Neonatal Diarrhea in ruminants by mahpara safdar

types of diarrhea and how you can differentiate different tyes of diarrhea

1. Profuse watery diarrhea , progressive dehydration , and death within a few days or earlier

2. ACUTE UNDIFFERENTIATED DIARRHEA OF NEWBORN FARM ANIMALS (Calves) Profuse diarrhea, dehydration, acidemia, and death in days if not treated early ) calves under 30 days Complex of enteropathogenesis , colostral immunity , and environmental factors Most common issue encountered by large animal clinicians Economy compromising Treatment progresses are considerable while prevention is meager

3. What is neonate? Have you heard about neonatal diarrhea?

4. Risk factors ( Enteropathogens , colostral immunity and environment ) Animal related: Primiparous dam-risk of dystocia and low colostrum Low birth weight of neonate Difficult birth related trauma, asphyxia, acidemia, impaired vigor FTPI ( F ailure to t ransfer p assive i mmunity) Collected after 6 hours; collected in low quantity, low production, less skillful mothering; less skillful suckling Reduced nutrition ( low quantity and altered contents of colostrum ) Deficiency of vitamin E, β- carotene, & Selenium/Copper Periparturient diseases -mastitis, metritis

5. Risk factors ( Enteropathogens , colostral immunity and environment ) Environmental and Management Risk Factors: Calves -colostrum, dystocia, parity, resident time in maternity pen , overcrowding, medicated milk replacer, metrological, quality of diet, calf rearer , herd size Nutrition of the Dam in the Periparturient Period Protein deficiency-low birth weight, impaired absorption of intestinal IgG Deficiency of β- carotene and tocopherol in last gestation Calving Management: Dairy Born in group maternity pen; residence time more than 24 hours Calf supervision and obstetric skills Not later than 24 hours

6. Risk factors ( Enteropathogens , colostral immunity and environment ) Calf management-Beef Crowding of maternity or wintering lots; less calving surface Calves born at end of calving season Disease Control and Management: High prevalence of FTPI & infectious disease risks- medicated milk is beneficial Medicated milk dangerous if sufficient colostral immunity and hygienic conditions-30% more days in diarrhea Antimicrobial therapy in diarrhea without systemic illness -70 days more in diarrhea Other Environmental and Management Factors Cold, wet, and windy weather; hot humid Calves born to heifers are 4 times more prone to disease

7. Risk factors ( Enteropathogens , colostral immunity and environment ) Pathogen Risk Factors Calves- Enteropathogens may not be detectable in up to 30% of diarrheic calves Rotavirus , Cryptosporidium spp., coronavirus , and ETEC , collectively, are responsible for 75% to 95% of infections in neonatal calves worldwide Geographic location, farm, age, and types of calves Rotavirus-housed calves ; Corona viruses-beef calves ; cryptosporidium & coronavirus & rotavirus>intensively reared veal calves ; cryptosporidium & giardia-Dairy calves Rota and corona viruses equally habitat in normal and diarrheic calves Lambs and Goat Kids: Diarrheic lambs and goat kids- E. coli strains of O serogroups -not generally toxigenic

8. Acute outbreak of diarrhea in neonatal calves What will you do?

9. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF EPIDEMICS Visit herd and identify risk factors Dry cow management (including vaccination protocols) Calving management Colostrum management Calf management (housing, prophylactic treatments, vaccinations …) Calf feeding (whole milk or milk replacer, type of milk replacer, amount fed, feeding frequency, feeding hygiene …) History of the present outbreak Farm history of previous disease outbreaks (not only affecting neonatal calves)

10. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF EPIDEMICS Visit herd and identify risk factors The affected calves (which calves are affected?, age, vigor, housing type …) Results of necropsy, clinical pathology, and microbiology if available Treatments used in the current outbreak and their efficacy Recent changes in management and environment or changes of the herd that may be associated with the outbreak Each risk factors must be examined for its role in the particular outbreak Overcrowding of calving yards in beef herds Recent changes in incidence rate of dystocia and perinatal mortality in calves and periparturient disease in cows Recent changes in climate and recent stress of any kind on the herd

11. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF EPIDEMICS Each risk factors must be examined for its role in the outbreak Feeding plan of milk replacer should be investigated Any recent introductions of replacement calves into the herd should be considered as possible sources of pathogens Prevalence of FTPI can be crudely assessed by checking 10 to 12 healthy calves between 24 hours and 7 days of age for the serum protein or preferably the serum IgG concentration (see Failure of transfer of passive immunity); the prevalence of FTPI should certainly not exceed 20%. Affected calves should be examined Affected should be isolated and treated-oral and parenteral route Antibiotic therapy only for systemically ill calves-not for alert calves with only diarrhea Fecal samples (30–50 g) from normal and diarrheic-laboratory examination-Enteric pathogens Pregnant calves due to calve shortly should be moved to another calving pen

12. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF EPIDEMICS Vaccination of cows larger in number about to calve in 3-6 weeks Report to be submitted to owner about your finding detailing every examination and measures of control

13. Control Reduction of the degree of exposure of the newborn to the infectious agents Provision of maximum nonspecific resistance with adequate colostrum and optimum animal management Increasing the specific resistance of the newborn by vaccination of the dam or the newborn