NETWORK_COMMUNICATION_LABORATORY123.pptx

about networking

1. COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING TODAY’S TOPIC DETERMINE ROUTER AS A COMPUTER WITH AN OPERATING SYSTEM AND HARDWARE DESIGN FOR THE ROUTING PROCESS MR. FLORENCIO V. CONTRERAS JR., MSIT CAR

2. L earning Objectives At the end of this module, students should be able to: Identify a router as a computer with an OS and hardware designed for the routing process. Identify the router boot up process Identify a router as a computer with an OS and hardware designed for the routing process. Identify the router boot up process

3. INTRODUCTION Routing is the  process of forwarding packets from one network to the destination address  in another network. Router, a packet forwarding device between two networks, is designed to transmit packets based on the various routes stored in routing tables. Each route is known as a routing entry. The goal of this subject is to develop an understanding of how a router learns about remote networks and determines the best path to those networks. This course includes both static routing and dynamic routing protocols. The specific skills covered in each chapter are described at the start of each chapter.

4. THE PACKET TRACER Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer can be downloaded in the internet but we have also provided a copy of the installer in the resources folder.

5. THE PACKET TRACER INTERFACE

6. THE PACKET TRACER Area 1: Menu bar – This is a common menu found in all software applications; it is used to open, save, print, change preferences, and so on. Area 2: Main toolbar – This bar provides shortcut icons to menu options that are commonly accessed, such as open, save, zoom, undo, and redo, and on the right-hand side is an icon for entering network information for the current network. Area 3: Logical/Physical workspace tabs – These tabs allow you to toggle between the Logical and Physical work areas. Area 4: Workspace – This is the area where topologies are created and simulations are displayed. Area 5: Common tools bar – This toolbar provides controls for manipulating topologies, such as select, move layout, place note, delete, inspect, resize shape, and add simple/complex PDU.

7. THE PACKET TRACER Area 6: Real-time/Simulation tabs – These tabs are used to toggle between the real and simulation modes. Buttons are also provided to control the time, and to capture the packets. Area 7: Network component box – This component contains the entire network and end devices available with Packet Tracer, and is further divided into two areas:  Area 7a: Device-type selection box – This area contains device categories  Area 7b: Device-specific selection box – When a device category is selected, this selection box displays the different device models within that category

8. THE PACKET TRACER Area 8: User-created packet box – Users can create highly-customized packets to test their topology from this area, and the results are displayed as a list. Platforms: Introduce the platforms that will be used to facilitate communication in the class  Facebook Group  Messenger GC  Google Apps (Google Drive, etc.)\

9. Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding Today's networks have a significant impact on our lives changing the way we live, work, and play. Computer networks and in a larger context the Internet allow people to communicate, collaborate, and interact in ways they never did before. We use the network in a variety of ways, including web applications, IP telephony, video conferencing, interactive gaming, electronic commerce, education, and more. At the center of the network is the router. Stated simply, a router connects one network to another network.

10. Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding A router is a computer, just like any other computer including a PC. The very first router, used for the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), was the Interface Message Processor (IMP). The IMP was a Honeywell 316 minicomputer; this computer brought the ARPANET to life on August 30, 1969. Note: The ARPANET was developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense. The ARPANET was the world's first operational packet switching network and the predecessor of today's Internet.

11. Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding Routers have many of the same hardware and software components that are found in other computers including: CPU RAM ROM Operating System

12. Routers are at the Network Centre Routers forward packets from the original source to the final destination. Connects multiple networks: Separate interfaces on different IP networks (LAN, WAN)  The network of the final destination of the packet.  The destination IP address of this packet.  A network connected to another router.

13. Routers Determine the Best Path A primary function of a router is to determine the best path to use to send packets. To determine the best path, the router searches its routing table for a network address that matches the destination IP address of the packet. Router Switching Function: One of the main functions of a router is to forward packets to its destination. This is achieved through a switching function , which is the process that a router uses to accept a packet in one interface and forward it through another interface. Note: in this context, the term “switching” literally means moving packets from source to destination and should not be confused with the function of a  layer 2  switch.

14. Routers Determine the Best Path Router’s Primary Responsibilities: A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection. Determine the best path to send packets. Forward the packets out the correct interface

15. Routers Determine the Best Path Router CPU and Memory Main internal Components: Central Processing Unit (CPU) - Executes the Cisco IOS operating instructions Random Access Memory (RAM) - Provides temporary memory for the running configuration file of a router while the router is powered on. Read Only Memory (ROM) - Stores the bootstrap program, basic diagnostic system and the basic operating system software. Flash Memory (Flash) - Holds the IOS image. Nonvolatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM) - Provides storage for the start up configuration file. Interfaces - refers to a physical connector on the router whose main purpose is to receive and forward packets.

16. Routers Determine the Best Path

17. Internetwork Operating System (IOS) IOS is an operating system developed by Cisco Systems for its line of routers and access servers to provide a standard way to configure these devices. How it works The Internetwork Operating System (IOS) is usually stored as a system image within a router’s flash memory. The startup configuration file called startup-config is stored in non-volatile RAM, and the actual operating configuration of the router (its  routing tables , queues, and so on) are stored in ordinary RAM. Cisco routers can typically run in three different operating environments:

18. Internetwork Operating System (IOS) Responsible for managing the hardware and software resources of the router. Allocating memory. Managing the file system and processes. Security. There are many different IOS images. An IOS image is a file residing on flash that contains the entire IOS for that router. The image itself will vary depending on the model and the features within the IOS.

19. Router Bootup Process A router is made up of several types of components. For example, in any Cisco router, you will get 4 types of memory and 2 types of ports. The basic components of any Cisco router are as follows. Memory ROM FLASH RAM NV-RAM Ports (Interfaces & lines) Command Line Interface

20. Router Bootup Process

21. Router Bootup Process Performing the POST The Power-On Self Test (POST) is a common process that occurs on almost every computer during bootup. The POST process is used to test the router hardware. When the router is powered on, software on the ROM chip conducts the POST. During this self-test, the router executes diagnostics from ROM on several hardware components including the CPU, RAM, and NVRAM. After the POST has been completed, the router executes the bootstrap program. Loading the Bootstrap Program After the POST, the bootstrap program is copied from ROM into RAM. Once in RAM, the CPU executes the instructions in the bootstrap program. The main task of the bootstrap program is to locate the Cisco IOS and load it into RAM.

22. Router Bootup Process Locating and Loading Cisco IOS Locating the Cisco IOS software. The IOS is typically stored in flash memory, but can also be stored in other places such as a TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) server. If a full IOS image can not be located, a scaled-down version of the IOS is copied from ROM into RAM. This version of IOS is used to help diagnose any problems and can be used to load a complete version of the IOS into RAM.

23. Router Bootup Process Locating and Loading the Configuration File Locating the Startup Configuration File. After the IOS is loaded, the bootstrap program searches for the startup configuration file, known as startup-config, in NVRAM. This file has the previously saved configuration commands and parameters including: • interface addresses • routing information • passwords • any other configurations saved by the network administrator

24. Verifying the Router Boot up Process

25. Router Interfaces An IP address is assigned to each of the router's two “interfaces”. The first router interface is called the  WAN (Wide Area Network) interface . This is the side of the router that faces the Internet and has a public IP address. The second router interface is called the LAN (Local Area Network) interface. Port - Normally means one of the management ports used for administrative access. Interface - Normally refers to interfaces that are capable of sending and receiving user traffic. Console Port - Used to connect a terminal or most likely a PC running terminal emulator software, Must be used during initial configuration of the router. Auxiliary (AUX) Port: Not all routers have auxiliary ports. At times, can be used similarly to a console port and can also be used to attach a modem.

26. Router Interfaces Routers have multiple interfaces used to connect to multiple networks. o Various types of networks. o Different types of media and connectors. o Different types of interfaces.

27. Interfaces Belonging to Different Networks LAN Interfaces: o Ethernet o Fast Ethernet Used to connect the router to the LAN. • Similar to the connection to a PC’s Ethernet NIC. • Layer 2 MAC address • Participates in the Ethernet LAN like any other host.

28. Router Interfaces WAN Interfaces: Used to connect routers to external networks, usually over a larger geographical distance. • Serial • ISDN • Frame Relay

29. ROUTERS OPERATE AT LAYERS 1, Routers receives a stream of encoded bits Bits are decoded and passed to Layer 2 Router de – encapsulates the frame Remaining packet passed up to layer 3 Routing decision made at this layer by examining destination IP address Packet is then re – encapsulated and sent out outbound interface.

30. Router Interfaces WAN Interfaces: Used to connect routers to external networks, usually over a larger geographical distance. • Serial • ISDN • Frame Relay

31. QUESTION? THANK YOU