nmat-socio-2 (1). Uderstanding culture and socila

Reviewer

1. Socio- anthropology LURRY CLARE S. TROGO

2. Sociology The scientific study of human societies and the human behavior in the many groups that makes up a society.

3. Branches of sociology Macrosociology - Analyzes social division and social system and population on a large scale. Microsociology - Concern with everyday human interactions on a small scale.

4. Branches of Sociology Socioeconomics- the study of the relationship between economic activities and social life Sociology of education- branch of sociology that concerns with the role and function of the educational system Sociology of the family- studies the very foundation of the family has an institution how it relates to it's environment C riminology - studies the nature and causes of crime and deviant behavior and activities of criminals and the criminal justice system S ociology of religion - is concerned with the role of religion in the society specifically it's practices historical background, developments and universal themes

5. Branches of Sociology I ndustrial S ociology or Sociology of Work -tackles theoretical and e mpirical issues covers topics such as spiritual and community and religion in multicultural societies. P olitical S ociology - is the study of relationships between society and politics E nvironmental S ociology - is the study of mutual interactions among the physical environment social organizations and social behavior .

6. Anthropology It is d efined as a branch of knowledge which deals with scientific study of man his works, his body, his behavior and values in time and in space

7. Branches of Anthropology Physical Anthropology - is also known as biological anthropology that deals with biological foundations race evolution, racial classification and differentiation Racial History-deals with the study of the nature of races Paleontology - deals with the origin of man Human Genetics - deals with the study of various ways of inheritance that takes place in man

8. Sociologist

9. Auguste Comte Two areas of Sociology social static or the social structure which means it is concerned with the various parts of society and how these parts are held together social dynamics it is concerned with analysis of change with in and amend the various parts of society

10. Theory of Positivism Three Stages in Understanding Society theological stage it is said that the society is an expression of God's will for human being with the able guidance of the church is capable of fulfilling the divine plan to live in accordance with gods will metaphysical stage during this stage people no longer believe that the society is the work of a supernatural forces people to place more emphasis on the forces of nature rather than God and explaining social events scientific stage this approach is called positivism which defined as paths to understanding the world based on science

11. Herbert Spencer Theory of Natural Selection equate to the process of natural selection with progress because only the fittest members of the society would succeed Structural Functional theory stressed that the society is similar to living organisms with parts working together in order to survive

12. Karl Marx Theory on Economic Determinism and Dialectic stress that history is a continuous clash among conflicting ideas and forces between parts of the society. conflict between the haves and the have not's is necessary in order to produce social change

13. Emile Durkheim Theory on Social Suicide one of his major concerns is the balance between regulation and freedom in his study titled Suicide when societies overregulated there is fatalistic Suicide it happens when human being is so confined by the social sense that people cannot exercise their independence there

14. What is culture? “way of life ” Culture refers to the pattern of human activity and the symbols that give significance to these activities.

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1. CULTURE IS LEARNED 2. CULTURE IS AN ADAPTIVE MECHANISM 3. CULTURE CAN BE BOTH ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE 4. CULTURE IS CUMULATIVE 5. CULTURES CHANGE 6. CULTURE IS DYNAMIC, RULES ARE MADE TO BE BROKEN

16. Elements of Culture Material Culture - it includes physical objects a society produces , things people created and use. Non- material - culture consists of norms , values, beliefs and language that is shared by members of a society Language - shared set of spoken symbols and rules combining those symbols in meaningful ways. The storehouse of culture Beliefs - the radius that people hold about the universe and other parts of the total reality surrounding them they show up people perceive reality Values - are shared ideas about desirable Kohl's these are people's ideas of both worth and desirability or an abstract of what is important and worthwhile

17. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Norms  are the agreed-upon expectations and rules by which a culture guides the behavior of its members in any given situation.

18. FOUR TYPES OF NORMS 1. Folkways , sometimes known as “conventions” or “customs,” are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant. 2. Mores (pronounced MORE- ays ) are the norms people consider vital to their wellbeing and most cherished values; 3.   Taboo  - a norm that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust. The violator is often considered unfit to live in that society. 4. LAWS- these are formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority. They are group expectations, which have formal sanction by the state.

19. Other Cultural Concepts Ethnocentrism - is a feeling of that one's own particular way of life is superior and right and that all other cultures are inferior and defective Cultural relativism - is the opposite of ethnocentrism the concept reference to the notion that each culture should be evaluated according to its own merits and standards rather than from the standpoint or basis of a different culture Xenocentrism - is the believes that what is foreign is best in terms of one's lifestyle products more ideas Tempocentrism - is the belief that one's own time is more important than that of the past or the future

20. Other Cultural Concepts Cultural Universal - refers to the common cultural elements that are found with in all known societies they include norms ,laws, language, believes and values Culture Lag - is the inability of a given society to adapt immediately to another culture as a result of a disparity in the rate of change between material in on material elements of culture Culture shock it is an experience of disorientation and frustration that occurs when individuals find themselves among those who do not share their fundamental premises Cultural Integration - is concerned with the adoption of mass consumer culture where everything from fashion to sports music to television becomes integrated into the national culture often without challenge

21. Subculture - is a group or category with in a society that shares the general culture but maintains the distinctive way of thinking , acting and feeling Counterculture - is a subculture that has values and warms that sharply contradict those of a larger society

22. Modes of Acquiring Culture Imitation- human action tend to duplicate exactly the behavior of others Indoctrination – formal teaching or training Acculturation – the process by which societies with different culture are modified and fairly close and long continued contact Amalgation – the intermarriage of persons coming from different cultural groups resulting to some kind of biological fussion .

23. Values values are beliefs and shared ideas for the members of the culture of what is good or desirable and what is not

24. Classification of Values Individualistic Values The first law of nature is self-preservation it is inherent in all human beings to protect and satisfy their own personal needs Family Values our values that the family has preserved for a long period of time that have enhance their existence as a family and serve as their identity Professional Values Each profession has its own values which often contradicts from other profession yet this values are necessary to keep professionals united and to deliver what is expected of them. National values these values defined the traits of the people and serve as their identity

25. National values each nation has a set of values that every citizens must manifest these are values that define streets of people and serve as their identity Moral Values laws are in acted to maintain peace and order , eliminate injustice and attain equality. these laws are expected to bring harmony to the members of the society Spiritual values Values are often attributed to God . These are called divine values. There is no specific time as to when the values are given by God but they give rise to other values.

26. Filipino Values Positive Hospitality Bayanihan Damayan Close Family Ties Regionalism Kakayahang Makibagay Religiosity Respect for elders Remedyo Attitude Utang na Loob Negative Bahala na Colonial Mentality Crab Mentality Filipino Time Gaya gaya Attitude Jackpot Attitude Kapalaran thinking Ma ῆ ana Habit Ningas kugon Pakikisama Oversensitivity

27. Socialization Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identify and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. The content of socialization differs greatly from society to society.

28. Agents of Socialization Family School Peer Groups Mass Media

29. Meaning of Society A relatively organized, self-sufficient, and enduring association of a large number of people with a distinct culture and shared institutions. The system of community life in which individuals form a continuous and regulatory association for their mutual benefitand protection (Frank and Wagnalls)

30. Evolution of Society

31. Hunting and Gathering Societies Between 10,000-12,000 years ago humans survived by: hunting wild animals gathering wild vegetation stone and wood were the predominant raw materials for making tools and weapons

32. Horticultural, Fishing, and Pastoral Societies herding societies domesticated animals food sources cab be produced and reproduced more predictable food supply and maintain an economic surplus Cultivation of vegetables

33. Agrarian societies About 5,000 years ago large scale agriculture with the use of plows drawn by animals harnessing of animals development of metal tools use of the wheel irrigation and fertilization the Dawn of Civilization

34. Industrial Societies used sophisticated machinery powered by advanced fuels to produce material goods muscle power of humans and animals no longer the basis of production more complex tools and machinery England: 1st industrial nation; steam engine and others in 1765 automobiles, electricity, telephone, radio, and tv

35. Post-industrial societies A society of technically advanced nations based largely on consumption of services and information Daniel Bell, American sociologist described the late 20th century a society characterized by the centrality of theoretical knowledge as the source of innovation and policy formulation

36. Meaning of Stratification A system whereby people rank and evaluate each other as superior or inferior and, on the basis of such evaluation, unequally reward one another with wealth, authority, power, and prestige.

37. Types of Social Stratification Caste System: based on ascription; pure caste systems are closed Caste System of India Brahmins: priests and scholars Kshatriya: nobles and warriors Vaishya: merchants and farmers Sudra: unskilled laborers

38. Estate System: Europe during the medieval times; relatively closed and rigid; mobility was possible through marriage and the enactment of law. Nobility: consist of the sovereign or king, the nobles, and the military aristocracy. Clergy: composed of high-ranking religious leaders as well as low-ranking officials of the church Peasantry: composed of farmers, laborers, as well as serfs

39. Open-class system: individual's class position within the society is determined by his/her personal effort and ability; there is great opportunity for social mobility

40. Social Class The term refers to a group of people having a similar social rank (Garcia, 1992). Stark (June, 1987) defined social class as a group of people sharing a similar position or status. Social class is a category of people who share roughly the same class, status, and power, and who have a sense of identification with one another (Brinkerhoff & White, 1988).

41. Determinants of Social Class Education Income Intelligence Occupation

42. Social Mobility The movement of an individual or a group from one social class or social stratum to another (Theodorson, 1969). A change in one's social class or social status. The process of changing one's social class (Brinkerhoff, 1988).

43. Types of Mobility Vertical Mobility Horizontal Mobility

44. MEANING AND NATURE OF DEVIANCE When an individual fails to act according to the norms and expectations of society, he/she is referred to as deviant. A violation of social norms Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant norms in a society or group. (Kendall, 2012)

45. A deviant person usually receives strong opposition from society; there are forms of deviant behavior that carry harsh penalties. May have a negative connotation but in a different light, those who are creative or artistic may be described as deviants.

46. DEVIANCE AS RELATIVE 1. ACTOR RELATIVE 2. AUDIENCE RELATIVE 3. SITUATION RELATIVE

47. Theoretical Explanations of Deviance

48. Structural-Functional View People deviate because of the rapid social changes. The norms of the society become unclear and are no longer applicable to current conditions. Emile Durkheim called this situation as "anomie" or a breakdown of societal norms.

49. Without some amount of deviance, society could not exist at all. Durkheim asserted that there is nothing abnormal about deviance; it is an integral part of the society.

50. Social Strain Theory Introduced by Robert Merton Each society has a primary set of values and goals with corresponding means of achieving them. Not everyone is able to achieve these goals. The gap between the desired goals and the means people use in order to achieve them creates "social strain.“ People react to the gap between the set of values prescribed by society and their own circumstances through innovation, retreatism , rebellion, and ritualism.

51. Innovation a mode in which an individual acknowledges society's goal, but his/her position within a society hinders him/her from attaining such goal via legal or legitimate means resorts to unlawful means to attain culturally approved goals

52. Retreatism the individual abandons the goal and the means of achieving success in life rejects both the goals and the norms of one's culture likely use illegal drugs, becomes alcoholic, commits suicide

53. Rebellion rejection of both society's goals and the expected means of achieving them and the formation of a new society that has different goals and values promoting radical alternatives to the current social order advocating new non-traditional values and norms

54. Ritualism people give up on societal goals but continuously adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them the opposite of innovation by being law-abiding, religious, and honest citizen

55. Symbolic Interaction Deviance is learned through interaction with other deviant people. Deviance is a product of specific face-to-face interaction and not a direct product of social structure

56. Sub-Theories Differential Association Theory the more contact a person has with people who commit deviant acts, the more likely that person is to engage in deviant activities Edwin Sutherland (1961): All human behavior, is learned through association with others, especially in primary groups (subcultures) depends on the frequency of association

57. Self-Esteem Theory people choose deviance or conformity depending on which will do the most to enhance their self-esteem (Kaplan, et al., 1986) KSP or " Kulang sa Pansin "

58. Control Theory Travis Hirschi (1969) deviance arises from particular social arrangements; the inability of society to control adequately the activities of its members occurs when individuals lack the ties to conventional society that are necessary to curb their normal tendency to deviance

59. Labeling Theory Deviance is a result of being labeled by society. popularized by Howard Becker (1973)

60. Conflict Theory Social inequality is the root of numerous social problems. Macionis (2007) cited three ways of explaining this theory: It is the interests of those in charge, the rich and powerful, which are reflected in any society's laws and norms. Those who threaten their wealth and power are labeled as criminals or radicals.

61. Conflict Theory The ruling class has enough power to keep themselves from being labeled as deviant. There is a widespread belief that all laws and norms are good and natural. People tend to be concerned over the fact that laws are not applied equally to all members of society. Most people rarely consider whether the laws themselves are even fair.

62. What Is a Family? A social unit of some number of people who are linked intimately Related in some way Usually living together Engaging in sex Having responsibility for rearing children Functioning as an economic unit 62

63. Types of Families Nuclear Family : a social unit composed of a husband, a wife, and their children Family of orientation: family to which one was born Family of procreation: a person, spouse, and their children Blended family: spouses and their children from former marriages live as a single nuclear family Binuclear family: divorced parents form separate households; children divide their time with each Extended Family Composed of two or more generations of kin that functions as an independent social and economic unit 63

64. Marriage Two individuals involved in a socially approved relationship Intimate, mutual long-term obligations Fulfilled customary ceremonial or legal requirements Limits on who can marry A legal tie, determined by state Who can perform a marriage 64

65. Types of Marriage Monogamy : form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other Serial monogamy : when a person has several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time Polygamy : when an individual has several husbands or wives simultaneously Polygyny : marriage of a man to more than one wife at a time Polyandry : marriage of a woman to more than one husband at the same time 65

66. Courtship and Mate Selection 66 Endogamy : restriction of mate selection to people within the same group Exogamy : requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually one’s own family or certain kin

67. Authority Patterns: Who Rules? 67 Patriarchy : society in which men dominate in family decision making Matriarchy : society in which women dominate in family decision making Egalitarian family : authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals

68. Dimensions of Marriage and Family Residence Norms related to where married couples should reside Matrilocal arrangement: kin lives with wife’s mother Patrilocal arrangement: kin lives with husband’s mother Neolocal arrangement: kin set up independent household Bilocal arrangement: each spouse maintains a separate residence 68

69. Alternative Family Forms Single parent Gay and lesbian Cohabitation Singlehood Blended families Couple without children 69

70. Definition and Nature of Religion Religion – an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2014) The Latin word religio refers to “something done with overanxious or scrupulous attention to detail”. ( Bowker , 1997)

71. Developing Beliefs and World View Theism – (often synonymous to monotheism) a belief in the existence of God viewed as the creative source of the human race and the world who transcends yet is immanent in the world. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2014) Monotheistic Religions – claim that there is only one god who could have designed and created the universe or may have directed all events that led to the creation of everything. There is one supreme god who is both personal and moral, and who seeks a total and unqualified response from humans (Hick, 1990). Modern day examples include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Polytheistic Religions – common among early people recognize many principal gods wherein no one is supreme. These include the ancient religions of Egypt, Greece, and Rome wherein people worship a multitude of personal gods.

72. Developing Beliefs and World View Monism – asserts that there is no genuine distinction between god and the universe, two implications arise from this belief. Firstly, it contends that god is dwelling in the universe as part of it. Secondly, the universe does not exist at all as a reality but only as a manifestation of phenomenon of god. Atheists – deny the existence of god. Agnostics – deny the possibility for man to acquire knowledge of god. Agnosticism – a belief that god is unknown and unknowable.

73. Christianity Based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ Originated in Palestine in the 1st century AD Believe that Jesus was the son of God who came and died for people’s sins and then rose so that all people could be saved Believe in one God(monotheistic) who created the universe and all things in it Christianity originally developed as a part of Judaism

74. Christian Way of Life Fellowship with God Our relationships with others Obedience to God's commands Discipline

75. Judaism Is a monotheistic religion Judaism is the oldest and smallest of the world's five great religions Being a part of a Jewish community and living one's life according to Jewish law and traditions is very important. The fundamental beliefs of Judaism are: -There is a single, all-powerful God, who created the universe and everything in it. -God has a special relationship with the Jewish people due to covenant that God made with Moses on Mount Sinai, 3500 years ago.

76. The Jewish place of worship is called a Synagogue The religious leader of a Jewish community is called a Rabbi Unlike leaders in many other faiths, a rabbi is not a priest and has no special religious status The Jewish holy day, or Sabbath(Shabbat), starts at sunset on Friday and continues until sunset on Saturday During the Sabbath, Jews do not work(drive, cook, etc )

77. Islam Islam is the world's second most followed religion It began around 1400 years ago in Arabia, but swiftly become a world faith, and now has around 1.2 billion people "Islam" is an Arabic word which means “surrendering oneself to the will of God” One will achieve peace and security by doing so A person surrenders to the will of Allah by living and thinking in the way Allah has instructed. Islam is more than a system of beliefs. The faith provides a social and legal system and governs things like family life, law and order, ethics, dress, and cleanliness, as well as religious ritual and observance—Islamic Republic

78. 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Shahada (witness) is the Muslim profession of faith - "I witness that there is no god but Allah, and that Muhammad is the prophet of Allah" Muslims say this when they wake up in the morning and just before they go to sleep at night

79. 2. Salat (daily prayer) is a prayer ritual performed 5 times a day by all Muslims over the age of 10 Between first light and sunrise After the sun has passed the middle of the sky Between mid-afternoon and sunset Between sunset and the last light of the day Between darkness and dawn

80. 3. Sawm (fasting) is abstaining each day during Ramadan Sawm helps Muslims develop self-control, gain a better understanding of God's gifts and greater compassion towards the deprived. Ramadan is the holiest day for Islam. It marks when Muhammad had the Qur -an revealed to him Sawm is usually described as fasting, but it actually involves abstaining from all bodily pleasures between dawn and sunset Not only is food forbidden, but also things like smoking, chewing gum, negative thoughts and sexual activity

81. 4. Zakat(almsgiving) is giving alms to the poor This is a compulsory gift of 2.5 % of one's savings each year Giving in this way is intended to free Muslims from the love of money It reminds them that everything they have really belongs to God.

82. 4. Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca that all physically/financially able Muslims should make at least once in their life Mecca is the most holy place for Muslims Takes place during days 8-13 of the 12 th month of the Islamic Lunar calendar They circle the Kaaba seven times on three occasions, say prayers, drink from a holy spring, walk to Mount Arafat to pray, feast, cast stones at three pillars(to fight Satan’s temptations), shave hair, run seven times between some hills

83. Hinduism Hinduism includes a very wide range of beliefs and practices, so there aren't many things that are common to all Hindu groups Hinduism has no founder, no single book of faith, no creed, and no single source of authority(such as Jesus) Hinduism is very individualistic but a big part of a person’s everyday life There are 750 million Hindus in the world, mostly in India

84. buddhism Founded in India around 500 BC by Siddhartha Guatama Became Buddha, the Enlightened One, when he was 29 He was trying to find the true meaning of life and eventually, through four trance-like stages of meditation, he was enlightened to the Buddhist was of life His main teachings was to eliminate human wants as they are the cause of suffering in the world

85. FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 1. Life means suffering 2. The origin of suffering is attachment to worldly things 3. The end to suffering is attainable through eliminating physical wants/needs Eventually can achieve Nirvana(no wind) Nirvana means freedom from all worries and troubles 4. The path to the end suffering and achieve Nirvana is to follow the Eight Fold Path

86. Eight Fold Path 1. Right View To see and view things as they really are Attained true wisdom 2. Right Intention Think and do the right things at all times 3. Right Speech Do not lie, curse, slander, or gossip 4. Right Action Do not harm yourself or others, do not steal, and no sexual misconduct

87. 5. Right Livelihood No jobs dealing in weapons, in living beings (including raising animals for slaughter as well as slave trade and prostitution), working in meat production and butchery, and selling alcohol and drugs 6. Right Effort Give 100% effort in what you do 7. Right Mindfulness Having the power to control our thought process and see the truth behind things 8. Right Concentration Ability to have deep concentration and ability to focus on wholesome thoughts and actions