New Phyllanthus muellerianus Slides .pptx

Biological activities of phyllanthus muellerianus

1. PHYLLANTHUS MUELLERIANUS: ETHNOMEDICINAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES. A SEMINAR PRESENTATION BY Mary Dada, AGOI MATRIC NO: 140401138 SUPERVISOR: DR.(MRS.) SHODEHINDE

2. INTRODUCTION Phyllanthus muellerianus is a member of the spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae ) and is particularly widespread in West Africa ( Omolola et al., 2021). It is known as “ mijiriyarkurumi ” in Hausa (Nigeria), “ oguazu ” in Igbo (Nigeria), “ nkanga ” in Efik (Nigeria) ( Doughari and Sunday, 2008) and " arunjeran ", " eegun eja " or " egungun eja " in Yoruba (Nigeria). It is a glamorous or woody climber, often with recurved thorns leaves. The plant grows in deciduous and secondary forests ( Agyare et al., 2011).

3. INTRODUCTION CONTD. It is a small plant that grows throughout the season in the forest areas with canopy-forming leaves. It has fruits that are copious panicles of small red, shining berries that eventually turn black ( Doughari and Sunday, 2008). It is common in coastal thicket, occurs in riverine forest and wooded grasslands, on deep and well-drained soils ( Omolola et al., 2021; Ofokansi et al., 2013; Lwanga et al., 2017; Doughari and Sunday, 2008).

4. S/N COUNTRY/ETHNICITY PLANT PART DISEASE METHOD OF USE REFERENCES 1. Southern Nigeria, Sierra Leonne Whole plant Eye infections, Skin diseases Fresh juice of the plant Fowler (2006) 2. Sierra Leonne Leaf Constipation Leaf decoction Omolola et al. (2021) 3. Ghana, Nigeria Root Dysentery Cooking root with maize meal Kathrayal and Lamai (2009) 4. Ghana, Nigeria Leaf Post-Delivery women Tonic Boiling with palm fruit Kathrayal and Lamai (2009) 5. Nigeria Young roots with leafy twigs Jaundice, Dysentery, Urethral discharges Eaten raw Kathrayal and Lamai (2009) 6. Ubangi Leaf Toothache Leaf decoction as mouth wash Omolola et al. (2009) 7. Cote d'ivore Leaf Male sterility Eaten with leaf of Funtumia elastic Kone et al. (2004) ETHNOMEDICINAL USES OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF P. MUELLERIANUS

5. 8. Gabon Twigs and Whole plant Dysmenorrhoea Eating roasted powdered twigs with plant ash Adedapo et al. (2007) 9. Cameroon/ Pygmies Bark Tetanus and Wound infections Bark extracts Brusotti et al. (2012) 10. Ghana/Asante Twi Leaf sap Eye pain and Fever Using Leaf sap as eye drop Boakye -Gyasi et al. (2016) 11. Zambia Leaf Veneral diseases and Toothaches Using leaf extract as vapour bath Arbonnier (2004) 12. Northern Zambia Root Anaemia Not stated Lwanga et al. (2017) 13. Guinea Leaf Ease women delivery during labour Boiled with palm fruits Doughari and Sunday (2008). 14. Togo, Gambia, Cote d'lvoire. Leaf and roots Eruptive fever in children Boiling roots and leaves Fowler (2006)

6. PHYTOCHEMISTRY The presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins , cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones from the leaves ( Omolola et al., 2021) and stem bark (except cardiac glycosides) have been reported ( Doughari and Sunday 2008). The bark of P. muellerianus has been shown to contain 22β-hydroxyfriedel-1-ene, 1β, 22β-hydroxyfriedel-1-ene ( Adesida et al ., 1972). In addition, compounds such as geraniin , furosin , corilagin , isoquercitrin , astragalin, rutin , phaselic acid, gallic acid, methylgallate , caffeic acid chlorogenic acid, 3,5-o-dicaffeoylquinic acid have been isolated from the leaves, roots and aerial parts of P. muellerianus ( Agyare et al., 2011). Other compounds that have been isolated from P. muellerianus are quercitrin , β- sitosterol (Mao et al., 2016).

7. S/N PLANT PART BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES REFERENCES 1. Aqeous leaf extract             Geraniin     Geraniin                 Geraniin antimalarial activity,   Antiviral , anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic activity Antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity   Cellular activity stimulation, differentiation and collagen synthesis of human skin keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts antidiarrheal activity and antiplasmodial activity Wound healing properties , Antitumour activity Antinociceptive activity Antihypertensive effect. Anti-ulcer and anti-jaundice activities.   Anti-infective and anti-inflammatory activities Zirihi et al. (2005), Ndjonka et al. (2012). Agyare et al. (2011), Yang et al. (2007). Brusotti et al. (2012), Saleem et al. (2009). Agyare et al. (2011).   Bamisaye et al. (2013). Agyare et al. (2009). Okabe et al. (2001). Velazquez-Gonzalez et al. (2014). Cheng et al. (1994).   Zihiri et al. (2005 ). Boakye et al. (2016a), Boakye et al. (2016b).   BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN P. MUELLERIANUS

8. 2. Aqeous aerial part extract Geraniin W ound healing properties Boakye et al. (2014) 3. Methanol and ethyl acetate stem-bark extracts Nitidine A ntibacterial activity Assob et al. (2011), Ilaria et al. (2014). 4. Oil from the leaf extract   A ntibacterial activity     A ntioxidant activity Brusotti et al. (2012), Adeola et al. (2016). Lim and Murtijaya (2007), Karuna et al. (2009) 5. Aqeous root extract   Anti- anaemic activity Lwanga et al. (2017)

9. Anti-proliferative/Pro-Apoptotic Activity of P. muellerianus (Deeh et al., 2022)

10. CONCLUSION Vast discovery of Phyllanthus muellerianus is still ongoing and more work is required to establish Phyllanthus muellerianus as a useful herb for treatment of various diseases and complications, due to its broad spectral ethnomedicinal uses. There is also need for improvements in approaches for natural product isolation, characterization and synthesis, which could open the door to a new era in the investigation of natural products in academia and industry.

11. REFERENCES Adedapo , A. A., Abatan , M. O. and Olorunsogo , O. O. (2007). Effects of some plants of the spurge family on haematological and biochemical parameters in rats. Veterinary Arhive 77: 29-38 Adeola , A., Folorunso , S. and Oke , A. (2016). Antibacterial activity of the volatile oil of Phyllanthus muellerianus and its inhibition against the extracellular protease of Klebsiella granulomatis . Eur J Med Plants; 14(2):1–10. Adesida , G. A., Girgis , P. and Taylor, D. A. H. (1972). Friedelin derivatives from Phyllanthus muellerianus . Phytochemistry 11, 851–852. Agyare , C., Lechtenberg , M., Deters, A., Petereit , F. and Hensel, A. (2011). Ellagitannins from Phyllanthus muellerianus ( Kuntze ) Exell .: Geraniin and furosin stimulate cellular activity, differentiation and collagen synthesis of human skin keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Phytomed ; 18:617-24.

12. REFERENCES Agyare , C., Asase , A., Lechtenberg , M., Niehues , M., Deters, A. and Hensel, A. (2009). An ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro confirmation of ethnopharmacological use of medicinal plants used for wound healing in Bosomtwi-Atwima-Kwanwoma area, Ghana. J. Ethnopharmacol . 125, 393–403. Assob , N. J. C., Weledji , E. P., Njunda , A. L., Bolimo , F., Asongalem , E. A., Kamga , F. H. L.., Achidi , E. A., Penlap , B. V. and Ndumbe , P. M. (2009). Bacteriological and mycological characterization of some pathogens of the urogenital tract in Buea subdivision (South West Region Cameroon). Health Sci & Dis , 10:10-16. Bamisaye , F. A., Oloyede , O. B. and Yakubu , M. T. (2013). Effects of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus leaves on castor oil-induced diarrhoeal rats. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal 1: 2. Boakye , Y. D., Agyare , C. and Hensel, A. (2016a). Anti-infective properties and time-kill kinetics of Phyllanthus muellerianus and its major constituent, geraniin . Med Chem (Los Angeles) ; 6:95-104. Boakye , Y. D., Agyare , C., Abotsi , W. K., Ayande , P. G and Ossei , P. P. (2016b). Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus ( Kuntze ) Exell . and its major constituent, geraniin . J Ethnopharmacol ; 187:17-27.

13. REFERENCES Brusotti , G., Cesari , L., Gilardoni , G., Tosi, S., Grisoli , P., Picco , A. M. and Caccialanza . (2012). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Phyllanthus muellerianus ( Kuntze ) Excel essential oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 142: 657-662. Burkill , H. M. (1994). The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanical Gardens , Kew Doughari , J. H. and Sunday, D. (2008). Antibacterial Activity of Phyllanthus muellerianus . Journal of Pharmaceutical Biology . 46(6):400-405. Omolola , T. O., Oniya , E. A., Oni, O. A., Emmanuel, I. B. and Rufai , S. O. (2021). Elemental, proximate and phytochemical evaluation of Phyllanthus muellerianus ( Kuntze ) Excell leaves. WSN 160: 111-123. Ofokansi , K. C., Attama , A. A., Uzor , P. F. and Ovri , M. O. (2013). Evaluation of the combined antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of phyllantus muellerianus with ciprofloxacin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology & Drug Research, ISSN 2050-120X.

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