Needs for mis

needs for mis

1. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM MADE BY: ABDUL-REHMAN ARSLAN MALIK AND ZAYAB ABBASI

2. MIS “( Management Information System)” Management information system is a computer based information system which is basically concerned with processing data into information which is then communicated to the various departments in an organization to support the operations, the management and the decision making function in the organization.

3. Needs of MIS (Management Information System ) Business Driven: The purpose of MIS the organization and its stakeholders. Management Oriented/Directed : information needs of the management at all levels so that the organizational objectives are achieved.

4. 1.Flexibility and Ease of Use: The MIS is designed flexible enough to accommodate new requirements . system is easy to operate so that not much computer skills are required on the part of the user to access databases. 2.Common Databases : MIS stores transaction data for present and future uses. Applications access this database for relevant data to process transaction or to generate information. The system maintains general databases so that any functional subsystem can access the database NEEDS FOR MIS

5. Needs for MIS 3.Integrated System: MIS views organization information needs from a systems point of view.it blends together database of all subsystems of the business system and through information interchange integrates the organization. 4.Avoids redundancies in Data Storage: IS is an integrated system.it avoids unnecessary duplication and redundancy in data gathering and change. 5.Distributed System: Most organization have their offices sales outlets Heavy planning: Design and implementation of MIS require detailed and meticulous planning of such activities as acquisition and deployment of hardware and software.

6. SCOPE OF MIS To provide a variety of supports and displays to management. To provide managerial end users with information products that supports much of their day to day decision making needs. To provide information on the contents of the information products specified in advance by managers. To obtain data about the business environment from external sources so as to process them to serve the managers in a better way.

7. STEPS INVOLVED IN EVALUATION OF MIS SYSTEM Technical Evaluation Hardware Software tool Software design criteria Reported bugs in software Database Design Data Structure selection Operating system features Data Security X. Built in checks and controls XI. Fault tolerance levels

8. Utility Evaluation The usefulness of information The Accuracy of information Correctness of the information support provided by the system

9. Economic Evaluation Comparison of Actual with that of standards The cost related to implementation delays The cost related to time overrun

10. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM A decision support system is that system which helps the management in taking the business decisions . It is a system which allow human-machine interface whereby, the decision-maker possess control throughout the decision making process.

11. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM It has one primary objective that is to provide the managers with the necessary information for making intelligent decisions. This approach not only helps in bringing decision-making information directly to the executives, but also goes one step further than typical management information systems by allowing decision-maker to interact with the computer.

12. Features/Characteristics of Decision Support System (a) It is a way to organize information intended for use in decision-making. It envelope the use of a database for a specific decision making process. A decision support system does not automate transformation performed on data nor simply provide output in the form of report rather it supports the decision makers problem solving approach. ( b) A DSS allow the decision-maker to interact in a natural manner due to the careful design of the user interface. ( c) Decision support systems are designed to help support decisions that are formulated as semi structured, complex problem. These problems remain resistant to complete computerization.

13. Features/Characteristics of Decision Support System (d) A DSS may be constructed to support one-time decision, those that are infrequent; however, the type of problem or opportunity best addressed through use of a DSS is one that requires human judgment. (e) A decision support system is typically designed for either a particular decision-maker or a group of decision-makers. This allows the system designer to customize important system features to adapt to the type of representations. (f) Rather than building a specific DSS from scratch, a system analyst can use a package of interrelated hardware and software called a DSS generator. (g) A decision support system is best conceptualized as a process instead of a product.

14. Elements of Decision Support System: Decision support systems were initially designed as data base management systems combined with mathematical modeling systems to provide powerful, flexible tools for quantitative analysis of management decisions . More recently, the DSS concept has been extended by incorporating ideas from expert systems and cognitive psychology, which deals with how people solve problems and make decisions. Data are prerequisite for making managerial decisions but data alone is not sufficient to make the decision. There are various other factors that are to be taken into consideration while making managerial decisions.

15. The sum total factors are: Data Decision rules 3. Mathematical models 4. Managerial knowledge 5. Human judgment.

16. Users of Decision Support System 1. Terminal mode: The decision maker is the direct user of the system through on line access. 2. Clerk mode: The decision maker uses the system directly but offline, preparing input on a coding form. The primary difference between this mode and the terminal mode is in the technology employed (batch versus online). 3. Subscription mode : The decision maker receives reports that are generated automatically on a regular basis. This is the typical mode of usage for management reporting systems. Although some data analysis systems or accounting models might be used in this way, it is not typical for decision support systems.

17. Users of Decision Support System 4. Intermediary mode: The decision maker uses the system through intermediaries, who perform the analysis and interpret and report the results. The decision maker does not need to know the intermediary used the system to arrive at the requested information. The role of an intermediary is common in the use of decision support systems and merits separate attention. It has typically been argued that decision support systems will be resisted because managers will refuse to use terminals. The job of chief executives is highly fragmented with frequent interruptions. Such a pattern of activity is a major constraint on the use of a system requiring concentration over a period of time. The use of an intermediary allows the manager to benefit from the decision support system without actually having to execute it.

18. Expert System in MIS (Management Information System) An expert system is the highest form of automation of the management computing office which allows document communication and manipulation. Decision support systems help with problem-solving by allowing data and model manipulation. Expert systems go beyond conventional manipulation of this kind, as they allow experts to 'teach' computers about their fields so that fewer expert decision-makers can support the system more of the decision-making process . Expert systems are one of the most cutting-edge information technology facts. That is, in some of the most complex and least-understood human information handling tasks, i.e. decision-making, problem-solving, diagnosis and learning, they help people. We do this by holding a large amount of factual information on a subject area, along with lines of reasoning employed in that field by human experts.

19. Expert System Components The key components of Expert System are as followings, User Interface : It contains a computerized system between the user and the machine for friendly communication. This system provides an interface to the user in a graphical way. Interference Engine: It regains & determines the data process. It performs this task to deduce new facts which are subsequently used to draw further conclusions. This component is associated with an expert system as the brain of the expert system. Knowledge Base: This is the most important element of an expert system because it holds the expert's knowledge of problem-solving. It is here that the expert's elicited knowledge is stored. It contains the rules, facts and object descriptions, etc. The knowledge base is always stored in the data with the newest expert system products. The knowledgebase information is all that is needed to understand & formulate the problem, and then solve it .

20. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANGES OF EXPERT SYSTEM Advantages of expert system Expert System (ES) gives clear responses for routine actions, procedures and activities . Expert System (ES) retains significant levels of the knowledge base. Expert System (ES) supports organizations to explain the rationale of their decision-making.

21. Disadvantages of expert system E xpert system doesn’t reply creatively as a human expert in unusual ways. Expert system requires more technical aspects due to this difficult in use. Highly costlier system.