Neem and its cultivation and active constituents or phyto chemicals.

Neem and its cultivation and active constituents or phyto chemicals.

1. Azadirachta indica (NEEM) Submitted by :- Lishi kaki

2. INTRODUCTION Azadirachta indica is commonly known as neem and Indian lilac. It grows in tropical and semi tropical regions and is widely found in Burma, India and Pakistan. This is a very fast growing ,ever green tree which reaches the height of 15 to 20 meters. Neem trees now also grow in islands located in the southern part of Iran. Its fruits and seeds are the source of neem oil. It blossoms in spring with the small white flowers. The leaves are alternate and consist of several leaflet with serrated edges.

3. Neem is one of the wonder trees originated in India. Neem tree is importance in agriculture, veterinary, cosmetic, medicines. It is eco-friendly and natural source of phytochemical and nutrient. Organic farming is the one which gets more benefits from neem based products. In Ayurveda, neem has lots of importance and considered as “ Sarva Roga Nivarini ” which means, universal cure for all problems. Neem releases a higher amount of oxygen than other trees during the day. Neem trees increase the soil fertility and water holding capacity. IMPORTANCE OF NEEM

4. CLASSIFITION Common name : Neem Scientific name : Azadirachta indica Kingdom : plantae Order : Sapindales Family : Meliaceae Genus: Azadirachta Species : i ndica

5. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS There are many active compounds in the neem tree. The most common are as follows: Azadirachtan :provides repellant, antifreedant properties. Nimbin : anti inflammatory, anti fungal, anti pyretic properties Nimbidin : anti bacterial, anti ulcer, analgesic and anti fungal properties Nimbidol :anti tubercular, anti protozoan, anti pyretic properties Salannin : repellant properties Quercetin : anti protozoal , antioxidant, anti inflammatory and anti bacterial properties

6. STRUCTURES

7. USES Cake : soil manure and additive, animal fodder and fertilizer Seed, cake, oil : plant protectant, commercial pesticide, medicine, animal care. Neem prevent pimples on skin. Neem helps in treating fungal infection, good for dandruff removal. Its help to protect from diabetes, relieving bad breath. Helps in treating malaria Root and fruits :oil extraction and medicine Leaves :plant protectant, animal care and cosmetics .

8. NEEM FRUITS AND SEED

9. MEDICINAL USES All parts of neem tree used as anti fungal, anti diabetic, anti bacterial, antiviral. The bark ,leaves, seeds and small branches are all used in herbal medicine. The neem oil obtained from the seed (up to 50%) is also used medicinally. Oil of neem used in soap, shampoo, balms and creams as well as toothpaste. Neem leaf paste is applied to the skin to treat acne. Traditional Indian medicine recommend that patients suffering from chicken pox sleep on neem leaves.

10. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Mosquito repellant : neem are used as mosquito repellant, it biological activity of neem include phenolics , terpenoids , and alkaloids which may also lead to death of mosquito. 2. Anti-tubercular activity : Neem oil inhibited growth of mycobacterium strains in concentration of 12.5 mg/ml. 3. Anti-fungal : Nimbidin , nimbin , nimbidol and neem oil are very effective against fungi like ringworm, fungus, and other species of trichophyton at very low concentration.

11. 4. Anti- protozoal : Nimbin and sodium nimbidinate killed paramaecium caudatum in 1/500 dilution in 1 min. The action of sodium nimbidinate was found to be more potent than nimbidin . 5. Dermatological diseases : Niombidin effective against various skin diseases like furunculosis , arsenical dermitis , and scabies. 6. Dental diseases : Nimbidin gargal and dentifrices have been found effective in bleeding gums and pyorrhea. Which are patented extracts of the bark neem . It is active ingredient in tooth paste and other oral hygiene preparation. Neem extract when added to a tooth paste in preventing and healing the inflammation of gums.

12. ECONOMIC USES OF NEEM Tooth brush : Many of India’s 80% rural population still start their day with the chewing stick, while in urban areas neem toothpaste is preferred. Resin : an exudate can be tapped from the trunk by wounding the bark. Bark : Neem bark contains 14% tannin, an amount similar to that in conventional tannin-yielding trees. Toiletries : Neem oil is used for preparing cosmetics such as soap, shampoo, balms and cream.

13. Animal treatment : Used to treat sweet itch and mud fever in horses. Neem gum : Used as a bulking agent and for the preparation of special purpose foods. Fertilizer : Neem has demonstrated considerable potential as a fertilizer. Neem cake is widely used to fertilize cash crops, particularly sugarcane and vegetables. Plant protectant : Ploughed into the soil, it protects plant roots from nematodes and white ants, probably as it contain residual limonoid .

14. THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES The internal medicinal use of neem include malaria, tuberculosis, arthritis, jaundice and intestine worms as well as skin diseases. The extract of neem leaves has also demonstrated significant anti- diabetic potential. It also helps to decrease blood sugar. The extract are also beneficial for heart diseases, hepatitis, fungal infection and ulcer.

15. The cosmetic use of Neem oil include the fighting of acne and pimples as well as improving skin elasticity. Neem is used externally for ringworm, fungal infection as well as for painful joints and muscles.

16. CLIMATES REQUIREMENT Neem trees grow well in all regions having average annual rainfall of 350 mm to 1200 mm. Neem trees can tolerate high temperature even up to 50- 52 . Its cannot withstand intensive shade, frost, extreme cold or freezing conditions.  

17. SOIL REQUIREMENT Nem trees can grow well in any type of soil. Black cotton soils are best for growing these trees. Neem can be grown in even in rocky soils where water availability is a major problem. PROPAGATION Propagation can be done by seeds. However, root cutting is also possible.

18. IRRIGATION Neem trees require or survive with little water. Neem need plenty of sunlight and sensitive to frost and extreme shade condition. Avoid water logging.

19. MANURE AND FERTILIZERS VAM fertilizer of 50 grams , 20 grams of Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria to be applied on regular basis . Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae , fungi grows in close relation to the root and increase the amount of soil phosphorous around it. INTERCULTURE OPERATION Generally 2 to 3 weeding should be carried out during the first year and one weeding during the second year.

20. PESTS AND DISEASES Tip borer, Tea mosquito bug are the common pests and diseases that affect seedlings and young plants. Leaf blight and leaf spots, stem rot. Pest : Ascotis imparata ( walker), white grub, chafer beetle. HARVESTING : Neem starts bearing fruits after 4-5 years and comes to full bearing at the age of 10-11 years

21. FIG:Acostis imparata FIG: White grub FIG: Tea mosquito

22. YIELD Yield depends on many factors such as age, cultivation practices, variety and climatic conditions. On average about 10-20 kg of seeds per tree during initial years. After tenth year or attained maturity, yield will be increased to 35-50 kg per tree. The oil content in neem seeds will be more in regions where there is a good rainfall. The economic life of neem is estimated about 150- 200 years.

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