New Criminology Sociology of Crime discussing about theories

sociology of crime

1. Sociology of Crimes and Ethics

2. R.A. 6506 –An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines and other purposes Approved & became effective on ------------July 1, 1972. Criminologist = is a person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologists and is registered as such by the Board .

3. 1. The term criminology was originally derived from Italian word __________. a. crimen b. criminologo c . criminologi a -- Raffaelle Garofalo (1885) (Itali a n) d. criminologi e - Paul Topinard (1887) (Fr e nch)

4. 1. The term criminology was originally derived from Italian word __________. a. crimen b. criminologo c . criminologi a -- Raffaelle Garofalo (1885) (Itali a n) d. criminologi e - Paul Topinard (1887) (Fr e nch) Etymologically the word criminology came from : Latin word Crimen which literally means accusation and Logia means to study

5. 2. It is the scientific study of crime and the effort of the society to prevent and repressed them? a. Penology c . Criminology b. Victimology d. Sociology of law

6. 2. It is the scientific study of crime and the effort of the society to prevent and repressed them? a. Penology c . Criminology b. Victimology d. Sociology of law Victim ology = study of the role of victim in relation to the commission of crime. Sociology of law = attempt at scientific analysis of the condition which the penal/criminal laws has developed as a process of formal or social control. Penology = branch of criminology which deals with management of jails and inmates .

7. 3. The study of Criminology involves the use of knowledge and concept of other sciences and field of study which makes the study of criminology ____________. a. dynamic b. nationalistic c. social science d . an applied science

8. 3. The study of Criminology involves the use of knowledge and concept of other sciences and field of study which makes the study of criminology ____________. a. dynamic b. nationalistic c. social science d . a n applied science Nationalistics = it varies with the nature, culture, laws of the country. Social Science = it study crimes as part of society (social phenomenon) Dynamic = it states that the study of criminology is not absolute and constant it changes as civilization or social condition changed.

9. 4. Criminal ________ refers to the study of the relationship between criminality and the milieu . a) Ecology b) Demography c) Epidiomology d) Physical anthropology

10. 4. Criminal ________ refers to the study of the relationship between criminality and the milieu . a) Ecology b) Demography c) Epidiomology d) Physical anthropology a) criminal epidiomology – the study of the relationship between environment and criminality b) criminal ecology – the study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in a community c) Criminal demography = criminality & population.

11. c) criminal physical anthropology – the study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men d) criminal psychology – the study of human behavior in relation to criminality e) criminal psychiatry – the study of human mind in relation to criminality f) victimology – the study of the role of the victim in the commission of a crime. It focus on the aspects of the victim.

12. 5. It is the study of human society , Its origin, structure, functions and direction? Sociology Criminology c. Psychology d. Anthropology

13. 5. It is the study of human society , Its origin, structure, functions and direction? a . Sociology c. Psychology b. Criminology d. Anthropology August Comte = father of sociology.

14. 6. It deals primarily with the study of crime commission. a. Criminology b . Criminal Etiology c. Criminological research d. Criminal Sociology

15. 6. It deals primarily with the study of crime commission. a. Criminology b . Criminal Etiology c. Criminological research d. Criminal Sociology

16. Criminal Etiology - is the study of the cause or origin of crime . It study the primary reasons for crime commission. Criminological research - study of the crime correlated to with antecedent variables, state of crime trend.

17. 7. What is an act or omission in violation of the public law commanding or forbidding it? a . Crime c. Offense b. Felony d. Infraction of law

18. 7. What is an act or omission in violation of the public law commanding or forbidding it? a . Crime c. Offense b. Felony d. Infraction of law Delinquency = an act not inconformity with the norms of the society. Criminal law RPC Spl . Law Ordinances CRIME FELONY OFFENSE INFRACTION

19. 8. Crimes are committed either by dolo or deceit or by _____________. a. culpa c. intent b. fault d . both a and b 9. The following are the elements of Dolo or deceit, EXCEPT ___________. a. intelligence c. freedom b. intent d . negligence

20. 8. Crimes are committed either by dolo or deceit or by _____________. a. culpa c. intent b. fault d . both a and b 9. The following are the elements of Dolo or deceit, EXCEPT ___________. a. intelligence c. freedom b. intent d . negligence * Dolo or Deceit *Culpa or Fault Intelligence Intelligence Freedom Freedom Intent Negligence/Imprudence Lack of skills/Lack of foresight

21. 10. Peter Pan, a victim of robbery , was able to identify his assailant, a neighbor, before he dies on the way to the hospital where he was declared dead on arrival, This crime is called ___________. a . complex crime c) instant crime b. simple crime d) situational crime

22. 10. Peter Pan, a victim of robbery , was able to identify his assailant, a neighbor, before he dies on the way to the hospital where he was declared dead on arrival, This crime is called ___________. a . complex crime c) instant crime b. simple crime d) situational crime Simple crime = one act, one felony Compound crime = a single act constitutes two or more grave or less grave felonies. Complex Crime = one felony is a means to commit the other.

23. 11. Ms. Maita T. Tama is a skilled woman in making deception through verbal communication. She had committed estafa to several persons through illegal recruitment. What crime according to result did she committed? a . Acquisitive crime c) Instant crime b. Extinctive crime d) Situational crime

24. 11. Ms. Maita T. Tama is a skilled woman in making deception through verbal communication. She had committed estafa to several persons through illegal recruitment. What crime according to result did she committed? a . Acquisitive crime c) Instant crime b. Extinctive crime d) Situational crime Acquisitive = the criminal gains/benefited. Extinctive = the crime resulted to destruction. Instant = the crime is accomplish immediately. Situational = circumstances surrounding the commission is conducive for their accomplishment.

25. 12. A crime can be classified according to its stages of commission. What crime is committed when the offender merely commences the execution of an offense by overt act but which nevertheless did not perform all acts of execution which would produce the felony by reason of some cause other than his own spontaneous desistance? a . Attempted crime c. Consummated crime b. Frustrated crime d. Complex crime

26. 12. A crime can be classified according to its stages of commission. What crime is committed when the offender merely commences the execution of an offense by overt act but which nevertheless did not perform all acts of execution which would produce the felony by reason of some cause other than his own spontaneous desistance? a . Attempted crime c. Consummated crime b. Frustrated crime d. Complex crime

27. Consummated Felony = When all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present. Frustrated Felony = when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but which nevertheless do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator. Crimes without frustrated: Rape, Bribery, Corruption of Public officers, Adultery, Physical Injury.

28. 13. What is the process by which individual reduces the frequency of their offending behavior as the age increases. Doing gender Criminal of reduction Aging out d. Active precipitation

29. 13. What is the process by which individual reduces the frequency of their offending behavior as the age increases. a. Doing gender c . Aging out b. Criminal of reduction d. Active precipitation Crime of reduction = crimes that are committed when the offended party experiences a loss of some quality relative to his or her present standing. Doing gender = Men’s struggle to dominate women to prove their manliness . Violence directed toward women is an especially economical way to demonstrate manhood. Active precipitation = views that the source of many criminal incident is the aggressive or provocative behavior of victims.

30. 14. Crimes are classified under the RPC according to gravity. What crime to which the law attaches the capital punishment or afflictive penalties? a . Grave felonies c. Less grave felonies b. Light felonies d. Complex felonies

31. 14. Crimes are classified under the RPC according to gravity. What crime to which the law attaches the capital punishment or afflictive penalties? a . Grave felonies c. Less grave felonies b. Light felonies d. Complex felonies Grave felonies = punishable by Capital or in any of its period is afflictive. Less grave = punishable by correctional penalty Light felonies = punishable by light penalty (fine of not more than 200 or by arresto menor .

32. 15. What crimes according to the time or period of the commission are those which are committed only when the circumstances or situation is conducive to its commission like for instance, committing theft in a crowded place? a. Seasonal crimes c . Situational crimes b. Instant crimes d. Continuing crimes

33. 15. What crimes according to the time or period of the commission are those which are committed only when the circumstances or situation is conducive to its commission like for instance, committing theft in a crowded place? a. Seasonal crimes c . Situational crimes b. Instant crimes d. Continuing crimes

34. 16. There are crimes that are committed within a certain length of time. What crime is committed by a series of acts in a lengthy space of time ? a. Static crime c. Situational crime b. Instant crime d . Episoidal crime.

35. 16. There are crimes that are committed within a certain length of time. What crime is committed by a series of acts in a lengthy space of time ? a. Static crime c. Situational crime b. Instant crime d . Episoidal crime.

36. 17. Acts that are outlawed because they violate basic moral values such as rape, murder, assault and robbery are _________. mala in se crime b. enterprise crime c. mala prohibitum crimes d. expressive crime

37. 17. Acts that are outlawed because they violate basic moral values such as rape, murder, assault and robbery are _________. a . mala in se crime c. mala prohibitum crimes b. enterprise crime d. expressive crime Mala prohibitum crime = acts that are outlawed because they clash with current norms and public opinion , such as tax, traffic and drug laws. Enterprise crime = The use of illegal tactics by a business to make profit in the market. Expressive crime = crime without purpose except to accomplish the behavior at hand, such as shooting someone.

38. 18. Crimes that violates the moral order but in which there has no actual victim . It is society as a whole and not any person/individual which is the victim. a . victimless crime c. public order crime b. reactive hate crime d. retaliatory crime

39. 18. Crimes that violates the moral order but in which there has no actual victim . It is society as a whole and not any person/individual which is the victim. a . victimless crime c. public order crime b. reactive hate crime d. retaliatory crime Reactive hate crime = perpetrators believe that they are taking a defense stand against outsides who they believe threaten their community or way of life. Retaliatory hate crime = offense committed in response to a hate crime, real or perceived.

40. 19. Crimes such as theft, shoplifting, and others which are committed to maintain one’s livelihood or as a means for living are what crimes? a. Rational c . Blue-collar b. Irrational d. White collar

41. 19. Crimes such as theft, shoplifting, and others which are committed to maintain one’s livelihood or as a means for living are what crimes? a. Rational c . Blue-collar b. Irrational d. White collar Corporate crime = white color crime involving a legal violation by a corporate entity. 20. What is that element of intentional felony which means that the person who committed the felony has the capacity to distinguish between what is right and wrong and fully understands the consequences of his actions ? a . Intelligence c. Imprudence b. Intent d. Freedom

42. 20. What is that element of intentional felony which means that the person who committed the felony has the capacity to distinguish between what is right and wrong and fully understands the consequences of his actions ? a . Intelligence c. Imprudence b. Intent d. Freedom

43. 21. A psychological disorder in which a child shows developmentally inappropriate impulsivity, hyperactivity and lack of attention is __________. a. Asperger’s Syndrome b. Psychopathy c . attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) d. KSP disorder

44. 21. A psychological disorder in which a child shows developmentally inappropriate impulsivity, hyperactivity and lack of attention is __________. a. psychotism b. neuroticism c . attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) d. KSP disorder 22. One way of classifying criminals is on the basis of etiology. What kind of criminal is that whose action arises from the intra-psychic conflict between the social and anti-social components of his personality ? a. Acute b . Neurotic c. Rational d. Normal

45. 22. One way of classifying criminals is on the basis of etiology. What kind of criminal is that whose action arises from the intra-psychic conflict between the social and anti-social components of his personality ? a. Acute b . Neurotic c. Rational d. Normal

46. 23. Criminals can also be classified according to this behavioral system. What are those criminals who have high degree of organization that enables them to commit crime without being detected and usually operates in a large scale? a. Occasional c. Professional b. Career d . Organized

47. 23. Criminals can also be classified according to this behavioral system. What are those criminals who have high degree of organization that enables them to commit crime without being detected and usually operates in a large scale? a. Occasional c. Professional b. Career d . Organized Occasional = offenders who do define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as committed career criminals. Career criminal = a person who repeatedly violates law and his/her lifestyle around criminality.

48. 24. A forcible sex in which the offender and the victim are acquainted with each other is _________. a. aggravated rape c. statutory rape b. marital rape d . acquaintance rape

49. 24. A forcible sex in which the offender and the victim are acquainted with each other is _________. a. aggravated rape c. statutory rape b. marital rape d . acquaintance rape Aggravated rape – rape involving multiple offenders, weapons and victim injuries . Marital rape =forcible sex between legally married partners. Statutory rape = sexual relations between an underage (minor) female and an adult male .

50. 25. The concept that conduct norms are passed down from one generation to the next so that they become stable within the boundaries of a culture . a. heredity c. inheritance b . cultural transmission d. DNA

51. 25. The concept that conduct norms are passed down from one generation to the next so that they become stable within the boundaries of a culture . a. heredity c. inheritance b . cultural transmission d. DNA 26. The Revised Penal Code is the primary source of our criminal law. It is otherwise known as __________: a . Act 3815 c. P.D. 603 b. R.A. 3815 d. R.A. 9344

52. 26. The Revised Penal Code is the primary source of our criminal law. It is otherwise known as __________: a . Act 3815 c. P.D. 603 b. R.A. 3815 d. R.A. 9344

53. 27. According to this principle, the punishment should be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim. Therefore, a man who broke the hipbone of another during the fight will be punished by also breaking his hipbone _________ : a . law of talion c. utiliarianism b. classical d. neo-classical

54. 27. According to this principle, the punishment should be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim. Therefore, a man who broke the hipbone of another during the fight will be punished by also breaking his hipbone _________ : a . law of talion c. utiliarianism b. classical d. neo-classical 28. During the prehistoric times , there was no formal criminal justice system, and crimes where punished based on _________. a. formal laws c. conscience b . customs d. the Bible

55. 28. During the prehistoric times , there was no formal criminal justice system, and crimes where punished based on _________. a. formal laws c. conscience b . customs d. the Bible

56. 29. Who is recognized as the first codifier of laws? a. Drakon c. the Hittites b. Solon d . Hammurabi (Babylon)

57. 29. Who is recognized as the first codifier of laws? a. Drakon c. the Hittites b. Solon d . Hammurabi (Babylon) * Greek Codes Solon and Drakon Code (known for severity) Sumerian Code = ( King Dungi ) hundred years earlier than Code of Hammurabi made from clay tablets. Hittites Law = known for its concerns for morality. Twelve Tables = made from bronze tablets ( Decemviri Consulari Imperio Legibus Scribundis

58. School of thoughts is a term that refers to a group of beliefs or ideas that support a specific theory. Theory is a set of statements devised to explain behaviors, events or phenomenon, especially one that has been repeatedly tested and widely accepted.

59. Classical Neo Classical Positivist Philosophical Approach Accepted the Classical with some exceptions. Scientific Approach Focus on crime Focus on criminal Certainty of punishment “Free will” Biological, Psychological and Sociological determinism Retribution Rehabilitation/Reformation

60. Classical Neo-Classical Positivist = Philosophical Approach = Free- Will Theory (Rationale Choice Theory) = “On Crimes and Punishment) = Cesare Beccaria (Cradle of Criminology Education) & Jeremy Bentham = Utilitarianism (Pain & Pleasure) = Greatest Happiness = Felicific Calculus = designed the “ Panoptican Prison”. Principle of punishment : Certainty of Punishment Purpose of punishment : Retribution (social vengeance) Modified the Classical theory = Although men have free-will, there factors that restrict their exercise of free-will such as pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it impossible for the individual to exercise free will entirely. Composed mainly of British philosophers who continue the traditions of classical criminology within the framework of “Right Realism”. August Comte = father of sociology Positivist = the people who followed the concept of August Comte. = Scientific Approach = Cesare Lomroso (Father of modern empirical Criminology) = Born criminal theory (Atavistic stigmata/atavistic anomalies) = focus on the concept of Biological, psychological and sociological determinism. Purpose of punishment : Reformation/Rehabilitation

61. 30. His theory was that God did not make all the various species of animals in two days , as what the bible says but rather that the species had evolved through a process of adoptive mutation and natural selection which led to his conclusion that man was traced to have originated from the apes. “ Origin of Species ” a. Jeremy Bentham c) Charles Darwin b. Prince Charles d)Charles de Gaulle

62. 30. His theory was that God did not make all the various species of animals in two days , as what the bible says but rather that the species had evolved through a process of adoptive mutation and natural selection which led to his conclusion that man was traced to have originated from the apes. “ Origin of Species ” a. Jeremy Bentham c) Charles Darwin b. Prince Charles d)Charles de Gaulle 31. This school of thought in criminology states that although individuals have self-rule, there are other factors that affect the exercise of their autonomy, which cause them commit crimes: a) neo-classical c) utilitarianism b) classical d) positivist

63. 31. This school of thought in criminology states that although individuals have self-rule, there are other factors that affect the exercise of their autonomy, which cause them commit crimes: a) neo-classical c) utilitarianism b) classical d) positivist

64. 32. This school of thought in criminology states that although individuals have free will, there are other factors that affect the exercise of their free will , which cause them commit crimes: a. neo-classical c. utilitarianism b. classical d. positivist

65. 32. This school of thought in criminology states that although individuals have free will, there are other factors that affect the exercise of their free will , which cause them commit crimes: a. neo-classical c. utilitarianism b. classical d. positivist Classical =based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions. “ individuals have free will.”

66. 33. The view that people’s behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain . a . Utilitarianism c. Common law b. Mosaic code d. Doctrine of stare decisis

67. 33. The view that people’s behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain . a . Utilitarianism c. Common law b. Mosaic code d. Doctrine of stare decisis Common law = (Henry II) future cases finds it resolution by applying decisions in previous case (Doctrine of Stare Decisis ). 34. He said that individuals are like human calculators . Before a person commits a crime, he first analyzes whether the satisfaction he would gain is greater than the possible negative effect he would have to suffer if the gets caught doing the crime: a. Cesare Beccaria c. Edwin Sutherland b. Cesare Lombroso d . Jeremy Bentham

68. 34. He said that individuals are like human calculators . Before a person commits a crime, he first analyzes whether the satisfaction he would gain is greater than the possible negative effect he would have to suffer if the gets caught doing the crime: Cesare Beccaria c.Edwin Sutherland b. Cesare Lombroso d .Jeremy Bentham

69. Cesare Becarria = Father of Classical/ Cradle of Criminology Education/ Free will theory “Rational choice theory”/On crimes and Punishment (1764). Jeremy Bentham = Utilitarianism/Felicific Calculus/Greatest Happiness Theory/ Pain & Pleasure. Cesare Lombroso = Father of Modern ( imperical ) criminology/ Born Criminal Theory. Edwin Sutherland = Dean of Criminology/ introduced the English term “Criminology”/ Differential Association Theory”.

70. 35. In the book (1764) “ On Crimes and Punishment ”, what was said to be the most effective means of controlling crime? a. death penalty c .certainty of punishment b. monetary fine d.life imprisonment

71. 35. In the book (1764) “ On Crimes and Punishment ”, what was said to be the most effective means of controlling crime? a. death penalty c . certainty of punishment b. monetary fine d .life imprisonment 36. Having spent half of his life in the study of the causes of crime and true to his dedication to his lifetime works, upon his death he willed his brain and body to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Turin in Italy to be further studied. To this, he was named the “ Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology ”. a) Cesare Beccaria c) Edwin Sutherland b) Cesare Lombroso d) Jeremy Bentham

72. 36. Having spent half of his life in the study of the causes of crime and true to his dedication to his lifetime works, upon his death he willed his brain and body to the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Turin in Italy to be further studied. To this, he was named the “ Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology ”. a) Cesare Beccaria c) Edwin Sutherland b) Cesare Lombroso d) Jeremy Bentham

73. I. Rational Choice Theory Free will theory = ( Cesare Becarria ) Pain and pleasure Principle/ Greatest Hapiness theory / human are like “felicific calculus” (Jeremy Bentham) Utilitarianism (Pain and pleasure) = law violating behavior occurs when an offender decides to risk breaking the law after considering both personal factors (needs) and situational factors (how well target is protect and how efficient the police force are)

74. II. Trait Theory Positivist = The school of thoughts that criminal behavior is based on biological, psychological and social factors. The shift from the Philosophical to scientific approach in explaining the causes of crime. 37. According to Lombroso, these are physical characteristics that distinguish born criminals from the general population and are throwbacks to animals or primitive people. a. physical deviations c. stigmata b . atavistic anomalies d. ape-like appearance

75. 37. According to Lombroso, these are physical characteristics that distinguish born criminals from the general population and are throwbacks to animals or primitive people. a. physical deviations c. stigmata b . atavistic anomalies d. ape-like appearance

76. Atavistic Stigmata = the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development There are three (3) classes of criminals according to Lombroso: a. born criminals – individuals with at least five (5) atavistic stigmata b. insane criminals – those who are not criminals by birth; they become criminals as a result of some changes in their brains which interfere with their ability to distinguish between right and wrong c. criminaloids - those with make up of an ambiguous group that includes habitual criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types

77. 38. What is the study that deals with the relationship between the skull and human behavior? a. Physiognomy c . Phrenology b. Physiology d. Craniology

78. 38. What is the study that deals with the relationship between the skull and human behavior? a. Physiognomy c . Phrenology b. Physiology d. Craniology Biological Determinism = This explanation for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual’s evil disposition to physical disfigurement or impairment Human Physiognomy = the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior. (founded by Giambatista dela Porta (1535-1615) ) JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER (1741-1801) = Swiss theologian who state– “people’s true characters and inclinations could be read from their facial features “

79. 39. A type of physique characterized by strong , muscular and coarse bone . (violence) Pyknic b . athletic c. asthenic d. aesthetic

80. 39. A type of physique characterized by strong , muscular and coarse bone . (violence) a. Pyknic b . athletic c. asthenic d. aesthetic Pyknic = massive neck, broad face, rounded face and medium height. (deception/fraud and violence) Asthenic = lean, slightly built, narrow shoulder. ( petty thievery and fraud) Ernst Kretschmer = founded the school of somatotype or Physiology

81. 40. Among the different body types William Sheldon presented in his study, he considered this ONE to be the most likely to become criminal a. endomorph c) mesomorph b. ectomorph d) dysplastic

82. 40. Among the different body types William Sheldon presented in his study, he considered this ONE to be the most likely to become criminal a. endomorph c) mesomorph b. ectomorph d) dysplastic Asthenic Ectomorphic Cerebrotonic Athletic Mesomorph Romotonic Pyknic Endomorph Viscerotonic

83. Cranioscopy = (Franz Joseph Gall) study the personality and development of mental and moral faculties based on the external shape of the skull . Cranioscopy was later renamed as phrenology , the study that deals with the relationship between the skull and human behavior Franz Kaspar Spuzhelm = developed the science of Phrenology 41. It refers to an study showing the relationship between the physical built of a person to his personality structure and the type of offense he is most prone to commit a. physiognomy (face) c) somatotype b. phrenology d) psychology

84. 41. It refers to an study showing the relationship between the physical built of a person to his personality structure and the type of offense he is most prone to commit a. physiognomy (face) c) somatotype b. phrenology d) psychology

85. 42. Known as the “Mother of Criminals”. a. Ada Juke c. Ada Kallikak b. Ada Juke d. Ada Edwards

86. 42. Known as the “Mother of Criminals”. a. Ada Juke c. Ada Kallikak b. Ada Juke d. Ada Edwards Hereditary as a factor 1 ) RICHARD DUGDALE (Juke Family) 2)HENRY GODDARD ( Kalikak Family) 43. His study focused on the Kallikak family tree and he concluded that feeblemindedness is inherited and related to deviant behavior and poverty. He was the first person to use the term “moron”. a. Robert Dugdale c. Henry Goddard b. Ernest Hooton d. Charles Goring

87. 43. His study focused on the Kallikak family tree and he concluded that feeblemindedness is inherited and related to deviant behavior and poverty. He was the first person to use the term “moron”. a. Robert Dugdale c. Henry Goddard b. Ernest Hooton d. Charles Goring

88. 44. This theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically ; that ancestry determines IQ; and, that low intelligence as demonstrated by low IQ is linked to behavior including criminal behavior? a. Nature Theory c) Psychological theory b. Strain Theory d) Labeling theory

89. 44. This theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically ; that ancestry determines IQ; and, that low intelligence as demonstrated by low IQ is linked to behavior including criminal behavior? a. Nature Theory c) Psychological theory b. Strain Theory d) Labeling theory 45. He founded Sociology and applied scientific methods in the study of society , which to him passes through stages divided on the basis of how people try to understand it, leading them to adopt a rational scientific understanding of the world. a . August Comte c. Adolphe Quetelet b. Positivists d. Sociologists

90. He founded Sociology and applied scientific methods in the study of society , which to him passes through stages divided on the basis of how people try to understand it, leading them to adopt a rational scientific understanding of the world. a . August Comte c. Adolphe Quetelet b. Positivists d. Sociologists

91. 46. According to the psychoanalytic theory of personality, what component of an individual’s personality operates under the “ reality principle ”? a. Superego c) Ego b) Conscience d) Id

92. 46. According to the psychoanalytic theory of personality, what component of an individual’s personality operates under the “ reality principle ”? a. Superego c) Ego b) Conscience d) Id Ego ideal = part of the super ego; directs individual into morally acceptable and responsible behavior, which may not be pleasurable.

93. Charles Goring = relationship between criminality and defective intelligence and defective social instinct. That criminal behavior was inherited. Sigmund Freud = Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory. Id = present at birth/unconscious biological drives/ “pleasure principle”. Ego = compensates for the demand of the Id/guides man’s actions to remain within the boundaries of social convention/ “reality principle” Superego = resulted from incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others/ tells what is right from wrong.

94. Neurotics = people who experience feelings of mental anguish and are afraid that they are losing control of their personalities. Psychotics = those who had lost total control and were dominated by their primitive id. Schizophrenia = marked by hearing non-existence voices, hallucinations and inappropriate responses. Paranoid schizophrenic = suffers complex behavior delusions involving wrongdoing or persecution. Alfred Adler =“inferiority complex” Erik Erikson = “identity crisis” a period of serious personal questioning

95. Eros = most basic drive present at birth (instinct to preserve & create life). (1 st yr.) - Oral stage = pleasure attained by sucking and biting. (2 nd & 3 rd ) Anal Stage = sexual attention is on elimination of bodily wastes. (3 rd ) Phallic stage = children focus on their genitals. (Oedipus complex) / (Electra Complex) (6 yrs.) Latency = feeling of sexuality are repressed until the genital stage begins at puberty; this mark the beginning of adult sexuality.

96. Class A(distrust, suspicious to social detachment) Paranoid P.D .= recurrent suspicions without justification , preoccupied by unjustified doubts, hostility, oversensitivity, tends to see oneself as blameless. Schizoid P.D . = pervasive detachment from social relationship, restricts expression of emotion, neither enjoy nor desire close relationship, inability to form social relationship and lack of interest to do so. Schizotypal P.D . = reduced capacity for close relationship, have old beliefs and magical thinking such as superstitions, telepathy etc.

97. Class B (dramatic, emotional erratic) 1. Antisocial P.D . = fail to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeated acts that are grounds fro arrest. Unable to control their impulse, perform violent and harmful acts without experiencing a bit of guilt. 2. Borderline P.D .= instability of interpersonal relationships, instability of mood, self-image and affects and marked impulsivity, may have recurrent suicidal behaviors . Their mood may shift rapidly and inexplicably from depression to anxiety to anger over a pattern of several hours.

98. 3. Histrionic P.D. = pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking . Overly concerned with their appearance and exaggerated impression of emotion. 4. Narcissistic P.D . = exaggerated sense of self importance, a preoccupation with being admired and lack of empathy for the feeling of others. Hypochondriasis = chronic anxiety about health. Anorexia = over conscious about getting bulky. Lost of appetite for food.

99. Class C (anxiety and fearfulness) 1. Avoidant P.D. =feeling of inadequacy, hypersensitive to negative evaluation, timid and shy but do wish to have friends, uncomfortable and afraid of rejection or criticism. Unlike schizoid, they don’t enjoy being alone. 2. Dependent P.D. = difficulty in making everyday decision without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others, lack self confidence in judgment, uncomfortable and helpless when alone. 3. Obsessive –Compulsive P.D. = pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control. Preoccupied with trivial details and rules and do not appreciate changes and routine.

100. 47. He introduced the “theory of imitation” which states that individuals copy behavior patterns of other individuals, and that those with weaker personalities tend to get influenced easier by those with stronger personalities? a. Emile Durkheim c) Adolphe Quetelet b. Gabriel Tarde d) Enrico Ferri

101. 47. He introduced the “theory of imitation” which states that individuals copy behavior patterns of other individuals, and that those with weaker personalities tend to get influenced easier by those with stronger personalities? a. Emile Durkheim c) Adolphe Quetelet b. Gabriel Tarde d) Enrico Ferri The Theory of Imitation is explained by the following patterns: a) Pattern 1 : individuals imitate others in proportion to the intensity and frequency of their contact b) Pattern 2 : inferiors imitate superiors c) Pattern 3 : when two behavior patterns clash, one may take the place of the other

102. 48. It refers to the standard of behavior or conduct accepted in a given society which expected of an individual living in that society? a) Culture c) Norms b) Principles d) Laws

103. 48. It refers to the standard of behavior or conduct accepted in a given society which expected of an individual living in that society? a) Culture c) Norms b) Principles d) Laws 49. Who stated that crime is normal in a society ? a. Gabriel Tarde c . Emile Durkheim b. Cesare Lombroso d. Enrico Ferri Anomie (Greek “ nomos ” = wthout norms) is one in which norms have broken down or become inoperative during the period of rapid social change or social crisis such as war and famine.

104. Robert Merton = applied the theory of anomie of Durkheim to criminology. Utilized a modified version of it and identify two elements of culture interaction to produce potentially anomie conditions: (culturally defined goals and social approved means of obtaining them.

105. August Aichorn “latent delinquency” = youngsters who seek immediate gratification without considering right and wrong (they lack guilt) Behavior Theory = human actions are developed through learning experiences. Focus on actual behavior. Social Learning theory = (branch of behavior theory) Man are not born with ability to act violently but they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. Behavior modeling = is the process by which violence is learned by experience.

106. 50. He was the one who introduced the following definition of criminology: “ It is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon . It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws and of reacting towards the breaking of the laws”: a) Raffaelle Garofalo c) Edwin Sutherland b) Cesare Beccaria d) Paul Topinard

107. 50. He was the one who introduced the following definition of criminology: “ It is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon . It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws and of reacting towards the breaking of the laws”: a) Raffaelle Garofalo c) Edwin Sutherland b) Cesare Beccaria d) Paul Topinard 51. It is the most essential part of the definition of the criminal law? a. Elements c. Degree of evidence b . Penalty d. Motive

108. 51. It is the most essential part of the definition of the criminal law? a. Elements c. Degree of evidence b . Penalty d. Motive

109. 52. In Biological Theory , the following can lead to criminal behavior, except: a) Physical Defects b) Chromosome Irregularity c) Abnormal Brain Function d) Inferior body construction

110. 52. In Biological Theory , the following can lead to criminal behavior, except: a) Physical Defects b) Chromosome Irregularity c) Abnormal Brain Function d) Inferior body construction 53. It contends that the exploitation of the working class would eventually lead to class conflict at the end of the capitalist system. a. Chicago School c. Positive Theory b . Conflict Theory d. Class School

111. 53. It contends that the exploitation of the working class would eventually lead to class conflict at the end of the capitalist system. a. Chicago School c. Positive Theory b . Conflict Theory d. Class School

112. 54. Group of urban sociologists who studies the relationship between environmental conditions and crime. a. classical school c . chicago school b. neo-classical d. positive school

113. 54. Group of urban sociologists who studies the relationship between environmental conditions and crime. a. classical school c . chicago school b. neo-classical school d. positive school 55. An act in violation of the criminal law that is designed to bring financial gain to the offender . a. organized crime c . economic crime b. bias crime d. profit crime

114. 55. An act in violation of the criminal law that is designed to bring financial gain to the offender . a. organized crime c . economic crime b. bias crime d. profit crime Bias crime = directed toward a particular persons or members of a group who share discernible racial, ethic, religious or gender characteristics. Also called hate crime

115. 56. Which of the following statement best describes the Latin maxim " There is no crime where no law punishing it ". a . Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege. b. dura lex sed lex c. ignorantia legis neminem excusat d. actus me invitus factus non est meus actus .

116. 56. Which of the following statement best describes the Latin maxim " There is no crime where no law punishing it ". a . Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege . b. dura lex sed lex c. ignorantia legis neminem excusat d. actus me invitus factus non est meus actus . Enrico Ferri = “people were driven to commit them by conditions of their lives”. Crime problem could be traced not to bad people but to bad laws. “Theory of Imputable and Denial of Free Will”

117. A. Social Structure theory = view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime 1. Social Disorganizational theory = branch of social structure that focus on the breakdown of institution such as family, school, and employment in inner city neighborhood. Focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that affect crime rates . Links crime rate to neighborhood ecological characteristics . (Shaw and Mckay = contended that criminals are not biologically inferior, intellectually impaired or psychologically damaged and criminal behavior is cause by neighborhood denigration and slum conditions )

118. 2. Strain theory = views that crime is a direct result of lower-class frustration and anger (due to unattained goals). 3. Cultural deviance theory = branch of social structure theory that sees strain and social disorganization together resulting in a unique lower-class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms.

119. B. Social Process Theory = Views that criminality is a function of people’s interaction with various organization, institutions and process in society 1. Social Learning = The view that human behavior is modeled through observation of human social interactions , either directly from observing those who are close from intimate contact , or indirectly through the media . Interaction that are rewarded are copied, while those that are punished are avoided. ( Albert Bandura ) It views that violence as something learned through the process called behavior modelling . (It includes Differential Association theory (Edwin Sutherland) and Differential reinforcement theory )

120. 2. Social Control theory = maintains that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activities Social Bond Theory =(Travis Hirschi) the dominant version of the social control theory which views that people commit crime when the forces that bond ( weakening ties that bind people to society ) them to society are weakened or broken . 3. Social reaction theory = (commonly called labeling theory ) view s that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such as they accept those labels as a personal identity.

121. 57. This term literally means “little war”. Today, the term is used interchangeably with the term “terrorism”. a. violence c. revolution b . guerilla d. rebel 58. The commission of criminal acts using the instruments of modern technology such as computers or the internet . a. cyber sex c. computer crimes b . cyber crime d. computer hacking 59. Frustration can be manifested by the presence of anxiety, irritability and a) state of fear c) self fulfillment b) satisfaction d) peace

122. 57. This term literally means “little war”. Today, the term is used interchangeably with the term “terrorism”. a. violence c. revolution b . guerilla d. rebel 58. The commission of criminal acts using the instruments of modern technology such as computers or the internet . a. cyber sex c. computer crimes b . cyber crime d. computer hacking 59. Frustration can be manifested by the presence of anxiety, irritability and a) state of fear c) self fulfillment b) satisfaction d) peace

123. 60. A term that used to describe motorists who assault each other. a . road rage c. predation b. hate crime d. serial murder

124. 60. A term that used to describe motorists who assault each other. a . road rage c. predation b. hate crime d. serial murder 61. This theory reflects the way people react to a given situation based on the social influences they acquired from other people that practically determine their behaviors. This theory likewise serves as the learning process of delinquent behaviors and considered as one of the most important theory in crime causation. a) Social Disorganization theory b) Culture Conflict theory c) Differential Association Theory d) Social Reaction Theory

125. 61. This theory reflects the way people react to a given situation based on the social influences they acquired from other people that practically determine their behaviors. This theory likewise serves as the learning process of delinquent behaviors and considered as one of the most important theory in crime causation. a) Social Disorganization theory b) Culture Conflict theory c) Differential Association Theory d) Social Reaction Theory

126. 62. Culture Conflict Theory was thorough studied by ____ wherein he concluded that the main difference between a criminal and a non-criminal is that each is responding to different sets of conduct norms. a) Emile Durkheim c) Andre Michael Guerry b) Thorsten Sellin d) Abraham Maslow

127. 62. Culture Conflict Theory was thorough studied by ____ wherein he concluded that the main difference between a criminal and a non-criminal is that each is responding to different sets of conduct norms. a) Emile Durkheim c) Andre Michael Guerry b) Thorsten Sellin d) Abraham Maslow 63. He explained that individuals learn criminal behavior by means of communication with persons who dwell in criminality: a) Cesare Lombroso c) Edwin Sutherland b) Charles B. Goring d) Emile Durkheim

128. 63. He explained that individuals learn criminal behavior by means of communication with persons who dwell in criminality: a) Cesare Lombroso c) Edwin Sutherland b) Charles B. Goring d) Emile Durkheim

129. 64. The theory which states that attachment, connection and link to society will determine whether a person shall commit a crime or not: a. social control c) social disorganization b. social bond d) social learning

130. 64. The theory which states that attachment, connection and link to society will determine whether a person shall commit a crime or not: a. social control c) social disorganization b. social bond d) social learning

131. 65. The killing of a large number of people over time by an offender who seeks to escape detection. a. road rage c. hate crime b. mass murder d. serial murder

132. 65. The killing of a large number of people over time by an offender who seeks to escape detection. a. road rage c. hate crime b. mass murder d. serial murder 66. The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished. The severity of the punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of the crime. a. law of talion c. utilitarianism b . jus desert d. equality of punishment

133. 66. The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished. The severity of the punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of the crime. a. Law of talion c. utilitarianism b . jus desert d. equality of punishment

134. 67. A condition in which the glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning. a. hyperglycemia c. hyperglycomia b . hypoglycemia d. hypoglycomia

135. 67. A condition in which the glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning. a. hyperglycemia c. hyperglycomia b . hypoglycemia d. hypoglycomia 68. It is a proposal of a double male or super male syndrome. This theory held that the possession of an extra Y-chromosome causes males to be violent and aggressive. a . XYY syndrome c. XXY syndrome b. YYX syndrome d. YXX syndrome

136. 68. It is a proposal of a double male or super male syndrome. This theory held that the possession of an extra Y-chromosome causes males to be violent and aggressive. a . XYY syndrome c. XXY syndrome b. YYX syndrome d. YXX syndrome

137. 69. This school on crime causation emphasized economic determinism and concentrated on the need for the quality among all citizen. They provided statistical data which claimed to show that variations in crime rates are associated with variations in economic conditions. a . Cartographic School b. Socialist School c. Psychiatric School d. Chicago School

138. 69. This school on crime causation emphasized economic determinism and concentrated on the need for the quality among all citizen. They provided statistical data which claimed to show that variations in crime rates are associated with variations in economic conditions. a . Cartographic School b. Socialist School c. Psychiatric School d. Chicago School

139. 70. “ Manie sans delire ” (madness without confusion) . This was the term used by Philippe Pinel describing the personality that is characterized by an inability to learn from experience, lack of warmth, and no sense of guilt better known as: a. psychotic personality b . psychopathic personality c. neurotic behavior d. dementia praecox

140. 70. “ Manie sans delire ” (madness without confusion) . This was the term used by Philippe Pinel describing the personality that is characterized by an inability to learn from experience, lack of warmth, and no sense of guilt better known as: a. psychotic personality b . psychopathic personality c. neurotic behavior d. dementia praecox

141. 71. A tracing made by an instrument that measures cerebral functioning by recording brain wave activity with electrodes that are placed on the scalp. a . electroencephalogram b. electroencephalograph c. electrocraniogram d. electo -brain activity

142. 71. A tracing made by an instrument that measures cerebral functioning by recording brain wave activity with electrodes that are placed on the scalp. a . electroencephalogram b. electroencephalograph c. electrocraniogram d. electo -brain activity

143. 72. A police officer’s frustration in the realization of his ambition and goals in life both as an officer of the law , and as a private citizen, can push him to a life of crime, as pointed out in this particular theory. Disorganization Theory Culture Conflict Theory c. Differential Association Theory d . Strain Theory

144. 72. A police officer’s frustration in the realization of his ambition and goals in life both as an officer of the law , and as a private citizen, can push him to a life of crime, as pointed out in this particular theory. a. Disorganization Theory b. Culture Conflict Theory c. Differential Association Theory d . Strain Theory 73. It refers to the condition brought by normlessness . a. criminality c . anomie b. logomacy d. frustration

145. 73. It refers to the condition brought by normlessness. a. criminality c . anomie b. logomacy d. frustration Logomacy = a statement that we would have no crime if we don’t have law and that we can eliminate crime if we merely abolish criminal law.

146. 74. This part of man’s personality is present at birth representing unconscious biological drives for sex, food and other life-sustaining necessities and follows the “pleasure principle” which requires instant gratification and has no concern for the rights of others. a . Id c) Superego b. Ego d) Alter ego

147. 74. This part of man’s personality is present at birth representing unconscious biological drives for sex, food and other life-sustaining necessities and follows the “pleasure principle” which requires instant gratification and has no concern for the rights of others. a . Id c) Superego b. Ego d) Alter ego

148. 75. Crimes which occur per 100,000 population per month . It is the theoretical basis which determines the peace and order situation. a. index crimes c . crime rate b. non-index crimes d. crime statistics

149. 75. Crimes which occur per 100,000 population per month . It is the theoretical basis which determines the peace and order situation. a. index crimes c . crime rate b. non-index crimes d. crime statistics ** There is a trend in criminal activities which was studied that as one grows older , there is also a decline in criminal activities. This is known as: a . aging-out phenomenon c . age-line curve b . Parkinson’s law d . age-crime relationship

150. ** There is a trend in criminal activities which was studied that as one grows older , there is also a decline in criminal activities. This is known as: a . aging-out phenomenon c. age-line curve b. Parkinson’s law d. age-crime relationship

151. 76. The idea that low female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders . a. doing gender b . chivalry hypothesis c. masculinity hypothesis d. pre-menstrual syndrome

152. 76. The idea that low female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders . a. doing gender b . chivalry hypothesis c. masculinity hypothesis d. pre-menstrual syndrome

153. 77. A stage of development when girls begin to have sexual feeling for their fathers . a. Oedipus complex c. doing gender b . Electra complex d. chivalry hypothesis

154. 77. A stage of development when girls begin to have sexual feeling for their fathers . a. Oedipus complex c. doing gender b . Electra complex d. chivalry hypothesis Oedipus Complex = electra complex in man. 78. It is the percentage of solved cases out of the total number of reported crime incidents handled by the police for a given period of time. a. crime rate c. crime analysis b . crime solution efficiency d. crime variance

155. 78. It is the percentage of solved cases out of the total number of reported crime incidents handled by the police for a given period of time. a. crime rate b . crime solution efficiency c. crime analysis d. crime variance

156. 79. The legal principle by which the decision or holding in an earlier case becomes the standard by which subsequent similar cases are judged . It literally means “to stand by decided cases”. a. jus desert c . stare decisis b. story decisis d. just stare

157. 79. The legal principle by which the decision or holding in an earlier case becomes the standard by which subsequent similar cases are judged . It literally means “to stand by decided cases”. a. jus desert c . stare decisis b. story decisis d. just stare

158. 80. This theory focuses on the development of high-crime areas associated with the disintegration of conventional values caused by rapid industrialization, increased migration, and urbanization. a . social disorganization theory b. differential association theory c. culture conflict theory d. maternal deprivation and attachment theory

159. 80. This theory focuses on the development of high-crime areas associated with the disintegration of conventional values caused by rapid industrialization, increased migration, and urbanization. a . social disorganization theory b. differential association theory c. culture conflict theory d. maternal deprivation and attachment theory

160. 81. This is a theory by Robert Merton which assumes that people are law abiding but under great pressure, they will resort to crime? a. Strain theory c. Social learning b. Cultural deviance d . Anomie

161. 81. This is a theory by Robert Merton which assumes that people are law abiding but under great pressure, they will resort to crime? a. Strain theory c. Social learning b. Cultural deviance d . Anomie 82. The first IQ test was developed by a French psychologist named: a. Rafael Garofalo c. Albert Bandura b. Walter Reckless d . Alfred Binet

162. 82. The first IQ test was developed by a French psychologist named: a. Rafael Garofalo c. Albert Bandura b. Walter Reckless d . Alfred Binet

163. 83. According to the Social Bond theory of Travis Hirschi , the four (4) social bonds that promote socialization and conformity are the following: a. attachment c. involvement b. commitment d. belief e . all of the above

164. 83. According to the Social Bond theory of Travis Hirschi , the four (4) social bonds that promote socialization and conformity are the following: a. attachment c. involvement b. commitment d. belief e . all of the above “ BIAC ” * Social bonds such as attachment, commitment, involvement and belief , are strong factors that prevents a person from becoming a criminal. This view is contained in the,---?

165. *This theory states that a person is most likely to become a criminal when his bond to society becomes weak or broken . a. Social Control Theory b. Social Learning theory c. Differential Association Theory d. Conflict Theory

166. *This theory states that a person is most likely to become a criminal when his bond to society becomes weak or broken . a . Social Control Theory b. Social Learning theory c. Differential Association Theory d. Conflict Theory 84. The following, except one , are biochemical factors to criminality : a . brain lesions c. food allergies b. hypoglycemia d. diet

167. 84. The following, except one , are biochemical factors to criminality : a . brain lesions c. food allergies b. hypoglycemia d. diet

168. 85. This theory viewed that people become criminals when significant members of the society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity. a. social bond c. social disorganization b . social reaction d. strain theory

169. 85. This theory viewed that people become criminals when significant members of the society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity. a. social bond c. social disorganization b . social reaction d. strain theory 86. It refers to the strength of emotional bond between the infant and the mother . a. maternal bond c. emotional bond b . attachment d. closeness

170. 86. It refers to the strength of emotional bond between the infant and the mother . a. maternal bond c. emotional bond b . attachment d. closeness

171. 87. This theory points out that an individual commits crimes after he has made a rational decision to do so and has weighed the risks and benefits of the act and selected a particular offense according to various criteria. a. risk analysis theory b. utilitarianism c . rational choice theory d. irrational choice theory

172. 87. This theory points out that an individual commits crimes after he has made a rational decision to do so and has weighed the risks and benefits of the act and selected a particular offense according to various criteria. a. risk analysis theory b. utilitarianism c . rational choice theory d. irrational choice theory

173. 88. This social control theory , according to Walter Reckless, views that strong self-image insulates the youth from the pressures and influences in the environment . a . Containment theory c. Social reaction b. Social bond theory d. Social learning

174. 88. This social control theory , according to Walter Reckless, views that strong self-image insulates the youth from the pressures and influences in the environment . a . Containment theory c. Social reaction b. Social bond theory d. Social learning 89. According to Maslow , this need explains the individuals desire to respect as an honorable human being. a. self –actualization c . Esteem b. safety need d. survival need

175. 89. According to Maslow , this need explains the individuals desire to respect as an honorable human being. a. self –actualization c . Esteem b. safety need d. survival need

176. Physiological needs (food, shelter, clothing, sex etc.) Safety needs (security of body, employment, family, resources) Sense of Belongingness/Love Needs (Frienship, family, acceptance, sexual intimacy) Self-Esteem (confidence, achievement, reputation, status, respect of others) Self –Actualization (self-fulfilment, morality, creativity, problem solving)

177. 90. Typology of crime means ________: a . categorization or types of crime b. extent of crime c. crime trend d. crime situation

178. 90. Typology of crime means ________: a . categorization or types of crime b. extent of crime c. crime trend d. crime situation Crime Statistics = refers to the compilation of data relative to different crimes, their number and their specific time and place of occurrence. Index Crime = crimes sufficiently significant and which occur with sufficient regularity to be meaningful such as MR. PHoT . Non-Index crime = those not included in Index Crime.

179. Crime volume = refers to the number of reported crime as to its classification. Crime Rate = is the measure of the rate of occurrence of crimes committed in a given area and time. Formulas: CR = CV X 100,000 Population CV = CR X Population 100, 000

180. 91. If the population in municipality A is 195, 000 and the crime volume is 2, 540 , what is the crime rate? a. 1230.6 b . 1302.6 c . 1465.2 d . 1203.5 Formula : CR = CV x 100,000 Population Given : CV (Crime volume) = 2,540 Population = 195,000 CR = 2,540 x 100,000 / 195,000 CR = 254,0OO,OOO / 195,000 CR = 1,302.56 OR 1,302.6

181. 92. If Metro Manila accounts for 26% of the national total crime volume of 84, 875 , how many crimes were reported to the police? a. 20, 250 b . 22, 068 c . 32, 644 d . 22, 858 Formula: Number of Crime = Total Volume X26 % Number of reported crime = 84,875 X .26 = 22,067.5 or 22,068

182. 93. Murder cases numbered 180 in 2010 and 220 in 2011. What was the percent increase? a . 22.2 % b . 22.0% c . 20.2% d . 20.1% Given : 2010 = 180 2011 = 220 First : 2011 crime minus (-) 2010 crime = 220 – 180 = 40 crimes Second:Get the percentage increased using the formula:180/100 % = 40/X or X = 40 X 100 / 180 X = 4,000/180 X = 22.22

183. 180 =40 100% x X (180) = 40 X100% X =4,000%/180