NEOPLASIA_has all the complete explanations

A systemic topic in pathology

1. NEOPLASIA

Special class

Priyanka Sachdev » Nov 23, 2020

2. NEOPLASIA

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV, MD

3. DEFINITION

*The term SD

duced is called

«The branch of science dealing with the study
of neoplasms is calledoncology >

4. Normal Cell

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

5. Normal Cell

¿wd weckt

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

6. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

7. «“A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue,
the growth of which exceeds and is
uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues
and persists in the same excessive manner
even after cessation of the stimuli which
evoked the change.”

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

8. Neoplasm

An abnormal mass of ti

>The vth_of which exceeds and is

uncoordinated y ith that of the normal tissues

>Persists in the same excessive manner even

after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the
A

change.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

9. Neoplastic Cell
Absence A Crouth Farkox (St mu luz
KA

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

10. E

Weoglasm

11. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

12. *Neoplastic o CUA
regulation of replication and form an

abnormal mass of tissue.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

13. COMPONENTS

Lparenchyms tomprses by proliferating tumour
ce

*Parenchyma determines the nature and evolution of
the tumour.

2.‘Supportivéstro composed of fibrous
connective tissue and blood vessels

+ It provides the framework on which the
parenchymal tumour cells grow.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

14. 2. Supportive fibrovascular
stroma

1. Proliferative neoplastic

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

15. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

16. « It leads to excessive fibrosis in tumor due to formation
of an abundant collagenous stroma

+ e.g. in scirrhous carcinoma of breast

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

17. IYANKA SACHDEV

18. NOMENCLATURE

A)Benign tumors
B)Malignant tumors

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

19. Benign tumors
« Benign tumors are designed by attaching th

eg
1. Tumor of fibroblasts ( fibroma)

2. Tumor of cartilagenous cells (chondroma)
3. Tumor of osteoblasts (osteoma)

===
Kaerbine) Ben n epithelial tumor arising from glands or
orming2glandular pattern

6ma Benign tumor with finger-like projections

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

20. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

21. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

22. Exceptions

*Exceptions to above general rules, i
malignant neoplasms with suffix 4

*Melano

*Semi (oma SS”
*Hepaté 6ma)(hepatocellular Ca), LF /
Mesothelioma» oF

7

-tymphoma)

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

23. BAAN <1assıncauon of tumours.

TISSUE OF ORIGIN BENIGN MALIGNANT
1. TUMOURS OF ONE PARENCHYMAL CELL TYPE
A. Epithelial tumours
1. Squamous epithelium Squamous cell papilloma ‘Squamous cell (Epidermoid) carcinoma
2. Transitional epithelium: ‘Transitional cell papilloma Transitional cell carcinoma
3. Glandular epithelium ‘Adenoma Adenocarcinoma
4. Basal celllayer skin = ‘Basal cell carcinoma
5. Neuroectoderm Naevus ‘Melanoma (Melanocarcinoma)
& Hepatocytes Liver cell adenoma Hepatoma (Hepatocellular carcinoma)
7. Placenta (Chorionic epithelium) Hydatidiform mole Choriocarcinoma
8 Non-epithellal (Mesenchymal) Tumours

1. Adipose tissue Upoma Liposarcoma
2. Adult fibrous tissue Fibroma Fibrosarcoma
2. Embryonic hbrous tissue Myxoma Myxosarcoma
4. Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
5. Bone Osteoma Osteosarcoma
& Smovium Benign synovioma ‘Synovial sarcoma
2. Smooth muscle Lelomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
& Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
9. Mesothellum = Mesothelioma
10. Blood vessels Haemangioma Angiosarcoma
11. kymph vessels Lymphangioma Lymphanglosarcoma
12. Glomus ‘Glomus tumour -
13, Meninges Meningioma Invasive meningioma
14, Haematopoletic cells _ Leukaemias
15. Lymphoid tissue Pseudolymphoma Malignant lymphomas
16 Nervesheath Neurilemmoma, Neurofibroma _Neurogenic sarcoma
17. Nerve cells Ganglioneuroma Neuroblastoma

IL MIXED TUMOURS,

Saltvary glands Pleomorphic adenoma Malignant mixed salivary tumour
(mixed salivary tumour)

Il TUMOURS OF MORE THAN ONE GERM CELL LAYER
Totipotent cells in gonads or in embryonal ests Mature teratoma Immature teratoma

ss SS. 55959959 eT eee SA CH DEV

24. pan Classification of tumours,

TISSUE OF ORIGIN BENIGN MALIGNANT
TUMOURS OF ONE PARENCHYMAL CELL TYPE

A. Epithelial Tumours
1. Squamousepithelum Squamous cel Epidermoid) carcinoma
2. Transitional epthelum Transitional cel carcinoma
3. Glandular epithelium Adenocarcinoma
4, Basalcellayer skin - Basal cel carcinoma
5. Neurectoderm Neus Melanoma (Welanocarcinoma)
6. Hepatocytes adenoma Hepatoma Hepatocellular carcinoma)
7.. Placenta (horionicepitheium) Hydatidiform mole Choriocarinoma

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

25. 1. Adipose tissue Lipoma Liposarcoma
2. Adult fbrous tissue Fibroma LT A Fibrosarcoma
3. Embryonic fibrous tissue Mom Myxosarcoma
4. Cartilage Tre Chondrosarcoma
5. Bone Osteoma Osteosarcoma
6. Synovium Benign synovioma ‘Synovial sarcoma
7. Smooth muscle Lelomyoma Lelomyosarcoma
8 Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
9. Mesothelium - Mesothelioma
10. Blood vessels Angiosarcoma
11. Lymphvessels i Lymphangiosarcoma
12. Glomus Glomus tumour a
13. Meninges Meningioma Invasive meningioma
14, Haematopoietic cells TA Leukaemis
15. lymphoid tissue Pseudolymphoma Malignant lymphomas
16. Nerve sheath Neurilemmoma, Neurofibroma Neurogenic sarcoma
17. Nervecells Ganglioneuroma Neuroblastoma
IL. MIXEDTUMOURS
Salivary glands Pleomorphic adenoma ‘Malignant mixed salivary tumour
(mixed salivary tumour)
I. TUMOURS OF MORE THAN ONE GERM CELL LAYER
Totipotent cells in gonads orn embryonal rests Mature teratoma Immature teratoma

Sire mr SACHDEV

26. > Malignant tumors-arising in

are usually calle 4 sarcome” )}

- e.g. fibrosarcoma) liposarcofr
rhabdomyosarcoma

a pe
producing récognizable squam cells of epithelium,

i.e. squamous cell carcinor cell carcinoma.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

27. Malignant tumors

Mesenchymal cell origin Epithelial cell origin

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

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30. SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF

TUMOURS
fea
4, y
| paa à
. ql ee (on?

Opes

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

31. Mixed tumours

When two types of tumours are combined in
the same-tumour, itis Called a mixed tumour.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

32. Malignant tumors

ramos Squamoyfg cell carcinoma

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

33. «Mixture from th bi
ectodernt, meso
known as teratoma

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

34. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

35. Figure 7-3 A, Gross app

of a similar tumor shows

¡ACHDEV

36. Blastomas (Embryomas)

*Arise from embryonal / Primitive cells

«These tumours occur

infants and children (under 5 years of age).

*eg: neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma (Wilms'
tumour), hepatoblastoma, retinoblastoma,
medulloblastoma, pulmonary blastoma.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

37. a)

38. OF Sf

39. Hamartoma
«It is a focal developmental malformatio
* It represents a mass of dis orgamzec but mature
specialized cells indigenous to the particular site _

* e.g. hamartoma of the lung consists of mature cartilage,
mature smooth muscle and epithelium.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

40. Choristoma

*Ectopic islands of normal tissue.
*Thus, choristoma is heterotopia but is not
a true tumour

*Eg. Pancreatic tissue in mucosa of small

intestine

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

41. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

42. site: Chori

om
+ Abnormally arranged tissue at normal site:
Hamartoma

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

43. Lesions with tumor like names but not actual tumors

nen

ally arranged tissue

(better described as
eterotopic rest of cells)

mucosa of small intestine) lymphoid fissue ithe lung)

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

44. BAAN <1assıncauon of tumours.

TISSUE OF ORIGIN BENIGN MALIGNANT
1. TUMOURS OF ONE PARENCHYMAL CELL TYPE
A. Epithelial tumours
1. Squamous epithelium Squamous cell papilloma ‘Squamous cell (Epidermoid) carcinoma
2. Transitional epithelium: ‘Transitional cell papilloma Transitional cell carcinoma
3. Glandular epithelium ‘Adenoma Adenocarcinoma
4. Basal celllayer skin = ‘Basal cell carcinoma
5. Neuroectoderm Naevus ‘Melanoma (Melanocarcinoma)
& Hepatocytes Liver cell adenoma Hepatoma (Hepatocellular carcinoma)
7. Placenta (Chorionic epithelium) Hydatidiform mole Choriocarcinoma
8 Non-epithellal (Mesenchymal) Tumours

1. Adipose tissue Upoma Liposarcoma
2. Adult fibrous tissue Fibroma Fibrosarcoma
2. Embryonic hbrous tissue Myxoma Myxosarcoma
4. Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
5. Bone Osteoma Osteosarcoma
& Smovium Benign synovioma ‘Synovial sarcoma
2. Smooth muscle Lelomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
& Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
9. Mesothellum = Mesothelioma
10. Blood vessels Haemangioma Angiosarcoma
11. kymph vessels Lymphangioma Lymphanglosarcoma
12. Glomus ‘Glomus tumour -
13, Meninges Meningioma Invasive meningioma
14, Haematopoletic cells _ Leukaemias
15. Lymphoid tissue Pseudolymphoma Malignant lymphomas
16 Nervesheath Neurilemmoma, Neurofibroma _Neurogenic sarcoma
17. Nerve cells Ganglioneuroma Neuroblastoma

IL MIXED TUMOURS,

Saltvary glands Pleomorphic adenoma Malignant mixed salivary tumour
(mixed salivary tumour)

Il TUMOURS OF MORE THAN ONE GERM CELL LAYER
Totipotent cells in gonads or in embryonal ests Mature teratoma Immature teratoma

ss SS. 55959959 eT eee SA CH DEV

45. TISSUE OF ORIGIN BENIGN MALIGNANT
LL TUMOURS OF ONE PARENCHYMAL CELLTYPE
A. Epithelial Tumours
1. Squamousepithlum Squamous cl papiloma
2. Transionalepthelum Transitional cel papiloma
3. Gndloepitelum Adenoma delia”
4, Basal cellayer skin = Basal cel carcinoma)
5. Neuectodem News ‘Melanoma (Meténoarcoma)
6 Hepatogtes Liver cel adenoma el carcinoma)
7.. Plcenta (Chorionic epithelium) Hydaidform mole

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

46. 8. Non-epithelial (Mesenchymal) Tumours
1. Adipose tissue
2. Adult fibrous tissue
3. Embryonic fibrous tissue
4. Cartilage
5. Bone
6. Synovium
7. Smooth muscle
8. Skeletal muscle
9. Mesothelium
10, Blood vessels
11. lymphvessels
12. Glomus
13, Meninges
14. Haematopoleticcels
15. lymphoid tissue
16. Nervesheath
17. Nervecels
IL MXEDTUMOURS

Salivary glands Pleomorphic adenoma ‘Malignant mixed salivary tumour
(mixed salivary tumour)

Il. TUMOURS OF MORE THAN ONE GERM CELL LAYER
Totipotent cells in gonads orn embryonal rests Mature teratoma Immature teratoma
rT ET SACHDEV

47. POLLS 1

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

48. Carcinoma originating from (glands is called -

a) Basal cell carcinoma

b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Adenocarcinoma

d) Fibrosarcoma

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

49. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

50. Tumor containing cells o
called -

a) Leiomyoma

b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Adenocarcinoma

some

all three germ layers is

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

51. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

52. Hamarfoma is -

a) Malignant tumor I

b) Metastatic tissue ><

c) Development malformation

)
d) Hemorrhage in vessd =

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

53. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

54. ns ma su

Choristoma —“
b) Hamartoma

c) Pheudotumor

d) Lymphoma

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

55. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

56. Excessiv€ fibrosis in tumor in called -

a) Anaplasia

b) Metaplasia _
c) Desmoplasia

d)

Dysplasia

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

57. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

58. Hamartomwis:

(a) Proliferation of cellsin foreig

(b) Proliferation of (native cell i

(c) Malignant condition —/
(d) Acquired condition

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

59. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

60. Overgrowth of a skin structure at a Scalised egion is:
(a) Hamartoma

(b) Malignant tumor
(c) Choristoma

(d) Polyp

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

61. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

62. Hamartoma refers to:
A. Tumour differentiating towards more than one cell line
B. Tumour arising from totipotent cells

£ Mass of disorganised but mature cells indigenous to the part

D. Mass of ectopic rests of normal tissue

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

63. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

64. CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMOURS

: aHinvasion or direct spread
b. Fe distant spread

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

65. 1. Rate of growth

1.Malignant tumour cells have>

*Increased mitotic rate (less(doubling time)
and slower death rate. ¡e. cel production
exceeds the cell loss.

*Sometimes tumour cells in the centre of the
tumour do not receive adequate nourishment
and undergo ischaemic necrosis.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

66. 2. Rate of growth of malignant tumour
is directly proportionate to the degree of
differentiation.

*Poorly differentiated tumours show
aggressive growth as compared to well
differentiated tumours.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

67. +3. Usuall
detectabl

, 10? cells

produce a clinically
A
tumor.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

68. CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMOURS

1.Rate of growth

2.Clinical features

3.Gross features

4.Microscopic features

5.Spread of tumours
a. Local invasion or direct spread
b. Metastasis or distant spread

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

69. 2. CLINICAL FEATURES

Benign tumours

«May remain'a
subcutaneous

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

70. Malignant tumours

*Grow rapidly
on the surface,
Cally into deeper tissues,

«May spread to distant sites (metastasi
"Siena? tures such as weight) s, anorexia and
anaem

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

71. CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMOURS

1.Rate of growth

2.Clinical features."

3.Gross features.

4.Microscopic features

5.Spread of tumours
a. Local invasion or direct spread
b. Metastasis or distant spread

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

72. 3. GROSS FEATURES
Benign-tumours_
+ Spherical or ovoidin.sha
+ Encapsulated or well-circumscribed
+ Freely movable =
+ More firm and uniform

* Surrounding tissue compressed
pa e a

Malignant tumours

* Irregular in shape

* Poorly-circumscribed

+ Extend into the adjacent tissues.

+ Sarcomas typically have fishflesh like consistency while carcinomas are generally firm
+ Surrounding tissue invaded

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

73. A FIRRNANENNUS

R INENTRATINR MARIN

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

74. Benign vs. Malignant Breast Tumors
Gross Features

Fibroadenoma Adenocarcinoma

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

75. CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMOURS

1.Rate of sowie”
2.Clinical features A

3.Gr eatures gb
-Microscopiofea E
5.Sp tumours

a. Local invasion or direct spread
b. Metastasis or distant spread

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

76. 4. MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

«Lack of differentiation
OR

‘Presence of Anaplasia

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

77. Differentiation

Differentiation is defined as the extent of morphological and
| aii resemblance of tumour cells to corresponding normal
cells.

1. _ If resemblance of tumor cell to normal cell is more > ‘well-
differentiated’

2. _ If resemblance of tumor cell to normal cell is moderate >
‘moderately -differentiated’

3. If resemblance of tumor cell to normal cell is minimal >
‘poorly-differentiated’

4. If no resemblance of tumor cell to normal cell is more >
‘Undifferentiated’

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

78. Cancer cells

dividing

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

79. Mutation of a cell ne. Generally, mutanons that
‘occur earty ın the differentiation process result in poorly differen-
tiated neoplasms and those that appear late in the differentiation
process result in relatively well-differentiated neoplasms.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

81. Anaplasi

*Anaplasia is lack of differentiation

¢Characteristic feature of malignant tumours

*Anaplasia is considered as a hallmark of
malignanttransformation,

+ It is irreversible

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

82. *Depends upon the degree of
differentiation i.e. poorly differentiated
malignant tumours have high degree of
anaplasia.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

83. Features oa

1. Loss of polari
somo a"
3. N:C ratio
4. Anisonucleosis we
5. Hyperchromatism
6. Nucleolar changes
Lucie pgsiehe
7. Mitotic figures

8. Tumor giant cells

9. Cytoplasm increased mucin

10.DNA anuploidy

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

85. 1.Loss of polarit

«Normally, the nuclei of epithelial cells are oriented along the
basement membrane which is termed as basal polarity.

«Tumour cells lose their basal polarity so that the nuclei tend
to lie away from the basement membrane

{P leomorphis
in size and shape of the tumour cells.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

86. A NORMAL MORPHOLOGY B, CYTOMORPHOLOGY IN CANCER

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

87. Figure 7.5 Microscopic appearance of loss of nuclear polarity (B)
contrasted with normal basal polarity in columnar epithelium (A). The
basement membrane is intact in both.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

88. . EG Tanto, Nuclei are enlarged disproportionate to the
ce eso that the nucleocytoplasmic ratio is increased. In

normal cells, the nuclear cytoplasmic (or N: C) ratio is 1:4

whereas it becomes 1:1 in anaplastic cells. N

an

y > Increased nuclear material or DNA is
taining of the cells called
nn es

nee

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

89. A NORMAL MORPHOLOGY B, CYTOMORPHOLOGY IN CANCER

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

90. : Nucleolar changes
. i t cells have a prominent nucleolus or nucleoli in the

nucleus — —.
« This may be demonstrated as Nucleolar Organiser Region (NOR)

by silver (Ag) staining called AgNOR material.
7 Stoic figures Ce)

+ Tumour cells show large number of normal or abnormal
mitoses

8. run af cols 2
+ Multinucleate tumour giant cells important feature of malignant

cells
Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

91. A NORMAL MORPHOLOGY B, CYTOMORPHOLOGY IN CANCER

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

92. HAN 4
NICH |!
MV ZN N

TAY 4 ANY
AMEL

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

93. te og ASS
E de e h SA
y 4 YE LS

qu ER)
dar MES
és AN $ O
EU Ru | a > aa
O Re at

ar 38 Ê A ry x
a N 5

and shape. The prominent cell in the center field has an abnormal tripolar

spindle.

Figure 7-8 Aieriaito tumor meen cellular and nuclear variation in size

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

94. Note the marked cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei,
and tumor giant cells. (Courtesy Dr. Trace Worrell, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas.)

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

95. BIPOLAR MITOSIS. ABNORMAL MITOSIS

| ABNORMAL MITOSIS ABNORMAL MITOSIS
Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

96. = Ez © et oo

Figure 7.6 Nuclear features of malignant cells in malignant mela-

ism, anisonucleosis, increased N/C: ratio, nuclear
hyperchromatism and prominent nucleoli.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

97. FERCA

N e AA e

4a

MAN
06 ,

LA Ke .

rs

=

a
ram & u

Figure 7.8 A multinucleate tumour giant cell in osteosarcoma.

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

98. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

99. Following conditions are related to ditterentiation>

DOK AN
> O
Yun

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

100. + METAPLASIA > differentiation is not lost, rather it
anges from oneineage to another
e lt is reversible OVS W\

There is disordered differentiation and

«It is parially rex

re
ASIA? lack of diffe jati
co a O ©)

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

101. Differentiating features of
metaplasia , anaplasia and dysplasia

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

102. Feature

Metaplasia

SE

Dysplasia

A change havi er rifomiy of

Anaplasia

icone dent | evil cls nds art | eno wich els cel
ated cel ype (pihe- | rientation resemble normal els bth
alot mesenchymal is morphologically and functional)
| replaced by arate el
| ‘ype
| Pleomexphism Absent Present in low grade Present? in igh grade |
| (variaton in the size and |
| shape ces) |
| Reversibility Reversible? Reversible in early stages (imeversible if | Irreversible? |
le epi sinvlved)
| NC rato Normal (1:4 Increased (1) | Increased (tt)
| Hypetromatsm Absent Present (mal degre) | Present (igh degre) |
Moc fgures Absentininimal at | Typical mitotic figures“ presen at | Atypical mitotic fgures® |
nomma places abroma laces (mutipolar sins) present at
| anormal laces
Otter features Absent Absent | Presente
(Tumor giant cells", |
hemorrhage, necrosis) |
Example Barts esophagus, | Cerca dysplasia of squamous cols | Carcinoma ol he can,
yest osficans | crc esophagus

KA SACHDEV

103. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

104. CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMOURS

1.Rate of growth Lo Lo

2.Clinical features — —
3.Gross features

4.Mi i Ss
5.Spread of tumours
a. Local invasion or direct spread

b. Metastasis or distant spread

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

105. FEATURE BENIGN MALIGNANT

[3

<

CLINICAL AND GROSS FEATURES

1. Boundaries Encapsulated or wel circumscribed Poorly-circumscribed and irregular

2. Surrounding tissue Often compressed Usually invaded

3 See Usually small Often larger

4. Secondary changes Occurless often Occurmore often

i to tissue of origin

2

3

4 NT

5 “Generally present
Dhenpresent

ns = pert

7. Mitoses May! it but are always typical mitoses “Mitotic figures increased and are generally

A and abnormal

& Tumourgianteels May be present but without nuclear atypia Present lear atypla

9. Chromosomalabnomalties | Infrequent— Invariably present

10. Function Usually well maintained May beretaféd lost or become abnormal

GROWTH RATE Usually slow Usually rapid

LOCALINVASION Often compresses the surrounding tissues Usuallyinfitrates and invades the adjacent

without invading or nfltrating them tissues
METASTASIS. Absent Frequently present
PROGNOSIS Local complications Death by local and metastatic complications

IYANKA SACHDEV

106. Differentiation Well differentiated
Growth limits Limited, encapsulated
Growth rate Usually slow
Invasivness Non-invasive
Metastasis Non-metastatic
Mitotic figures Rare

Cell size & shape Uniform

Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio Normal (1:4to 1:6)
Stroma Abundant

Cell orientation (Polarity) Normal

Nuclear chromatin Normal

Blood supply Adequate

Well differentiated to undifferentiated (anaplastic)
Unrestricted, no surrounding capsule
Often rapid, but can be slow

Invasive

Metastatic

Atypical, with increased number”!
Pleomorphism

Increased (1:1)

Often scanty

Disorganized (loss of polarity)
Hyperchromatasla

Often inadequate thus areas of necrosis

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

107. POLLS 2

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

108. Lack of derentiation I called -
a) Anaplasia

b) Dysplasia

c)

Metaplasia
d) Hyperplasia

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

109. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

110. polarity with abnormality in size
d shape of cells i is known as -

a) Metaplasia

b) pesa
c) Hyperplasia

d) Anaplasia X

Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV

111. Dr. PRIYANKA SACHDEV