Nervous System| Anatomy and Physiology I

Simple anatomy and physiology of nervous system.

1. Group B Leader: Mary Cris Jagutin Members: Jona Cris Castillo Trishia Mae Aguilar Jasper Ned Dulay Roleza Mae Barandino Iahesa Meachaela Nirza 1 Nervous System

2. Nervous System 2 Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves Coordinates with another organ systems to perform specific tasks Constantly receives signals about changes within the body and external environment Powers our ability to learn, feel, create, and experience emotion The most complex organ system

3. Nervous System OVERVIEW OF THE 3

4. Overview of the Nervous System T wo organ systems dedicated to coordinating the activities: endocrine system, nervous system Nervous system has three essential roles: sensing, integrating, responding 4 The study of the nervous system is called neurobiology

5. Three Essential Roles Sensing Uses sense organs and nerve endings to detect changes both inside and outside the body Integrating Processes the information received, relates it to past experience, and determines what response is appropriate Responding Issues commands to muscles and glands to initiate changes based on its information 5

6. 6 Central Nervous System Spinal Cord Brain Divisions of the Nervous System

7. 7 Peripheral Nervous System Motor (efferent) division Sensory (afferent) division Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Somatic motor Autonomic motor Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Divisions of the Nervous System

8. Nervous System Cells “Neu rons and Neuroglia” 8

9. Neuroglia “glial cells” (glia – glue) Supportive cells of the nervous system Performs various functions to enhance the performance of the nervous system TYPES: oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes – CNS, Schwann cells – PNS 9

10. Oligodendrocytes 10 Form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord; speed signal conduction

11. Ependymal cells Line spinal cord and cavities of the brain ; some secrete cerebrosp inal fluid, whereas others have cilia that aid fluid circulation 11

12. Microglia Perform phagocytosis, engulfing microorganisms and cellular debris 12

13. Astrocytes 13 Extend through brain tissue, nourish neurons; help form blood-brain barrier; attach neurons to blood vessels; provide structural support

14. Schwann cells 14 Form myelin sheath around nerves in PNS; form neurilemma

15. Life Lesson: Brain Tumors Unlike neurons, which don’t undergo mitosis, glial cells retain the ability to divide throughout life. While this allows them to replace worn-out or damaged cells, it also makes them susceptible to tumor formation. In fact, most adult brain tumors consist of glial cells. These types of tumors—called gliomas—are highly malignant and grow rapidly. Because of the blood-brain barrier, most medications aren’t effective in treating these tumors, which is why surgery and radiation continue to be treatment mainstays 15

16. Neurons “nerve cells” Functional unit of the nervous system Excitable, impulse-conducting cells that perform the work of the nervous system 16

17. Three Classes of Neurons 17 1 Sensory (afferent) Neurons Detect stimuli and then transmit information about the stimuli to the CNS 2 Interneurons Found only in CNS; integrate the sensory signal in the CNS 3 Motor (efferent) Neurons Relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells