Neuroleptics= antipsychotics

antipsychotic drugs

1. Neuroleptics = Antipsychotics

2. definition Neuroleptics, also known as antipsychotic medications, are used to treat and manage symptoms of many psychiatric disorders. They are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought ), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders. They are also the mainstay together with mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

3. Antipsychotic drugs

4. Comparing Psychosis and Psychotic Disorders Psychosis is NOT the same as psychotic disorders. Psychosis is a symptom of several mental health disorders, including psychotic disorders. It can occur in conditions that are not psychotic disorders. For example, people with alcohol addiction can develop symptoms of psychosis even though alcoholism isn’t a psychotic disorder. Brain tumors and stroke can also result in psychosis. Psychosis is a break from reality characterized by delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech and behavior. Medical professionals refer to the onset of a psychotic episode as a psychotic break.

5. Types of Psychotic Disorders People with psychotic disorders can experience a range of symptoms, including paranoia and suicidal thoughts. They have an impaired relationship with reality and may hear or see things that do not exist. Psychotic disorders can be short- or long-term conditions. People can experience a single psychotic episode triggered by extreme stress or other temporary changes to the brain. They can also deal with multiple psychotic breaks. Many types of psychotic disorders exist. Schizophrenia is the most common type of psychotic disorder and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. But other types of psychotic conditions can also create significant health problems.

6. Causes of Psychotic Disorders

7. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a psychosis, a type of mental illness characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self, and behavior Someone diagnosed with schizophrenia may lose their sense of reality and have bizarre and abnormal behaviors. Schizophrenia comprises positive and negative symptoms.

8. Schizophrenia Positive symptoms add abnormal cognitive or perceptual experiences and are the symptoms most commonly associated with schizophrenia, including: Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized speech Disordered movement Negative symptoms are those that subtract something that psychiatrically stable people normally experience or do. For example, while schizophrenia can manifest through rambling, excessive speech, it can also take form in silence. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include: Flat affect (reduced emotional expression) Social withdrawal (loss of interest in social activities) Anhedonia (reduction or loss of ability to experience pleasure) Avolition (reduced motivation or inability to sustain normal activities)

9. Pharmacokinetics

10. Pharmacokinetics

11. Pharmacokinetics

12. Administration Most first-generation antipsychotic medications are available in oral formulations . Several are also available in injectable intramuscular formulations , which are useful in the treatment of psychotic agitation. Clinicians sometimes use intravenous formulations of haloperidol and droperidol to treat psychosis, agitation, or delirium in acute medical settings. Second-generation antipsychotics are available in oral form. The injectable form is for use in older and non-complaint patients, so the steady dose of the antipsychotic is available without any withdrawal effects.

13. There are important differences regarding adverse effects profiles. First generation antipsychotics are associated with higher risk of neurological side effects . On the other hand, second-generation antipsychotics gained popularity thanks to a lower risk of neurological side effects. Later, it was discovered that these drugs are associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic side effects : hyperglycemia, weight gain and dyslipidemia.

14. Adverse Effects

15. Drug Interactions Pharmacokinetic interactions occur when the combination of drugs results in alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of either agent. As a group, the antipsychotics are highly protein bound (>90%) and distribute widely into tissues. As a consequence, interactions can arise from combining antipsychotics with other agents that are also highly protein bound. Antipsychotics undergo phase I and II metabolism to more water-soluble compounds to aid in excretion from the body. Most antipsychotics are metabolised by the CYP system and potential drug interactions could occur when they are administered with other agents that affect or are metabolised by the same isozymes.

16. Drug Interactions Additive effects with: sedatives. anticholinergics . antihistaminergics . alpha -AR blocking drugs . drugs with quinidine-like action ( thioridazine ).

17. Discontinuation Physicians recommend a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse. Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains. Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time. There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis. It may also result in recurrence of the condition that is being treated. Withdrawal effects may also occur when switching a person from one antipsychotic to another

18. sources https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/publication/first-vs-second-generation-antipsychotics-2082 http://lotuseat3r.blogspot.com/2014/04/first-generation-and-second-generation.html https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00023210-199809050-00005 https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/psychosis/ https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/publication/mechanism-of-action-of-antipsychotic-agents-2094 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459150/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic#Adverse_effects

19. Thank you ! 