neolithic_presentation Bronze and iron ages.pptx

For 1º ESO students. A good summary of this topic

1. Early sedentary societies The Bronze and Iron Ages The Iberian Peninsula The Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Period and the Bronze and Iron Ages

2. 1. The Neolithic Revolution In around 8000 B.C., one of the greatest changes in human history occurred : The increase in gathering food , such as wild cereals , led to the beginning of agriculture . The domestication of animals marked the beginning of livestock farming . Humans stopped became the only animal that produced its own food . As food became more abundant, life expectancy increased. From the Fertile Crescent , agriculture extended to the rest of the world .

3. 1. The Neolithic Revolution This is called the Neolithic Period because: Humans began to create new, more sophisticated tools from polished stone for these activities . Working with new tools was very important for preparing aliments , such as bread: 1. Tilling and sowing: people turned over the soil and sowed 1 seeds with hoes. 2. Reaping: when they collected the harvest, they reaped 2 the plants with sickles. 3. Threshing: then they separated the grain from the husks 3 by threshing. 4. Milling: next they ground 4 the grain with hand mills in order to make flour. 5. Storing: first people stored their grain in holes in the ground. Later on they made ceramic pots. 6. Baking bread: they made bread by mixing flour with water and baking it in an oven.

4. 2. Early sedentary societies With the development of agriculture, people abandoned their nomadic way of life and became sedentary . P eople they built their settlements on riverbanks, as the river provided water for dinking and watering their crops. Neolithic people constructed palisades , and later on, walls to defend their villages . Development of craftwork : to store and conserve the grain they harveste , people made containers, using wicker for basket making and clay for pottery making . To make clothes, Neolithic people invented spindles and looms . Neolithic society became less tribal and more specialised . Chieftains , military leaders that proptected the population , appeared . Social structure and new activities

5. 2. Early sedentary societies Neolithic art and culture New religious beliefs : deification of natural forces that affected farming . Ancestor worship and worship of the mother goddess ( fertility ). Burials took place under houses or in necropolises outside the settlement. Sanctuaries decorated with paintings and sculptures were built . Santuary of Çatal Hüyük Çatal Hüyük , in the Anatolian peninsula , Turkey , is one of the oldest urban settlements

6. ceramic containers for cooking, holding liquids and storing seeds . Different decorative styles . 2. Early sedentary societies Neolithic art POTTERY Less realistic than Paleolithic ones . Schematic and symbolic paintings . Objects associated to religión and burials : Small figurines of women , made of clay Grave goods , such as necklaces or daggers . Skulls decorated with plaster . PAINTING SCULPTURE Cardial pottery vessel S triped decoration

7. 3. The Bronze and Iron Ages Not a very strong metal, its main use was decorations . Anatolian Peninsula . In around 4000 B.C., another great change in history occurred. Humans in the Near East discovered metallurgy . This marked the beginning of the Bronze and Iron Ages . We divide the Bronze and Iron Ages into three periods. This division is based on the type of metal people used in each period : The Copper or Chalcolithic Age (5th millennium B.C.). The Bronze Age (3000-1500 B.C.). The Iron Age (dese 1500 B.C.) Alloy of copper and tin . Stronger , for tool and weapon making. Mesopotamia. Stronger metal than bronce. Had to use technology to melt it (at 1000ºC) C lear military advantage over other peoples .

8. 3. The Bronze and Iron Ages Economy New agricultural inventions, such as the iron plough and irrigation systems . Trade was a source of wealth 5 and new ideas: the potter’s wheel , carts with wheels , sail boats and maps on clay tablets. People bartered their surplus products . Establishing long-distance trade routes between faraway places, in search of valuable minerals. Rapid spread of new knowledge . Plough pulled by animals Cart with wheels Sail boats Potter’s wheel Maps on clay tablets Revolutionary innovations in the Bronze and Iron Ages

9. 3. The Bronze and Iron Ages T he villages became cities with thousands of inhabitants . T he beginning of the division of labour . S ocial differences appeared . W ar became another economic activity . T he military chieftain became the most powerful figure . Society Male war gods emerged . The dates of important religious celebrations were based on the agricultural calendar . Culture Metal was smelted and mouded , shaped and polished , to make objects and weapons . Their houses were circular huts with stone plinths and reed roofs. They built walls as the population and the size of the settlement grew

10. CROMLECH Various megaliths in the form of a circle MENHIR Megalith pushed into the ground , on its own or in rows . 3. The Bronze and Iron Ages Art People constructed megalithic monuments by placing megaliths on their own or in groups . The Bronze Age ones are the most famous . They were made for different purposes: funerary, commemorative , territorial and religious . Spread of megalithic architecture to the coastal regions of the Mediterranean Sea and Western Europe . Tipos de monumentos megalíticos DOLMEN Various megaliths in the form of a table.

11. 4. The Iberian Peninsula The Neolithic Period (6th millennium B.C.) Cave paintings : schematic style, as the Epipaleolithic Levante paintings . Pottery : Cardial pottery spread from Lebanon along the northern Mediterranean coast . The Pit Grave culture developed in Cataluña . Cardial pottery was decorated with cockleshell indentations , cardium in latin .

12. 4. The Iberian Peninsula The Copper Age (3000-1700 B.C.) Bell Beaker culture : originated in the Valle del Tajo and spread throughout most of Europe , as far as the Hungarian plains . The Millares culture appeared in Almería : corridor dolmens . Burial chamber Niches It has this name because these people made pots in the shape of an inverted bell. Collective tombs with a passageway and a large chamber. Covered with a tumulus (mound of soil or stones).

13. 4. The Iberian Peninsula The Bronze Age (1700–1000 B.C.) El Argar Culture in Almería: settlements in high places and buried their dead under their houses. Their pottery was dark and had no decorations . Talayotic Culture in the Balearic Islands : taulas, navetas and talayots. TAULA T wo large stones in the shape of a T NAVETA S hape of an upturned boat TALAYOT Shape of a tower

14. 4. The Iberian Peninsula The Iron Age (1st millennium B.C.) Iron was introduced by the Celts , in the north and west of the Iberian Peninsula . The Iberians settled in Levante and Andalucía. In the centre of the peninsula there was a mixture of Celts and Iberians . Phoenician and then Greek metal traders also settled on the Mediterranean coast. The introduced writing . Tartessian culture developed in the Valle del Guadalquivir. Its people traded metal and jewellery .