and
trigger avoidance
Consume high protein snacks on awakening, eat several small meals during
the day (high in protein and low in fat)
Drinking fluids in between meals rather than with them (cold, carbonated)
Consuming ginger foods
Foods high in vitamin B6 (legumes, nuts, seeds)
Test performed 24-28 weeks gestation
First is the 1 hour glucose test, no fasting required, any time of day, should be
below 140 and no further testing is needed, the patient will drink the 50 g
glucose solution then the nurse will draw blood one hour from that
May be present as normal vaginal flora in up to 30% of moms
Can be transferred to the baby during delivery
Pregnant women are tested for GBS at 35-37 weeks and receive prophylactic
antibiotics if positive
If GBS is unknown then patients antibiotics are administered
Common due to increase in progesterone hormone and uterine enlargement
that displaces the stomach
The client should: keep head of the bed elevated, sit upright after meals, eat
small frequent meals, eliminate fried/ fatty foods
Eclampsia
Morning Sickness
Glucose Test for Gestational Diabetes
Group B Staph (GBS)
Pyrosis (Heartburn)

Only give during postpartum
Avoid pregnancy 1-3 months after the vaccine is given
Placed to prevent preterm pregnancy
Report any signs of labor to HCP (lower back aches, contractions, pelvic pressure and
rupture of membranes)
Bed rest only required for the first few days
Stays in place 36- 37 weeks
Early removal for preterm labor or rupture of membranes
“Miscarriage”
Unintentional pregnancy loss before 20 weeks gestation
Education by the nurse: avoid tampons and sex for 2 weeks, report severe pain, foul-
smelling discharge, heavy bleeding, continue prenatal vitamins, take iron, and ibprufeon
for pain
Rh immunoglobulin is indicated for Rh negative blood types
These medications should be avoided during pregnancy
MMR
Cerclage
Spontaneous Abortion
ACE Inhibitors/ ARBS
Normal to be elevated during pregnancy, even without an infection
WBC Count
Severe form of preeclampsia
Clinical Manifestations: RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, malaise
HELLP Syndrome

LABOR/ DELIVERY
Stages of Labor
8- 10cm is the transition phase, and much anxiety for the patient
Breathing techniques are encouraged during this phase until fully dilated
3 phases in the first stage: latent, active, transition
Pitocin
Can cause uterine hyperstimulation (contractions longer than 90 seconds, and closer than
every 2 minutes)
Stimulates contraction of the uterine muscle
Used to induce labor and prevent postpartum hemorrhage
High alert medication
Adverse effects: abnormal FHR (bradycardia, decelerations)
Could cause emergency caesarean birth due to abnormal FHR, postpartum hemorrhage,
water intoxication with it’s antidiuretic effect
Uerine tachysystole >5 contractions in 10 minutes Increased risk for placental abruption,
uterine rupture
Administered through a secondary IV line, not primary
Do not give with other medications that may cause contractions (Misoprostol)
These medications stop labor
Oxytocin
Tocolytics

Magnesium sulfate, stop labor and can cause hypermagnesemia, heart rate will decrease,
blood pressure will go down, reflexes will go down, respiratory rate will decrease, LOC will
decrease
Must monitor reflexes and respirations
Reflexes need to be +2, if the reflexes are below that slow it down, if reflexes are more
than that speed it up
Turbutoline - causes maternal tachycardia
Before 34 weeks gestation the nurse should anticipate: Administer IM antenatal
glucocorticoids (-sone drugs) to mature fetal lungs
Administer antibiotics (penicillin) for GBS
Magnesium sulfate if less than 32 weeks
No artificial rupture of membrane
May occur after rupture of the membranes
This will cause abrupt fetal heart rate deceleration, fetal bradycardia, and disruption of
fetal oxygen supply
Priority is inspect vaginal area and perform a sterile vaginal exam
Knee to chest position or trendelenburg position
Emergency caesarean birth is usually required
Not necessarily a sign of labor
Score with the likelihood of a successful induction of labor
Score of over 6-8
Best pain relief when birth is imminent (10 cm and pushing)
AROM
Risk of umbilical cord prolapse
The nurse should: assess fetal heart rate before and after procedure, assessing the
characteristics of the amniotic fluid, no sharp pains, sit upright after the procedure
Preterm labor
Umbilical Cord Prolapse
Mucus Plug
Bishop Score
Pudendal Nerve Block
Amniotomy

Medical emergency when the shoulder gets stuck behind symphysis pubis
The nurse should: document times of events, verbalize passing time (5 minutes),
requesting help from staff, Mcroberts Maneuver, suprapubic pressure
Discontinue oxytocin Change position to left side
Give oxygen 8-10 L with a non rebreather mask
IV bolus of lactated ringer solution or normal saline
Inhibits SNS so can cause vasodilation which can cause hypotension
If the client is experiencing lightheadedness, dizziness etc. the nurse should first assess
the client’s blood pressure
Safest for clients who will give birth 2-4 hours after administration to avoid respiratory
depression in the baby
Best to give when they have well established contraction pattern
Best to give during active labor (7-8 cm with contractions)
Give pain medication during the peak of a contraction because less medication is crossed
over the barrier and less effects the fetus
Shoulder Dystocia
Ways to Improve Fetal Perfusion and Oxygenation
Epidural Block
IV Opioids
True Labor vs False Labor

VEAL CHOP
Helps determine causes of fetal heart rate chances
Acceleration is high fetal heart rate
Low fetal HR (under 110) stop pitocin
High fetal HR over 160, document, and take mom’s temperature, but nothing wrong
with baby
Low baseline variability - BAD -fetal heart rate just stays the same, LION, left side, IV,
oxygen, notify
High baseline variability, baby’s HR is always changing, GOOD, DOCUMENT
Early decelerations, baby’s heart slows before a contraction or at the beginning of a
contraction, NORMAL, DOCUMENT
Variable decelerations, VERY BAD, prolapsed cord, the nurse should push position
Late decelerations, bad, needs LION the worst ?
After the onset of a uterine contraction and continue beyond its end
Late decelerations occur when fetal oxygenation is compromised
The nurse should: stop oxytocin, reposition client, administer oxygen by face mask
Administer IV bolus of normal saline
Wavelike and no response to contractions
Suggestive of severe fetal anemia
Immediate intervention
If baby will be born when the med peaks
Iv pain meds peak at 15-30 minutes
It is given to the neonate , given transtracheal , Given after the baby is born
Fetal Heart Rate
Late Decelerations
Sinusoidal Fetal Heart Rate Pattern
OB MEDS
No pain medication in labor if
Surfanta (surfactant)

POSTPARTUM / NEWBORN
Fanning of toes (Babinkis)
Creases in sole of feet
White pearl like cyst on gum margins
Avoid supplemental formula feedings unless for medical indications
Frequent vomiting could be normal
During the first 3-5 days of life, loss of 5-6% is expected finding, more than that could
indicate further evaluation
Desquamintation (peeling of the skin)
13- 14 in. head circumference
Mongolian spots (bluish dark bruise looking spots on buttocks)
The nurse should just document the findings
Babinski reflex disappears by 12 months
Moro reflex disappears by 4 months
Tonic neck disappears at 3- 4 months
Galant reflex - stroking back and baby flexes body to one side
Rooting reflex- stroking cheek and turns head
Newborn bilirubin normal under 10
Bilirubin elevated at 15
Decreased muscle tone, Single artery in the umbilical cord, Sacral dimple with 0.4 in skin
tag,
Meconium should happen within the first 24 hours of birth or HCP should be notified
immediately
Vomit that is green, could indicate a bowel obstruction
Sniffing position should be used for resuscitation
Grunting, chest wall retractions, nasal flaring
Jaundiced
No voiding in 24 hoursTuft of hair on sacrum
Should have no head lag by 4 months
Part of the intestines prolapse into another
Periodic pain and legs drawn up
Pain becomes severe and insoluble crying
Can cause occult blood and jelly like blood
Contrast enema is used for diagnostics then given air enema
Newborn Assessment Normal Findings
Not Normal Findings:
Intussusception

Avoid bumper pads for crib
Should not share bed
Using a pacifier during sleep is appropriate after breastfeeding has been established
Can breastfeed with Hep B
Wash hands, Apply petroleum jelly
Yellow exudate is a normal part of the healing process
Clean with warm water (no soap)
Clients who choose not to breastfeed: apply ice packs to breasts for 15-20 minutes for 3-4
hours to reduce blood flow and swelling
Apply chilled fresh cabbage
Take anti inflammatory (ibuprofen) to reduce pain
Wear a supportive bra or breast binder until milk flow is diminished
NO HEAT unless you want more milk production
NO MASSAGES unless you want more milk production
Inflammation and infection of the breast tissue
Fever, breast aches, muscle aches, and inflammation
Antibiotic treatment
The client should continue to breastfeed
Apply warm compress and cool compress between feedings for comfort
Wash handsIbuprofen and acetaminophen for pain
No tight bras Increase fluids
Additional 500 calories a day for breastfeeding mothers but same amount of protein,
calcium, and fluids are needed
>500 mL after vaginal birth
>1000 mL after a c-section
Boggy uterus (uterine atony) is the most common cause for PPH
Risk factors for PPH: multiple gestations, macrosomic infant etc.
Can be due to large infant size, placenta accreta, uterine atony, lacerations
The steps are altered to accommodate the developmental needs of infants, minimize
stress, and increase assessment accuracy
Observe, auscultation, palpation, percussion, eyes, ears, not exam, moro reflex
When born assume intoxicated, then after 24 hours withdrawal
Newborn Safety
Newborn Circumcision
Breast Engorgement
Mastasis
Breastfeeding
Postpartum hemorrhaging
Order of Assessment for Infants
Newborn Drug

Lack enzyme that can cause irreversible neurological damage
Low phenylalanine diet is essential
Eliminate meats, eggs, and milk, beans, bread from the diet
Encourage fruits and vegetables
Special infant formula
Stay away from artificial sweeteners
Limiting fiber is not important
Ventricle opening causes left to right shunting of blood leading to excess blood flow to the
lungs
This places client at risk for CHF and pulmonary hypertension
If client is showing signs of grunting, tachycardia, dyspnea, diaphoresis BAD
Poor weight gain
Heart murmur
Diaphoresis during feedings
Expect to hear a murmur with a fixed split second heart sound
Cyanotic congenital heart defect manifested by signs of irritability and clubbing of the
fingers due to decreased oxygen saturation chronically remaining between 65%-85%
Hypercyanotic episodes occurs when unoxygenated blood enters the system and causes
hypoxemia and cyanosis
Can place in a knees to chest position to improve pulmonary flow
Can swaddle infant, can provide quiet environment, can use pacifier, all these help with
these “TET” spells
Other signs of heart failure: puffiness around eyes, cool extremities, reduced number of
wet diapers, little to no and poor feeding
Ventricular defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, right hypertrophy
Common in premature infants
The aorta is connected to the pulmonary artery
Many newborns are asymptomatic, a loud machine like systolic and diastolic murmur are
heard
Infants under 1 year old should have their brachial artery used for assessment ( between
shoulder and elbow, inside)
Assess for 5-10 seconds
PKU
Ventricular Septal Defect
Atrial Septal Defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Pulses

PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
Toddler Bladder training is usually achieved at age 2 ½ to 3 ½ 1
8-24 months is a good time to start
Readiness depends on developmental milestones
Fever or possible hypothermia
Muscle rigidity
Irritability
Frequent seizures
Poor feeding and vomiting
High pitched cry
Bulging fontanelle
Droplet precautions
Nurse should administer antibiotics as quickly as possible Important to assess
fontanelles and increased head circumference
Sensitive to light, taste, smells, touch etc
A calming environment with limited stimulation should be provided (private
room away from the nurses station)
Nurse should not touch or try to soothe client by touching
If the client is stable then the nurse can have them call poison control center
Priority would be further assessment
Neurological impairment in children Levels higher than > 5 are dangerous in
children
Can also threaten the kidneys
Use cold water in homes for cooking and run water to get lead out
Wash hands
Home inspection
Clinical manifestations: anemia, seizures, learning disabilities
Toilet Training
Bacterial Meningitis in Infants
Acute hydrocephalus
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Poison in Children
Lead Poisoning

Growth & Development Overview

Often children who have this have had a recent viral infection
Increased if aspirin therapy is used
Monitor for: (E) vomiting, lethargy, hyperventilation (L) loc and convulsions
Children recovering from flu like symptoms or chickenpox should never take
aspirin
Cough is a barking or seal like sound
Nursing action: focus on respiratory status, trach set at bedside, rest
Cool vapor is effective
Inability to open mouth due to contraction of muscle
May indicate tonsillitis
Airborne precaution
N95 mask
Negative pressure room
Administer vitamin A
No calamine lotion
Also called rubeola
Early signs are runny nose, sneezing, and coughing
Tumor below the kidneys in children under age 5
The abdomen should not be palpated
Induced by strep throat
Clinical manifestations include: periorbital edema, hypertension, oliguria, tea
colored urine due to protein and blood
Priority to check blood pressure
Daily weight most accurate for daily loss or gain of fluid
After 24 hours of antibiotic therapy, not contagious
Glomerular injury Proteinuria, hypoalbumin, hyperlipidemia, edema (4 signs)
Reye Syndrome
Croup
Trismus
Measles
Wilms Tumor
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Strep Throat
Nephrotic Syndrome

Additional symptoms include: fatigue, weight gain, pallor, decreased urine
output
Medical emergency due to haemophilus influenzae
Sitting in tripod position is a classic manifestation
Child will also drool, be restless and anxious
Do not complete throat inspection until emergency intubation is available
Keep the child calm until emergency airway equipment is available
Typically occurs in infants and children under age 2
Sometimes following a respiratory infection
Tobaccos smoke exposure puts infants at risk, also using a pacifier, drinking
bottle while laying down
Infant should obtain routine vaccinations and reducing or limiting use of
pacifier by 6 months
No honey for infants less than 12 months
Risk of botulism
Most common chronic nutritional disorder in children
One common cause is excessive milk intake
Other risk factors include: delayed introduction to solid foods, premature birth
Treatment includes oral iron supplements and increased consumption of iron
rich foods ( leafy green vegetables, meats, dried fruits, poultry, fortified
cereals)
Vitamin E is given in premature infants to prevent hemolytic anemia
Inflammation of arterial walls, children can develop coronary aneurysms
Not contagiousInitial treatment: IV gamma globulin and aspirin
Monitor for signs of heart failure
Monitor for gallop rhythms and decreased urine output
Monitor for fever, and report to HCP
Irritability is a hallmark sign of KD, especially in the acute phase
Epiglottitis
Otitis Media
Honey
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Kawasaki Disease

Is a common viral illness of childhood that is usually caused by RSV
It typically begins with viral upper respiratory symptoms (eg, rhinorrhea,
congestion) that progress to lower respiratory tract symptoms such as
tachypnea, cough, and wheezing
Bronchiolitis is a self-limited illness and supportive care is the mainstay of
treatment
Most children can be managed in the home environment
Breastfeeding should be continued and additional fluids offered if there is a
risk of dehydration due to frequent coughing and vomiting
Parents should be instructed to use saline nose drops and then suction the
nares with a bulb syringe to remove secretions prior to feedings and at
bedtime
Medications such as cough suppressants, antihistamines, bronchodilators (eg,
albuterol), and corticosteroids have not been found to be effective and are not
recommended
Prophylactic treatment of family members is recommended for pertussis
infection but not for RSV bronchiolitis
Abusive head trauma in infants from shaking
Shaking causes bleeding within the brain and eyes
Signs: vomiting, irritability, lethargy, crying, inability to suck to eat, and
seizures
Usually no bruises of trauma, possible small ones on arms or legs where they
have been shaken
Hold baby to sooth crying
Do not place anything in mouth like tongue blade or pacifier
Restraints can be used so baby don't mess with surgical site
Sit upright after meals
Chest Compressions for Infants
Check brachial pulse for no longer than 10 seconds
Use 2 fingers or 2 thumbs for chest compressions on the sternum just below
the nipple line
30:2, 100 per minute
Bronchiolitis
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Cleft Palate Repair

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