Night Myopia

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1. NIGHT MYOPIA By: Beryl Joy Estore Intern Mindanao Medical Foundation College

2. Levene J. R . (1965). Nevil Maskelyne , F.R.S., and the discovery of night myopia.  Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London,  20:100–108.

3. crucial need to visually detect points of light at sea or in the night sky. World war II Otero J. M. Plaza L. Salaverri F . (1949). Absolute thresholds and night myopia.  Journal of the Optical Society of America,  39:167–172.

4. The simplest explanation Uncorrected myopia is less noticeable during the day ambient luminance reduce the size of the eye's pupil reducing the amount of blur on the retina When ambient luminance declines, the pupil dilates, and retinal blur becomes noticeable subjectively; thus the eye appears to have become nearsighted when, in fact, it was always nearsighted but the manifestations of myopia had not been noticed. Norberto L. et al Shedding light on night myopia Journal of Vision May 2012, Vol.12, 4. doi:10.1167/12.5.4

5. Symptoms: 1. Blur vision only in low luminance. 2. Feeling discomfort while maintaining fixation in low illumination level. 3. Difficulty in night driving. 4. Halos around light Investigation 1. Visual acuity testing in low illumination level. 2. Contrast sensitivity testing 3. Dark room retinoscopy (D.R) Artal P, et al (2012 ) Night Myopia Studied with an Adaptive Optics Visual Analyzer. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040239

6. CAUSES OF NIGHT MYOPIA Spherical aberration Chromatic aberration. Purkinje shift Error in accommodation occurring in dim light Artal P, et al (2012 ) Night Myopia Studied with an Adaptive Optics Visual Analyzer. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040239

7. SPHERICAL ABERRATION all incoming rays are focused in the focal point The different rays do not meet after the lens in one focal point. The further the rays are from the optical axis, the closer to the lens they intersect the optical axis (positive spherical aberration).

8. WAYS TO REDUCE SPHERICAL ABERRATION finite element modeling Vogt AKS, Hovinga K, Schoof C, et al. Finite element analysis conformation model of soft contact lenses. Presented at the: British Contact Lens Association; May 28-31, 2009; Manchester, UK.

9. CHROMATIC ABERRATION caused by lens dispersion, with different colors of light travelling at different speeds while passing through a lens. N Mansurov , Copyright © 2016 Photography Life K. R.; Sanchez, N (1993). "Chromatic aberration and ocular focus: Fincham revisited".  Vision Research . 33 (10): 1397–411..

10. As a result, the image can look blurred or noticeable colored edges (red, green, blue, yellow, purple, magenta) can appear around objects, especially in high-contrast situations.

11. TYPES OF CHROMATIC ABERRATION occurs when different wavelengths of color do not converge at the same point after passing through a lens. Green, Blue or a combination of these colors can appear around objects. Howarth , P. A. (1990). "Theory and measurement of ocular chromatic aberration".  Vision Research .  30  (1): 33–49.

12. -Never shows up in the center and is only visible towards the corners of the image in high-contrast areas. -Blue and purple fringing is often common Howarth , P. A. (1990). "Theory and measurement of ocular chromatic aberration".  Vision Research .  30  (1): 33–49.

13. WHY???

14. E Type Jaguar 7in sealed beam spherical reflector H7 35 watt Xenon High Intensity Discharge arc tube B.Yun Joo1 et al, Optimization of Cutoff Shields in Projection Headlight Systems to Achieve High Intensity Gradient and Low Color Separation at the Cutoff Line Journal of the Optical Society of Korea Vol. 20, No. 1, February 2016, pp. 118-124

15. B.Yun Joo1 et al, Optimization of Cutoff Shields in Projection Headlight Systems to Achieve High Intensity Gradient and Low Color Separation at the Cutoff Line Journal of the Optical Society of Korea Vol. 20, No. 1, February 2016, pp. 118-124

16. blinding disability Glare increased scattering fogging undesired, avoidable chromatic aberration B.Yun Joo1 et al, Optimization of Cutoff Shields in Projection Headlight Systems to Achieve High Intensity Gradient and Low Color Separation at the Cutoff Line Journal of the Optical Society of Korea Vol. 20, No. 1, February 2016, pp. 118-124

17. The curve's peak is shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum thus making the eye more sensitive to Xenon-HID and LED lights at night.  Visible daylight ranges from the blue 380 nanometer to red 780 nanometer wavelengths.  Below ~ 400nm is the eye and skin- damaging (temporal summation) Ultra-Violet band Scotopic vs. Photopic sensitivity in the eye's response at night-time between rods and cones

18. PURKINJE SHIFT Spectral sensitivity shift towards shorter wavelengths and chromatic aberration moves the eye’s focal point anteriorly . Lack of Vitamin A and Zinc Maximum visual sensitivity from 5600 Ă in bright light to 5050 Ă in dim light will contribute about -0.40 D to the night myopia ( Wald and Griffin 52) Chirre , E et al ( 2016). Night myopia is reduced in binocular vision. Journal of Vision, 16(8):16, 1–10, doi:10.1167/16.8.16.

19. ERROR IN ACCOMMODATION OCCURING IN DIM LIGHT cones are no longer active as ambient light levels decline, the eye assumes a resting state (dark focus) for which its focusing power is somewhat greater than when viewing distant objects at higher luminance  Campbell F. W . (1953). Twilight myopia.  Journal of the Optical Society of America,  43:925–926 American journal of optometry and physiological optics 57(9):540-50 · October 1980

20. INCREASE IN ACCOMMODATION POSITIVE OCULAR SA DECLINES NIGHT MYOPIA Lopez-Gil N. Fernandez-Sanchez V. (2010). The change of spherical aberration during accommodation and its effect on the accommodation response.  Journal of Vision , 10 (13):1–15

21. NIGHT MYOPIA IS REDUCED IN BINOCULAR VISION Chirre , E. et al ( 2016). Night myopia is reduced in binocular vision. Journal of Vision, 16(8):16, 1–10, doi:10.1167/16.8.16. This research has been supported by the European Research Council Advanced Grant ERC-2013-AdG- 339228 (SEECAT) and the Spanish SEIDI, grant FIS2013-41237-R. E.

22. Chirre , E, et al ( 2016). Night myopia is reduced in binocular vision. Journal of Vision, 16(8):16, 1–10, doi:10.1167/16.8.16. Johnson C. A . (1976). Effects of luminance and stimulus distance on accommodation and visual resolution.  Journal of the Optical Society of America,  66:138–142

23. Result: supports hypothesis night myopia has accommodative origin.

24. CASE PROFILE:

25. Headache when in long period of driving Dizziness

26. Maddox: Ortho

27. AUTOREFRACTOMETER RESULTS PRE-TTT POST -TTT DARK ILLUMINATION OD: -0.55=-0.56X174 OD: +0.75=-0.61X169 OD: 0.50=-0.50X174 OS: -0.31=-0.52X22 OS: +0.81=-0.46x20 OS: -0.50=-0.25X3

28. FINAL RX: OU: -0.50 sph -FSV HMC