Nervous system of the frog (1)

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1. Nervous System of the Frog By:Group 6 36 Marjorie Polintan 37 Miguel Quiambao 38 Inna Karla Ramos 39 James Redulla 40 Patricia Anne Reyes 41 Zyril Mae Reyes 42 Claudine Roxas

2. Nervous System Serves as reception of stimuli Conduction of impulses Coordination and integration of the various functions of the organs

3. Three Divisions of the Frog’s Nervous System (according to morphology):   1. Central Nervous System also known as the Cerebro -spinal Nervous System includes the brain and the spinal cord serves as the great center of communication between the principal sense organs and the rest of the body divided into five major parts, namely: Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

4. 2. Peripheral Nervous System includes the ten pairs of cranial nerves (from the brain) and ten pairs of spinal nerves (from the spinal cord) connects the central nervous organs to the receptors and effectors of the body 3. Symphathetic Nervous System consists of two slender nerve trunks or cord, each with a chain of ganglia on either side of the spinal column helps deliver information to the body about impending danger responsible for the fight-or-flight response

5. I. Central Nervous System (CNS)

6. Five Major Divisions of the Frog Brain A DIVISION BODY PARTS FUNCTIONS 1.Telencephalon - located in the anterior portion of the brain and rostral to the midbrain Paired olfactory lobes - for the sense of smell Cerebral hemispheres -seats of associative memory where the lateral (first and second)ventricles or cavities are located Determines Intelligence Determines Personality Interpretation of Sensory Impulses Motor function (movement) Planning and Organization Memory Sense of Smell Touch Sensation Emotion 2.Diencephalon (or Thalamencephalon ) - located between the optic lobes behind and posterior to the cerebral hemispheres Optic chiasma Infundibulum Ventricle III Posterior pituitary gland Pineal body Directs Sense Impulses Throughout the Body Equilibrium (balance) Eye Movement; Vision Hearing Respiration Salivation, Swallowing Smell, Taste

7. FUNCTIONS BODY PARTS FUNCTIONS 3.Mesencephalon - also known as the “midbrain”, located between the forebrain and hindbrain Optic lobes - contain the optic ventricles, which communicate with each other and with the third and fourth ventricles by a small aqueduct of Sylvius Controlling Responses to Sight Eye Movement Pupil Dilation Body Movement Reflex Activities of the Spinal Cord 4.Metencephalon - located below the posterior portion of the cerebrum and above the medulla oblongata Cerebellum - small dorsal transverse fold Balance Cardiac Reflexes Circulation Fine Muscle Movement Muscle Tone maintenance Sleep 5.Myelencephalon - inferior portion of the brainstem Medulla oblongata - narrows posteriorly to become the spinal cord Respiratory and Circulatory Functions Breathing Conduction Pathway for Nerve Tracts Digestion Heart Rate Swallowing Sneezing

8. Other parts of the CNS: Choroid Plexuses- secretes the cerebro -spinal fluid Foramen of Monro - a narrow passage that joins the lateral ventricles with the 3 rd ventricles Aqueduct of Sylvius - joins the 3 rd ventricle with the 4 th ventricle   Cerebro -spinal Fluid- serves as a protective liquid cushion and helps nourish the central nervous organs   Spinal Cord- short and somewhat flattened; posterior prolongation of the brain; surrounded by meninges ; extends from the medulla oblongata to the filum terminale  

9. Filum Terminale - posterior tapering portion located in the urostyle ; presents two enlargements, namely: Brachial Enlargement- associated with the nerve supply to the forelimbs Lumbar Enlargement or Sciatic Enlargement- associated with the nerve supply to the hindlimbs Meninges - two connective tissue membranes which surrounds the spinal chord (Outer) Dura Mater- adhering to the bone (Inner Vascular) Pia Mater- adhering to the nervous tissue Vascular Arachnoid - located beneath the dura mater; forms the middle layer of the meninges (for higher vertebrates)  

10. II. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System A.Cranial Nerves – consists of 10 pairs of nerves ( left,right ) - extending from the lateral surfaces of the brain to the parts of the body   B.Spinal Nerves- consists of 10 pairs of nerves ( left,right ) Arise from the spinal cord Distributes to the limbs and trunk. emerge between vertebrae each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by 2 roots ( dorsal sensory root and ventral motor root )

11. A. The 10 Paired Cranial Nerves Olfactory Function/Type: Sensory nerves for smell Location : walls of nasal chambers Optic Function/Type: Sensory nerves for vision Location: retina of the eyes Oculo -Motor Function/Type: Motor nerves Location: 4 muscles of the eye namely (superior rectus,inferior rectus,medial rectus,inferior oblique muscles) Trochlear Function/Type: Motor nerves Location: superior oblique muscle of the eye

12. 5. Trigeminal Function/Type: sensory and motor nerves Location: muscles of the jaws, skin of the face, mouth and the tongue 6. Abducens Function/Type: motor nerves Location: lateral or external rectus muscle of the eye 7. Facial Function/Type: motor and sensory (mostly motor) Location: muscles of the face and throat

13. 8. Auditory Function /Type : Sensory nerves for hearing and equilibrium Location : inner ear 9. Glossopharyngeal Function /Type : Sensory and motor nerves Location: floor of the mouth,tongue and pharynx 10. Vagus or Pneumogastric Function /Type : Sensory and Motor nerves Location: larynx,lungs,heart,esophagus,stomach and small intestine.   *There are 2 additional cranial nerves in man namely the accessory spinal and hypoglossal nerves      

14. Some Mnemonic s to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves .. O n O ld O lympus' T owering T op A F inn A nd G erman V iewed Ol iver the opti mistic oc topus tro ts tri umphantly ab out faci ng audi ences gloss ily vagu ely OOO T ruly T here A re F ive A bsolutely G orgeous V ixen Some mnemonics to remember the types of cranial nerves .. S ome S ay M oney M atters, B ut M y B rother S ays B ig B rains M atter M ore. S ally S ells M ega M onkeys, B ut M y B rother S ells B igger B etter M ega M onkeys. S ome S tars M ake M oney, B ut M y B rother S ays B ugs B unny M akes M ore.

15. B. The 10 Paired Spinal Nerves 1 st spinal nerve 2 nd spinal nerve 3 rd spinal nerve 4 th spinal nerve 5 th spinal nerve 6 th spinal nerve -Unite to form the Brachial Plexus to the shoulder and forelimb region -Supply the skin and muscles of the abdominal wall

16. 7 th spinal nerve 8 th spinal nerve 9 th spinal nerve* 10 th spinal nerve -forms the Sciatic / lumbo -sacral plexus to the hindlimb *the 9 th spinal nerve is the largest and is known as the sciatic nerve -Distributed to the urinary bladder, cloaca and oviducts

17. III Sympathetic Nervous System ( SNS ) In man, Sympathetic and parasympathetic comprise Autonomic Division. It is branch of the autonomic nervous system It is always active at a basal level ( sympathetic tone ) becomes more active during times of stress (fight-or-flight response) operates through a series of interconnected neurons. frequently considered part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although many lie within the central nervous system(CNS).

18. HISTOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD (mammalian)   The spinal cords the reflex activities of the animals but which may be checked or modified by impulses from the brain. In the cross sections, the spinal cord shows 2 distinct areas : 1. Gray matter – made up of nerve cell bodies, portion of the dendrites and axons, and the unmyelinated fibers . 2.White matter- composed of myelinated fibers

19. Neuroglia cells and their processes bind together and support the nervous elements in both areas. Canalis Centralis – located near the center of the gray matter -lined with a single layer of the Epithelial ependymal cells At the sides of the gray matter, dorsal and ventral horns or cornua are produced. Gray Commisures connects the gray matter on the two sides. Oblique crossings of the medullated fibers form the white commisures . Ventral fissure separates the right and the left columns of the white matter.

20. Dorsal Septum , composed of Pial tissues, extends from the base of this sulcus almost to the gray matter The deep indentation at the bottom of the cord is the Ventral Fissure

21. Histology of the eye eye - organ of vision Divided in to 2 segments : aqueous humor -anterior segment -contains watery fluid vitreous humor - posterior segment (adapted to the reception/transmission of images) -more viscuous /jelly like fluid

22. Outer coat - opaque,no light can enter -separated from the anterior segment by the crystalline lens and suspensory ligament. The three coats of the eye.. 1.Sclera 2.Choroid 3.retina

23. Sclera –protective , outer,thick fibrous coat -tendons of eye are attached to it -continuous with the transparent cornea that permits light rays to enter 2 . Choroid -vascular layer between the sclera and retina -concerned with nutrition of ocular tissues -presence of numerous blood vessels -anterior portion: ciliary body and iris (mechanism for the accomodation of the refraction of the eye,projects over the anterior portion of the lens)

24. Pupil -central opening -Regulates the amt of light entering the eye Iris - colored porion of the eye 3. Retina- innermost photosensitive coat. - contains receptors ( rods,cones ) -first link of the nervous pathways conveying impulses through the optic nerve of the brain.

25. END. :3