Nickel -Titanium alloys (NiTi) PPT.pptx

Shape memory alloys

1. Nickel-Titanium Alloy (Nitinol) Presented by: Shaima Mohammed Malak Ayman Buthainah Fuad   2023 Sana’a Under supervision of: Dr. Mohammed Gumaan Dr. Hamdi Ghazi UST

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction NiTi Alloys Ratio and its Effects Advantages and Properties Fabrication and Treatment Applications of Nickel Titanium 01 02 04 05 03 6 Methods of Testing

3. 01 Introduction History Important terms

4. There are various types of materials About 100 pure elements 783 out of possible 3,403 combinations of binary alloys about 2,000 to 5,000 types of plastics, and about 10,000 kinds of ceramics 334 out of 91,881 possible tertiary alloys are considered as practically usable metallic materials 1.Introduction

5. 1.Introduction T here are three major types of composites: Metal-matrix compounds P lastic-matrix compounds Ceramic-matric compounds.

6. It is common to classify materials into two categories: F unctional materials S tructural materials Structural materials are nonactivatable materials that bear load. The key properties of such structural materials in relation to bearing load are elastic modulus , yield strength , ultimate tensile strength, hardness, ductility, fracture toughness, fatigue, and creep resistance. F unctional materials are generally characterized as those materials which possess particular native properties and function of their o wn and can be used directly as material-based energy converter ; in other words, it is possible to modify their material properties deliberately and reversibly.  1.Introduction

7. F unctional materials examples P iezoelectric materials ZnO , BaTiO 3 S hape-memory materials O ptomechanical materials LiNbO 3 , KTN , ZnO E lectroactive polymers carbon nanotubes O ptical materials SiO 2 , GaAs, glasses, Al 2 O 3 , YAG M agnetic materials Fe, Fe-Si, NiZn , MnZN ferrites, γ-Fe 2 O 3 , Co-Pt-Ta-Cr, NiTi , ZrO 2 , AuCd , CuZnAl , polymer gels, magnetorheological fluids E nergy technology and environment UO 2 , Ni–Cd, ZrO 2 , LiCoO 2 1.Introduction

8. History of NiTi It was first discovered in 1959 at the Naval Ordinance Laboratory where engineers were challenged with developing a nose cone for the first submarine-launched nuclear ballistic missile. 1.Introduction History of the discovery of shape-memory alloys

9. History of NiTi Superelasticity Biocompatibility and safety of NiTi 1980s 2000 New powerful actuators 1959 Discovery at Naval Ordinance Laboratory 1990s 1.Introduction

10. Important Terms Shape memory alloys are a unique class of alloys that have ability to ‘remember’ their shape and are able to return to that shape even after being bent. At a low temperature, a SMA can be seemingly plastically deformed, but this ‘plastic’ strain can be recovered by increasing the temperature. This is called the shape memory effect (SME). SMAs are classified as Smart Materials since they combine both actuator and sensor functions with unique intrinsic properties such as shape memory effect (SME) and super elasticity (SE) 1.Introduction

11. The unique properties of SMAs are controlled by and are dependent on four external parameters: Temperature (T) Stress (σ) Time (t) Strain (ε) Shape memory alloys 1.Introduction

12. Important Terms Nickel-Titanium: (NiTi) is the most applied SMAs thin film due to its high recoverable strain and massive forces, therefore, these high-performance materials are able to make microactuators in Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS). 1.Introduction Nitinol : Ni ckel Ti tanium alloy discovered at the N aval O rdinance  L aboratory

13. S uperelasticity (SE) refers to a material that exhibits a reversible austenitic-martensitic crystalline structure in response to stress and heat. It is also called pseudoelasticity (PE) Important Terms Transformation temperature: This is the temperature at which the phase changes between austenite and martensite. Actually, the temperature is a range and depends on whether you are heating or cooling, so there is a martensite start temperature ( Ms ), martensite finish temperature ( Mf ), austenite start temperature (As), and austenite finish temperature ( Af ). 1.Introduction

14. What is Austenite and martensite? Austenitic structures are body-centered cubic. martensitic structures are face-centered cubic . 1.Introduction Important Terms

15. Primitive (Or simple)   Body-centered   Face-centered   Types of cell units 1.Introduction Important Terms The term “ martensitic transformation ” can be defined as a phase transformation within a solid state, caused by shear deformation without the long-range diffusion ( diffusionless ) transition of constituent atoms. Martensitic phase transformation and its related phenomena.

16. The term martensite referring specifically to the lower temperature phase, the term austenite (or parent phase) referring to the higher temperature phase from which martensite (resulting from any athermal , diffusionless phase transformation) is formed. The martensitic transformation in steel represents the most economically significant example of this category of phase transformations but with an increasing number of alternatives with SMAs taking into account. 1.Introduction Important Terms Martensitic phase transformation and its related phenomena:

17. Diffusional and Diffusionless transformation: Diffusionless transformation does not change the composition of the parent phase, but rather only the crystal structure, so that it does not require long-range atomic movement. Transformations usually progress in a time-independent fashion , with the speed of the interface between the two phases able to move at nearly the speed of sound . This type of transformation is referred to as an athermal transformation since it cannot progress at a constant temperature but rather the amount of the new phase present depends only upon temperature, not time. are often referred to as iso-thermal since they can progress with time at a constant temperature . The diffusional transformation takes place with no change in phase composition or number of phases present. 1.Introduction Important Terms Diffusional transformations

18. There are four characteristic temperatures involved in both SME and SE: AS (austenitic transformation starting temperature). AF (austenitic transformation finishing temperature). MS (martensitic transformation starting temperature). MF (martensitic transformation finishing temperature). 1.Introduction Important Terms Martensitic phase transformation and its related phenomena.

19. The dual-phase microstructure of NiTi consists of two phases: T he austenite phase (A), stable in high-energy levels with a body-centered cubic structure having low strain T he martensite phase (M), stable in low-energy levels having transformation strain. Both SE and SME properties occur as a result of the austenite to martensitic transformation, which can be induced by stress or temperature . Important Terms 1.Introduction Martensitic phase transformation and its related phenomena.

20. Stress–strain–temperature diagram of NiTi alloy. Red-colored loop indicates SME phenomenon, blue-colored loop represents SE phenomenon, and the black line shows an ordinal stress–strain curve. M F : martensite finish temperature upon cooling A S : temperature at which the martensite (or R-phase ) to austenite transformation begins upon heating A F :same completed transformation M D : (martensite deformation temperature) refers to the highest temperature at which martensite will form from austenite phase in response to an applied stress; hence, M D indicates the upper limit temperature at which austenite is subjected to stress-induced martensitic transformation) Martensitic phase transformation and its related phenomena . 1.Introduction Important Terms

21. In the stress–strain–temperature diagram, there are three distinct zones: T < MS : stable martensite being responsible to thermal memory effect; MD< T <MS : metastable austenite being responsible to mechanical memory effect (or SE); and T > MD : stable austenite showing no related effects 1.Introduction Important Terms MS: temperature at which martensitic transformation starts, although it is not clearly determined) can be found in M F < M S < A S . A: the austenite phase. M: the martensite phase. DM : deformed martensite. TM : the twinned martensite (TM).

22. During the phase transformation between B2 phase (A: austenite) and B19′ (M: martensite) phase, unique properties of shape-memory effect (SME) and SE take place. For enhancing these phenomena, normally postdeformation annealing, thermal/mechanical cycling, aging , and others are applied on NiTi materials. Important Terms 1.Introduction The austenite and martensite phases:

23. 1.Introduction Titanium materials flow chart involving materials sciences and engineering disciplines

24. NiTi Alloys Ratio and its Effects Effects of NiTi Ratio NiTi Ratio NiTi-X ternary alloys 02

25. NiTi is made of approximately equal amounts of nickel and titanium (at atomic % level), and small variations in these proportions (in other words, Ni/ Ti ratio) have a radical effect on the properties of the alloy in particular: I ts transformation temperature P hysical and mechanical properties E lectrochemical behavior C hemical behavior M etallurgical characteristics 02 01 03 04 05 2. NiTi Alloys Ratio and its Effects

26. The transformation from low-temperature martensitic phase ( M-phase ) to the high temperature parent phase took place below room temperature in Ni-rich NiTi while it occurred above room temperature in Ti -rich and near-equiatomic NiTi. 2. NiTi Alloys Ratio and its Effects

27. NiTi Ratio Ni-rich NiTi T-rich NiTi alloys. 01 02 03 near- or equiatomic NiTi Equiatomic NiTi (50 atomic% Ni, 50 atomic% Ti) 2. NiTi Alloys Ratio and its Effects

28. Partial phase diagram of NiTi system is given in Figure. If nickel content is higher than 50.5 atomic%, then the alloy will decompose during cooling below 973 K to TiNi and TiNi3. Nickel-rich (at 54–56 %. Ni) NiTi -based alloys have gained increased attention for their high hardness, corrosion resistance, strength, and wear resistance, leading to their development for high-performance bearings and other wear applications 2. NiTi Alloys Ratio and its Effects

29. NiTi -X ternary alloys control transformation temperatures reduce or increase martensitic strength control the hysteresis width increase the austenitic strength increase two-way effect ability increase the stability of M S with respect to thermal history The addition of the third or fourth alloying elements to NiTi -based alloys is done for the following purposes : improve corrosion resistance suppress the R-phase 2. NiTi Alloys Ratio and its Effects

30. NiTi-X ternary alloys It was shown that, when the transition elements are added to NiTi alloy : The groups of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Pd, Cu prefer the Ni sites; Sc, Y, Zr, Hf prefer the Ti sites; Zn and Cd cannot form a stable structure. Substitution of Hf, Zr, Ag, Au for Ni and substitution of Sc, Y, Hf, Zr for Ti will increase the transformation temperature M s The replacement of Ni by the groups of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co or by Pd, Pt and the replacement of Ti by V, Cr, Mn, Fe will lower the transformation temperature Ms. The transformation temperature will be almost unchanged when Cu substitutes for Ni 2. NiTi Alloys Ratio and its Effects

31. Advantages and Properties Chemical Structure Advantages and Disadvantages properties 03

32. Chemical Structure Chemical Structure Depiction. Source: Nickel titanium | NiTi - PubChem (nih.gov) 3. Advantages and Properties

33. Advantages and Disadvantages Disadvantages Advantages   3. Advantages and Properties Low energy efficiency Complex thermo-mechanical behavior Complex motion control Expensive materials Temperature dependent effect Poor fatigue properties Low operational speed High mechanical performances High power to weight ratio Large deformation Large actuation force High damping capacity High frequency response High wear resistance High corrosion and chemical resistance Low operation voltage compactness and lightness High specific strength

34. Properties 3. Advantages and Properties nickel-titanium, shape-memory nitinol , NiTi , Ni- Ti Other Names 52013-44-2 CAS No Ni- Ti Compound Formula N/A Molecular Weight Appearance black powder

35. Properties 3. Advantages and Properties 1300° C Melting Point N/A Boiling Point 6.45g/cm3 Density N/A Solubility in H2O Exact Mass N/A

36. 04 Fabrication and Treatment Heat treatment of NiTi alloys Fabrication of NiTi alloy

37. Heat treatment of NiTi alloys A nnealing at temperature higher than 800 °C, formed and treatment at relatively low temperature ranging from 200 to 300 °C. H ardening by a cold working, followed by medium-temperature treatment at a range from 400 to 500 °C for 1 h ” “Saturn is the ringed one and a gas giant” S olution treatment followed by aging at 400 °C for several hours. Hence, heat treatments are diverse and appropriate selection and proper practice, thereof, should become a very crucial issue to make either/ both shape-memory effect (SME) and superelasticity (SE) phenomena into more efficient and efficacious manner. T here are three ways to memorize (train) the shape of (potentially shape recoverable) NiTi alloy: 4. Fabrication and Treatment

38. Various routes are used to fabricate NiTi products Fabrication of NiTi alloy 4. Fabrication and Treatment

39. Fabrication of NiTi alloy Additive Manufacturing conventional methods Casting powder metallurgy powder-bed flow-based Methods 4. Fabrication and Treatment

40. Casting technique: This technique is associated with high temperature melting procedures that result in an increase in the impurity level (e.g., carbon, oxygen), and, therefore, the formation of Ti -rich phases. Powder metallurgy: It is used for producing near- netshape devices. Powder preparation is a required step prior to PM processing. Additive Manufacturing (AM) has gained significant attention for processing NiTi because they have circumvented many of the challenges associated with the conventional methods. Fabrication of NiTi alloy 4. Fabrication and Treatment

41. Fabrication of NiTi alloy Additive Manufacturing: The first step in AM processing is preparing the NiTi powder. The ratio of Ni and Ti elements are important factors to guarantee the desired functional properties (i.e., shape memory or superelasticity ) of the final part. The second important requirement for the AM processing is the processing parameters. Optimal parameters are methodically developed to make sure that the final product is not only fully dense, but also shows a low level of impurity contents. The third important requirement is to provide an inert atmosphere (e.g., argon) throughout the processing to minimize the oxidation and impurity pick-up (e.g., oxygen and carbon), increase the surface quality, enhance the density and, achieve similar functional behavior to the conventionally processed NiTi. 4. Fabrication and Treatment

42. powder-bed based technologies , such as selective laser sintering (SLS), direct metal sintering (DMLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and LaserCUSING . The sequence of operation of powder-bed based machines. This procedure starts with slicing the CAD model, and continues with a repeatable three-step procedure. After the supports and loose powders are removed, the final product is ready to use. 4. Fabrication and Treatment

43. Schematic representation of flow-based methods. This procedure initiates with slicing the CAD model and continues with depositing and laser scanning the powder simultaneously. After the completion of each layer, the nozzle and lens move up by a thickness layer to allow the fabrication of the next layer Fabrication of NiTi alloy 4. Fabrication and Treatment

44. Applications of Nickel Titanium 05 General application of Nickel Titanium alloys includes Application of Nickel Titanium alloys as biomaterial

45. 1 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium General applications of Nickel Titanium In a heat engine, fluid is first heated, which then flows through a radiator to produce power. Nickel-titanium alloys are used here because they have high thermal conductivity and can be used at high temperatures. Nickel-titanium alloy typically has thermal conductivity ranging between 5.6 to 7.1 W/ mK at temperatures above 1,000 degrees Celsius (1832 degrees Fahrenheit), making them perfect for heat In Heat Engines

46. 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium General applications of Nickel Titanium Nitinol can be used to replace traditional actuators (solenoids, servo motors, etc.).  Nitinol springs are used for fluid thermal valves, in which the material can be used as both a temperature sensor and an actuator.  It is used as an autofocus actuator in motion cameras and an optical image stabilizer in mobile phones.  It is used in pneumatic valves for comfortable seats and has become the industry standard.  2014 Chevrolet Corvette uses Nitinol actuators to open and close hatch vents that release air from the trunk, making them easier to close, instead of heavier electric actuators.  Nitinol can be used to replace traditional actuators (solenoids, servo motors, etc.) Thermal and electrical actuators 2

47. 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium General applications of Nickel Titanium This alloy is also used in retractable antennas and boom microphones because it has a very low coefficient of friction and can withstand high loads. Plus, nickel-titanium alloy is very strong and durable because of its ability to withstand high pressure and extreme temperatures, making it perfect for any scenario that requires durable equipment. Retractable Antennas 3

48. 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium General applications of Nickel Titanium The alloy is used in the manufacturing of resilient glass frames that are able to withstand high-impact forces. Modern glasses require frames that bend or move with the impact to prevent permanent damages. Thus, nickel-titanium alloys are used in the creation of frames because of their superelasticity , making them highly resistant to breaking. Thus, this alloy is a fundamental part of many major industries, and its applications continue to increase, making it a reliable material for a plethora of manufacturers. Resilient Glass Frames 4

49. 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium NASA has developed a new ball bearing material, Nickel Titanium-Hafnium ( NiTi-Hf ), to replace 60NiTi in many flight applications. A new NiTi alloy containing 1 atomic percent (~3.9% by weight) Hf , designated NiTi-Hf , has been shown to achieve high hardness even without resorting to a rapid water quench heat treatment. Further, the Hf addition works as a trap for trace amounts of oxygen yielding finer and more homogenous microstruc-tures with better rolling contact fatigue behavior than the baseline 60NiTi alloy. Ball Bearings 5 General a pplications of Nickel Titanium The addition of a small amount of Hf to the baseline 60NiTi alloy (top) gives a more homogenous and fracture resistant microstructure (bottom) in the newly developed NiTi -Hf

50. 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium Applications of Nickel Titanium Recently, new flight bearings made with the NiTi-Hf alloy have been produced and have passed long-term 5000-hour ground tests, a prerequisite for flight use (Figure 5.1). Based on the benefits to performance and processability afforded by the new composition, NASA plans to phase out the use of 60NiTi in favor of NiTi -Hf. Work is also underway to extend the materials and processing specification for 60NiTi (MSFC-SPEC-3706) to encompass the new alloy. The rapid progress achieved has greatly aided the commercialization of the technology, which is already available from at least two major bearing companies. Ball Bearings 5

51. Application of Nickel Titanium alloys as biomaterial Biomaterials are those materials that are used in the human body. Biomaterials should have two important properties: biofunctionality and biocompatibility . Good biofunctionality means that the biomaterial can perform the required function when it is used as a biomaterial. Biocompatibility means that the material should not be toxic within the body. Because of these two rigorous properties required for the material to be used as a biomaterial, not all materials are suitable for biomedical applications. The  NiTi alloys have been investigated extensively for 30 years after the establishment of basic understanding on the relationship among the microstructure, transformation behavior, and SME/SE phenomena. Many applications have been successfully developed in both engineering and medical fields 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium

52. Application of Nickel Titanium alloys as biomaterial 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium Biomedical applications of nitinol are related to transformation temperatures of nitinol that are close to body temperature (310 K). Due to thermoelastic martensitic phase transformation and reverse transformation to parent austenite upon heating (shape memory effect) or upon unloading ( superelasticity ), nitinol has a large number of biomedical applications. Another important property of nitinol is its low elastic modulus close to natural bone material and compressive strength higher than natural

53. Medical applications for nitinol include In colorectal surgery, the material is used in various devices for reconnecting the intestine after a pathology is removed. 01 03 02 Dentistry, especially in orthodontics for wires and brackets that connect the teeth. “Sure Smile” dental braces are an example of its application in orthodontics. Endodontics, mainly during root canals for cleaning and shaping root canals 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium

54. Medical applications for nitinol include •Mechanical actuation to fight muscle atrophy (in research at Har-vard ) •Dissolvable devices (in research at MIT) 04 06 05 Stents and stent retrievers, such as the Johnson & Johnson Em-botrap device for removing blood clots ( thrombectomy ) in ischemic stroke patients • Orthopedic implants •Wires for marking and locating breast tumors •Tubing for a range of medical applications •Ablation catheter tips 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium

55. Medical applications for nitinol include Similarly, foldable structures consisting of braided microscopic fine Nitinol filaments can be used for neurovascular interventions such as stroke thrombolysis, embolization, and intracranial angioplasty . 07 09 08 Nitinol was used in a device developed by Franz Freudenthal to treat patent ductus arteriosus, a blockage in a blood vessel that bypasses the lungs and fails to close after birth. • Synchron’s catheter-placed Stentrode brain-control-interface im -plant. •In colorectal surgery, the material is used in a device to rewire the intestine after removing pathogens. 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium

56. Medical applications for nitinol include 10 Recently nitinol wire is used in female contraception, particularly in intrauterine devices 5.Applications of Nickel Titanium

57. Methods of Testing 06

58. Methods of Testing

59. [1] Yoshiki , O., & Toshihiko, T. (2020). NiTi Materials: Biomedical Applications. by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek . [2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780857091291/mems-for-biomedical-applications [3] Mehrpouya , M., & Bidsorkhi , H. C. (2016). MEMS applications of NiTi based shape memory alloys: A review. Micro and Nanosystems , 14. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Advantages-and-disadvantages-of-NiTi-SMA_tbl1_31120272 8 [4] https://www.cdn-inc.com/nitinol/ [5] Effect of Ni/ Ti Ratio and Ta Content on NiTiTa Alloys | SpringerLink [6] Development of Nickel-Rich Nickel–Titanium–Hafnium Alloys for Tribological Applications | SpringerLink [7] https://customwiretech.com/2021/07/the-nitinol-advantage/ [8] What Are Shape Memory Alloys? (Metallurgy, How They Work, and Applications) – Materials Science & Engineering (msestudent.com) Resources

60. [9] Volume 2016 | Article ID 4173138 | Brief Overview on Nitinol as BiomaterialAbdul Wadood \ Brief Overview on Nitinol as Biomaterial (hindawi.com) [10] 4 Uses of Nickel-Titanium Alloy (alnorindustries.com) [11] NiTi -Hf Alloy for Corrosion Immune, Shockproof Bearings | NASA [12] Properties and Applications of Nickel-Titanium Alloy (nanotrun.com) [13] What is nitinol and where is it used? (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com) [14] Fabrication of NiTi through Additive Manufacturing: A Review https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079642516300469 [15] Marchenko, E.; Baigonakova , G.; Dubovikov , K.; Kokorev , O.; Yasenchuk , Y.; Vorozhtsov , A. In Vitro Bio-Testing Comparative Analysis of NiTi Porous Alloys Modified by Heat Treatment. Metals 2022, 12, 1006 https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061006 Resources

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