Neoplasia by Dr. Aryan

Neoplasia i.e tumor has major two categories viz, benign and malignant. We will discuss about their difference and spread in normal human body.

1. Prepared by: Anish Dhakal (Aryan) [email protected] MBBS Student Patan Academy of Health Sciences

2. Objective Definition of Neoplasia Nomenclature Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumor Difference between Benign and Malignant Tumor 2

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4. NEOPLASIA “ Neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of stimuli which evoked the change” -Rupert Willis(1950) Tumors have two basic components Parenchyma Stroma 4

5. Nomenclature 5

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7. Benign Vs Malignant Tumor Differentiation and Anaplasia Rate of Growth Local Invasion Metastasis 7

8. Differentiation and Anaplasia 8

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10. Differentiation Extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble normal cells of origin Benign tumors are well differentiated Lack of differentiation = Anaplasia (Hallmark of Malignancy) 10

11. Anaplasia 11

12. Anaplasia 12

13. Hyperplasia, Dysplasia and Neoplasia ??? 13

14. Rate of Growth Malignant tumors grow faster than benign ones. Poorly-differentiated tumors grow faster than well-differentiated ones Growth depends on: Blood supply Hormonal factors Emergence of aggressive sub-clones 14

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16. Local Invasion Benign tumors Stay where they are Can’t invade or metastasize Usually encapsulated Malignant tumors Infiltrate, invade, destroy surrounding tissue Metastasize to other parts of body Not encapsulated 16

17. Local Invasion 17

18. Metastasis Development of secondary implants on distant tissues Metastasis depends on : Type of tumor Size of tumor Degree of differentiation of tumor 18

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21. Metastasis Invasion of ECM Loosening of tumor cells Degradation of ECM Attachment to ECM Migration & invasion by tumor cells Vascular dissemination 21

22. Where to metastasize? Vascular and lymphatic drainage of the primary tumor Expression of adhesion molecules on target organs Chemokine expression by target tissues Receptive stroma 22

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25. 25 THANK YOU