NEURO-OPTOMETRY optooptooptotoptotototkgjfjt

neuro opto

1. Neurons-basicunicofthebrain
-Axons-sendinfosawayfromthebody
-Dendrites-receives&sendsinfostowardsthebody
-Cellbody-generatingresponsesreceived
Inorderfortheneurontobeactivated,3distincttypeoforgansareneededforimpulsetobegenerated:
*Receptors/receivingorgans-receivesstimulusperceivedbythebody
*Effectors/respondingorgans-respondstostimulus.
*Physiologicalconnectors-servesasbridgebetweenreceptors-brain-effectors‘wingman’.(mostdaghan)
infos>Receptors>connectors>brain>connectors>Effectors>muscles
2mostimportantEffectorsinthebody:
-muscles
-glands
‘SAME’
SensoryAfferent
MotorEfferent-calledmotornervesiftheyrespondtoamuscle
-calledsecretorynervesiftheyrespondtoaglands
What’sthebasicstimulusinvision?-Light
4BehaviorsofLight
*reflection-bouncebackoflight
*refraction-bendingoflight
*dispersion-scatteringoflight
*absorption-lightpasses&can'tgoout
4processesofseeing
*Physical-impingingofanincidentlightupontheeyeanditstransmissionthrutovarioustransparentmedia
*Physiological-transformationofaradiantenergyattheneuralepitheliumofretinaintootherformofenergy
capableofstimulatingthephotoreceptorcells(visualcells).
*Neuromuscular-generationofanerveimpulseintheretina&itstransmissionbychainofneuronstotheCNS.
*Psychological-creationofapsychologicalprocessinthebraincells:thisconstitutesthereal‘seeing’
Lightasradiantenergy>hitsrefractivemedias>retina>transformedintootherformofenergy>stimulatesthe
visualcells>generatenerveimpulse>transmittedtoneuro&muscles>eyesabletomovewhenuhave
perception>interpretedinbrainthenrealseeinghappen.(isn’trealseeingifyoucan’tinterpretwhatureseeing)
4refractivemedias
*cornea *aqueoushumor
*lens *vitreoushumor
Orderofcellsintheretina
1.Photoreceptor
2.Bipolar
3.Ganglion
VisualPathway
Startsatretinabut,
Opticnerve-responsibleforsendingsignals/impulsetowardsthebrain
Opticchiasm-fibersdecussate,makingnasal&temporalhalves
-onlynasalfibersdecussate
Optictract,LateralGeneculateBodies,OpticRadiation,Primaryvisualcortex

2. *axons/extensionoftheretinalganglioniccells
Opticnervedivisions-travelsinaparticularpartoftheeyetowardsthebrain
Intraocular(disc)-1mm
Intraorbital-25mm
Intracanalicular-9mm
Intracranial-16mm
*that’swhyifthere’samassthat’spressingurpituitarygland,urvisionishighlyaffected(bitemporal/binasal
hemianopsia).Becausepituitaryglandandopticchiasmsitscloselytoeachother
-prechiasmallesion-oneeyeaffected
-postchiasmallesion-botheyesaffectedsincedecussatedfibers
-lesionatchiasma(homonymoushemianospia)
-pathwaygoingtoyourLGN
-Impulsehave3relaystations
●Retina-fromtheoutsideworldtotheeye,thefirststationistheretinawheretheimpulsewillbe
generated,thenitwilltravelthrutheopticnerve,decusateatopticchiasm,thentooptictract
●LGN-twomajorpathwayswhereimpulsespass;magnocellular&parvocellular
-have6layers;1&2inMpathway,3-6inPpathway
-magno(large),parvo(small)
-impulsestopoveratLGN&assignssignalfiberstotheirrespectivestriateareainVC
●Visualcortex-VCareas;
Primarystriatecortex-visualprocessinghappens(face/form)
Parastriatearea-beside(identification&recognition)
Peristriatearea-surrounding(identification&recognition)

3. Ex;LGNhasRight&Left
-Layer2,3,5ofOD,receivessignalfromOD(ipsilateral)-didnotdecussate
-Layer1,4,6ofOD,receivessignalfromOS(contralateral)-decussated
*sincethere’sdiff.signalsfromLGN,ORmaintainsarrangementoffibersfromLGNtovisualcortex
-Meyer’sloop(superior)
-Baum’sloop(inferior)
VISUALPROCESSING&ANALYSISOFVISUALIMPULSEINTHEVISUALCORTEX
*V1isthelandmark
*V2-V5arePeri(surrounding)&Para(beside)
-LVFprojectsontotheRightoccipitallobe
-RVFprojectsontotheLeftoccipitallobe

4. ClassificationsofEVA
*Dorsal‘where’stream-movement,mo-guidesamataasapadong
*Ventral‘what’stream-unsa
Agnosia-seesthefacebutcan’tidentify,damagemajorityventralstream
IfSuperiorly-Dorsal(top),Ventral-(surface)
IfLaterally-Dorsal(back),Ventral-(front)
Parallelprocessingpathways(likeacrossroad)
*Magnocellular-bigsignals
*Parvocellular-smallsignals

5. CASEHISTORY
*FOLDARQ
*Comprehensivehxofthepx
*Rule:Minimumtime,Maximumanswers
*Alwaysaddressthepxholistically