network plus comptia chapter two project

comptia network plus book chapter 2 projects and quiz answer included

1. THE OSI REFRENCE MODEL Chapter 2 presentation Professor MohammadReza Mehrazma Student Ali azarifar Fall 2023 semester

2. T able of contents What is the OSI Reference Model? 3 OSI Reference Model layers 4-11 TCP/IP Stack 12 TCP/IP digram 13 Layers in TCP/IP 14-5 refences 16

3. What is the OSI Reference Model? The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. The osi model describes seven layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network 

4. OSI Reference Model layers L ayer 4 Transport Layer L ayer 1 Physical Layer L ayer 2 Data Link Layer L ayer 3 Network Layer L ayer 5 Session Layer L ayer 6 Presentation Layer L ayer 7 Application Layer

5. 1. Physical Layer The lowest layer of the OSI Model is concerned with electrically or optically transmitting raw unstructured data bits across the network from the physical layer of the sending device to the physical layer of the receiving device. It can include specifications such as voltages, pin layout, cabling, and radio frequencies. At the physical layer, one might find “physical” resources such as network hubs, cabling, repeaters, network adapters or modems. In this layer is where the data gets converted into a bitstream, a string of 1s and 0s. The physical layer of both devices must agree on a signal convention required to distinguish the 1s and 0s on both devices.

6. 2. Data Link Layer At the data link layer, directly connected nodes are used to perform node-to-node data transfer where data is packaged into frames. The data link layer also corrects errors that may have occurred at the physical layer. The data link layer encompasses two sub-layers of its own. The first, media access control (MAC), provides flow control and multiplexing for device transmissions over a network. The second, the logical link control (LLC), provides flow and error control over the physical medium as well as identifies line protocols. The Frame types in this layer are: 802.2 Ethernet, 802.3 Ethernet(The most commonly used frame type), 802.4 Token Bus, 802.5 Token Ring.

7. 3. Network Layer The network layer is responsible for receiving frames from the data link layer, and delivering them to their intended destinations among based on the addresses contained inside the frame. The network layer finds the destination by using logical addresses, such as IP (internet protocol). At this layer, routers are a crucial component used to quite literally route information where it needs to go between networks

8. 4. Transport Layer The transport layer manages the delivery and error checking of data packets. It regulates the size, sequencing, and ultimately the transfer of data between systems and hosts. One of the most common examples of the transport layer is TCP or the Transmission Control Protocol. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A connection-oriented transport protocol.

9. 5. Session Layer The session layer controls the conversations between different computers. A session or connection between machines is set up, managed, and termined at layer 5. Session layer services also include authentication and reconnections.

10. 6. Presentation Layer The presentation layer formats or translates data for the application layer based on the syntax or semantics that the application accepts. Because of this, it at times also called the syntax layer. This layer can also handle the encryption and decryption required by the application layer. the OSI presentation layer also compressed data from the application layer before delivering it to the fifth layer: the session layer. This function assists in improving the speed and efficiency of communication by reducing the volume of data transferred.

11. 7. Application Layer At this layer, both the end user and the application layer interact directly with the software application. This layer sees network services provided to end-user applications such as a web browser or Office 365. The application layer identifies communication partners, resource availability, and synchronizes communication.

12. TCP/IP Stack The ISO developed the OSI reference model to be generic, in terms of what protocols and technologies could be categorized by the model. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike the seven layers in the OSI model.

13. The diagrammatic comparison of the TCP/IP and OSI model is as follows:

14. Layers in TCP/IP Network interface: The TCP/IP stack’s network interface layer encompasses the technologies offered by Layers 1 and 2 (the physical and data link layers) of the OSI model. Internet: Although multiple routed protocols (for example, IP, IPX, and AppleTalk) live at the OSI model’s network layer, the Internet layer of the TCP/IP stack focuses on IP as the protocol to be routed through a network Transport: The two primary protocols found at the TCP/IP stack’s transport layer are TCP and UDP. Application: The biggest difference between the TCP/IP stack and the OSI model is found at the TCP/IP stack’s application layer.

15. Common protocols in TCP/IP stack:

16. Recources : Todd Lammle CompTIA Network+ Study Guide N10-007 2018 Geeksforgeeks.org Wikipedia.com