NFPA 402 -- ARFF By the Book

1. AARON JOHNSON FIRE INSPECTOR MARTIN COUNTY FIRE RESCUE Business by the book – what does nfpa 402 really say? AIRPORT FIRE – RESCUE U.S.A May 4-6 th , 2009 Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

2. Chapter 1 Administration 1.1 Scope 80% of all major accidents occur in the critical rescue and fire-fighting access area Critical Rescue and Fire-Fighting Access Area: 500 ft. from each side or runway centerline, 3300 ft. beyond each runway end. 15% occur in approach areas (1.1.2) 1.2 Purpose Guidance (1.2.1) Developing methods (1.2.2) 1.3 General Occupant protection/survival (1.3.1)

3. Chapter 4: Pre-Incident Planning for Aircraft Emergencies Chapter 5: Flight Deck Crew and ARFF Personnel Responsibilities Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials Pre - Incident

4. Chapter 6: Emergency Response Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies Chapter 9: Evacuation and Rescue Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment Chapter 11: Interior Aircraft Fires Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents Incident

5. Chapter 13: Post-Aircraft Accident Procedures Post - Incident

6. 4.1 General 4.2 Emergency Response Preplanning 4.3 Airport Fire Fighter Basic Knowledge 4.4 Communications 4.5 Mutual Aid Considerations Chapter 4: Pre-Incident Planning for Aircraft Emergencies

7. 4.2 Emergency Response Pre-planning ARFF vehicles (NFPA 414), driver/operator familiarization with facility and equipment. (4.2.1) Construction work being done that may affect response/operational capability (4.2.3) Gate locations and opening capability (access roads)(4.2.4) Grid maps familiarity (4.2.6) Communications (4.2.8) Off-airport emergency services (4.2.9) Availability of additional/special vehicles (4.2.11) Chapter 4: Pre-Incident Planning for Aircraft Emergencies

8. 4.3 Airport Fire Fighter Basic Knowledge NFPA 1003 Standard for Airport Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications (4.3.1) Aircraft Familiarization (4.3.3) Airport Familiarization (4.3.4) Chapter 4: Pre-Incident Planning for Aircraft Emergencies

9. Aircraft Familiarization (4.3.3): Location/operation of normal and emergency exits, cargo doors, equipment, and galley access doors. Seating configurations. Type of fuel and location of fuel tanks. Location of ejection seats and armament (military aircraft). Locations of batteries, hydraulics, and oxygen systems. Positions of break-in points on the aircraft. Location of rapidly activated standby generators or turbines. Fire access panels. Location of aircraft construction materials that are subject to be releasing hazardous/toxic substances while burning.

10. Airport Familiarization (4.3.4): Water supply locations (hydrants, ponds, etc.). Runway identification and locations. Taxiway identifications and locations. Airport lighting systems. Most effective response routes and alternatives. Fuel handling and storage areas. Key airport locations. Airport service roads. Gates and fences. Airport drainage systems.

11. 5.1 Areas of Responsibility 5.2 Communications Chapter 5: Flight Deck Crew and ARFF Responsibilities

12. 5.1 Areas of Responsibility Primary responsibility is safety of all persons. Duties and Responsibilities: Flight deck crews hold responsibility for aircraft and safety of its occupants. When and how to evacuate is determined by flight deck crew and attendants. ARFF personnel to create conditions in which survival is possible and evacuation/rescue can be conducted. (5.1.2) Chapter 5: Flight Deck Crew and ARFF Responsibilities

13. 8.1 Aircraft Construction 8.2 Aircraft Materials 8.3 Aircraft Fuel Tanks 8.4 Aircraft Exits and Doors Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

14. 8.2 Aircraft Materials Aluminum alloy (8.2.2) Magnesium alloys (8.2.3) Steel (8.2.4) Composite materials (8.2.6) Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

15. Aluminum Alloy (8.2.2) No significant fire contribution Buckle and distort at 778 F Decompose at 1,138 F Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

16. Magnesium alloys (8.2.3) Used for: Wheels, engine mounts, brackets, crankcase sections, cover plates, engine parts Not easily ignited Burns violently between 1678 – 1858 F Not easily extinguished Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

17. Steel (8.2.4) Used for: Engine parts, engine nacelles, engine fire walls, flap gear, tubing No fire hazard (sparking) Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

18. Titanium (8.2.5) Used for: Engine parts, nacelles, engine fire walls Combustible metal High degree of heat/fire resistance Not easily ignited Burns between 2372 – 2642 F Not easily extinguished Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

19. Composite materials (8.2.6) Fibers used: Boron, fiberglass, aramid , graphite Used for: Nacelles, flaps, floor panels, struts, undercarriage doors, wing structure, tail plane, stabilizers Temperature-resistant composites: Engine, tire, and brake components Decomposition occurs at 778 – 958 F Highly toxic fumes Proper PPE/SCBA Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

20. 8.3 Aircraft Fuel Tanks Principal types (8.3.1.1): Rigid tanks. Integral tanks. Flexible/semi-flexible tanks. Auxiliary tanks. Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

21. Rigid Tanks Aluminum/Duralumin Internal baffles Fabric covered, cradles, metal straps Integral Tanks Compartments formed by airframe structure Does not add weight to structure Flexible/semi-flexible Tanks Plastic bags, secured by rubber-buttoned press studs Not ruptured by shock, susceptible to piercing Auxiliary Tanks Metal or fiberglass pods Fitted under wing, wing tips, within fuselage Fuel used first, tanks may be jettisoned

22. 8.3 Aircraft Fuel Tanks Aviation fuels(8.3.5): AV-GAS (aviation gasoline) MOGAS (motor gasoline) AV-TUR (kerosene) (Jet A, Jet A1) AVTAG (60% gasoline, 40% kerosene)(Jet B) AVCAT (JP-5) *NFPA 407, Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing Chapter 8: Aircraft Construction and Materials

23. Chapter 6: Emergency Response Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies Chapter 9: Evacuation and Rescue Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment Chapter 11: Interior Aircraft Fires Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents Incident

24. 6.1 General 6.2 Low Visibility Operations 6.3 Considerations for Airports Adjacent to Water Chapter 6: Emergency Response

25. 6.1 General Survivable atmosphere = 3 minutes Burnthrough = 60 seconds Window penetration = 3 minutes Rapid fire control Chapter 6: Emergency Response

26. 7.1 General 7.2 Types of Alerts 7.3 Vehicle Response to Aircraft Accidents 7.4 Positioning of ARFF Vehicles 7.5 Hazards to ARFF Personnel Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

27. 7.2 Types of Alerts Local Standby Alert – “Local Standby” (7.2.2) Full Emergency Alert – “Full Emergency” (7.2.3) Aircraft Accident Alert – “Aircraft Accident” (7.2.4) Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

28. 7.2.2 Local Standby Alert – “Local Standby” Be advised of: Aircraft Type Number of Passengers Amount of fuel remaining Nature of the emergency Type, amount, and location of dangerous goods Number/location of nonambulatory passengers Limited response Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

29. 7.2.3 Full Emergency Alert – “Full Emergency” Defect that affects normal flight operations Full response 7.2.4 Aircraft Accident Alert – “Aircraft Accident” Accident has occurred Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

30. 7.5 Hazards to ARFF Personnel Undercarriage fire, fragmentation area (7.5.5) Engine run danger (7.5.6) Helicopter danger areas (7.5.10) Composite materials danger (7.5.11) Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

31. 7.5.5 Wheel Fragmentation Area Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

32. 7.5.6 Engine Run Danger Area Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

33. 7.5.10 Helicopter Danger Areas Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

34. 7.5 Hazards to ARFF Personnel Composite materials, problem areas(7.5.11): Toxic gas emissions Airborne sharp particles Absorption Different characteristics Chapter 7: Factors Common to Airport Emergencies

35. 9.1 Aircraft Evacuation 9.2 Evacuation Slides 9.3 Evacuation Assistance by ARFF Personnel 9.4 Aircraft Forcible Entry 9.5 Extrication and Rescue Chapter 9: Evacuation and Rescue

36. 9.1 Aircraft Evacuation Flight deck crew Trained In best position Chapter 9: Evacuation and Rescue

37. 9.4 Aircraft Forcible Entry Power Saws (9.4.3) Aircraft skin Structural materials Claw/pry tools Force doors/hatches Pull panels Dislodge seats Air chisel Aluminum/light metals Hydraulic rescue tools Forcible entry assist Chapter 9: Evacuation and Rescue

38. 9.5 Extrication and Rescue Temperature extremes (9.5.7) Chapter 9: Evacuation and Rescue

39. 10.1 General 10.2 Extinguishing Agents for Aircraft Fires 10.3 Water and Agent Resupply and Conservation 10.4 Rescue Operations 10.5 Size-Up (Risk Assessment) 10.6 Aircraft Accident – Fire Involvement 10.7 Extinguishment Techniques 10.8 Turret Operations Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment

40. 10.9 Aqueous Film Forming Foam and Film Forming Fluoroprotein for Turret Application 10.10 Protein and Fluoroprotein Foam Turret Application 10.11 Handline Foam Application 10.12 Aircraft Accident – No Fire Involvement 10.13 Exposure Protection Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment

41. 10.2 Extinguishing Agents for Aircraft Fires Primary Agents (10.2.1): Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Film Forming Fluoroproteins (FFFP) Protein Foam Fluoroprotein Foam Solutions Secondary Agents (10.2.2): Dry Chemical Halogenated Agents Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment

42. 10.5 Size-Up (Risk Assessment) Gathering of facts for making decisions (10.5.1) Initiated by first responding officer (10.5.2) Established information (10.5.3) Vital operational decisions (10.5.4) Changes in strategy (10.5.5) Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment

43. 10.7 Extinguishment Techniques Cool fuselage Protect occupants Assist rescue teams (10.7.1) Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment

44. 10.8 Turret Operations Efficient use of agent (10.8.1) Utilize the wind Maintain escape routes Pump and roll (10.8.2 – 10.8.5 Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment

45. 10.11 Handline Foam Application Control fire Maintain rescue paths Spot fires Maintain foam blanket Conserve agent (10.11.1) Chapter 10: Fire Control and Extinguishment

46. 11.1 General 11.2 Aircraft Interior Fires Occurring in Flight 11.3 Interior Fires in Unoccupied Aircraft 11.4 Penetrating Nozzles 11.5 Interior Aircraft Fire Overhaul Chapter 11: Interior Aircraft Fires

47. 11.1 General Interior Fire Indicators (11.1.7) Cabin windows Smoke characteristics Buckling/paint blisters Chapter 11: Interior Aircraft Fires

48. 11.2 Aircraft Interior Fires Occurring in Flight Fire types (11.2.2): Engines Cabin areas Lavatories Heaters Cargo areas Electrical compartments Chapter 11: Interior Aircraft Fires

49. 12.1 General 12.2 Engine Fires 12.3 Aircraft Fuel Servicing Incidents 12.4 Hot Brakes 12.5 Wheel Fires 12.6 Combustible Metal Fires Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

50. 12.7 Broken Flammable Liquid Lines 12.8 Heater Fires 12.9 Bomb Threats/Security 12.10 Incidents Where Aircraft Warnings Occur 12.11 Emergency Landings 12.12 Aircraft Accidents in the Water Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

51. 12.2 Engine Fires Engine fire, crew actions (12.2.1): Engine shut-down Engine fire extinguishment sys. Activated Electrical power de-energized Fuel/fluid supply shut-down Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

52. 12.3 Aircraft Fuel Servicing Incidents Incident causes (12.3.1): Static in flowing fuel Surface-generated static Defective pumps External ignition source Improper procedures *NFPA 407, Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing (12.3.2) Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

53. 12.4 Hot Brakes Potential explosion hazard (12.4.1) Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

54. 12.5 Wheel Fires Effective cooling (12.5.1) Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

55. 12.9 Bomb Threats/Security Role of ARFF personnel (12.9.6): Assist occupants Assume stand-by status Area designated by AHJ (12.9.4) Vertical clearance (12.9.4 A) Assume command Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

56. 12.10 Incidents Where Aircraft Fire Warnings Occur Inspect for fire signs (12.10.1) Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

57. 12.11 Emergency Landings Broken lines Ignite in wheel wells Fire can travel to fuselage (12.11.1) Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Aircraft Incidents

58. Chapter 13: Post – Aircraft Accident Procedures Post - Incident

59. 13.1 General 13.2 Preservation of Evidence 13.3 Fatalities 13.4 Preservation of Mail, Baggage, and Cargo 13.5 Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorders 13.6 Defueling Accident Aircraft 13.7 Post – Accident Fuel Leaks 13.8 Aircraft Systems Hazards Chapter 13: Post – Aircraft Accident Procedures

60. 13.2 Preservation of Evidence Vital importance (13.2.1) Debris Documents Observation (13.2.3) Chapter 13: Post – Aircraft Accident Procedures

61. 13.3 Fatalities Clearly identified (13.3.1): Flags Stakes Photograph Coinciding numbers Chapter 13: Post – Aircraft Accident Procedures

62. 13.4 Preservation of Mail, Baggage, and Cargo Observe location (13.4.1) Airline ultimate responsibility Cargo manifests (13.4.4) Examine packages Chapter 13: Post – Aircraft Accident Procedures

63. 13.5 Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorders Aft fuselage “International Orange” Protect from loss/damage Chapter 13: Post – Aircraft Accident Procedures

64. NFPA 402, Guide for Aircraft Rescue and Fire – Fighting Operations, 2008 ed. Aaron Johnson